遲秀湘
摘 要: 新聞文體一般包括標(biāo)題、導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、主體。導(dǎo)語(yǔ)具有介紹最重要的事實(shí)、揭示消息的主題和引起讀者的閱讀興趣三大功能,有自己的文體特點(diǎn)。作者以近年權(quán)威英美報(bào)刊新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)為例,闡述英語(yǔ)新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)的文體特點(diǎn),為英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者提供有意義的借鑒。
關(guān)鍵詞: 英美報(bào)刊 新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ) 文體特點(diǎn)
導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是以簡(jiǎn)練而生動(dòng)的文字介紹新聞事件中最重要的內(nèi)容,揭示消息的主題,并引起讀者閱讀興趣的開頭部分。孫世凱認(rèn)為“現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)高速度的社會(huì),人們的時(shí)間很寶貴,看到導(dǎo)語(yǔ)沒有味道,整個(gè)一條新聞也就不看了”[1]。威廉·梅茨認(rèn)為“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是新聞報(bào)道中最重要的部分。抓住或者失去讀者,取決于新聞的第一段,第一句,甚至第一行”[2]。本文以權(quán)威英美報(bào)刊新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)為例,分析其文體特點(diǎn)。
一、概括性導(dǎo)語(yǔ)
概括式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是把新聞事實(shí)概要地?cái)⑹龀鰜恚砸龑?dǎo)讀者提綱挈領(lǐng)地閱讀新聞并抓住要領(lǐng),極易為讀者所理解和認(rèn)知。如:?搖The annual meetings?搖 of two of London’s biggest mining companies ?搖were disrupted by environmental protesters?搖 and unionists from around the world on Thursday.(guardian)該導(dǎo)語(yǔ)一句話概括要點(diǎn),即環(huán)保示威者中斷了鐵礦石巨頭力拓集團(tuán)在周四舉行的年會(huì)。通過導(dǎo)語(yǔ),讀者可知該新聞是對(duì)此次環(huán)保示威者干擾會(huì)議的原因、過程及結(jié)果的報(bào)道,一目了然。
二、要點(diǎn)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)
要點(diǎn)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)主要用于突發(fā)性新聞、重大新聞的報(bào)道。其特點(diǎn)是一開始就集中描述新聞事件的主題, 單刀直入地告訴讀者新聞事件的核心內(nèi)容,將何人、何事、何時(shí)、何地、為何、結(jié)果這些要素交代出來。如:?搖On Wednesday, the ?搖European Union and the United States announce a historic partnership?搖 to make it easier to trade in organic foods, ?搖opening up opportunities?搖 for organic farmers and ranchers, small businesses.(guardian)
三、描寫性導(dǎo)語(yǔ)
描寫式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是對(duì)新聞的一個(gè)場(chǎng)景、一個(gè)情節(jié)進(jìn)行描寫。它抓住新聞主要事實(shí)或事件發(fā)展的高潮或某個(gè)特定的場(chǎng)景作簡(jiǎn)潔傳神的描寫,讓讀者有身臨其境的感覺。如:It was bad luck for the Olympics organisers that their test events last weekend were held on one of the ?搖dreariest, greyest, coldest May days. ?搖...we ?搖shivered?搖 on the ?搖windswept tarmac?搖 of one of the thoroughfares.(guardian)此描寫了作者一行人在寒冷的五月來到倫敦奧林匹克公園排著長(zhǎng)隊(duì)購(gòu)買價(jià)格不菲且質(zhì)量不佳的食品的情景,使讀者有身臨其境之感。
四、直呼式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)
直呼式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是以和讀者直接對(duì)話的方式,以第一或第二人稱的筆調(diào)撰寫出消息的導(dǎo)語(yǔ),縮短記者和讀者之間的距離。如:As soon as ?搖you?搖 see the title of Iamus’s composition Transits -Into an Abyss, ?搖you?搖 know it’s going to be challenging, modernist stuff. But if ?搖your?搖 tastes run to Bartók, ?搖you?搖 may like it.
五、引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)
引語(yǔ)式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是完整或部分引用主要人物的關(guān)鍵性或有代表性的談話,增強(qiáng)可信性與權(quán)威性。如:The economy is recovering at a moderate pace but won’t regain full employment for several years, a top Federal Reserve policy maker ?搖said?搖 on Wednesday.(Reuters)
六、懸念式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)
懸念式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是用某些驚人的場(chǎng)面或戲劇性的細(xì)節(jié)作為引子,為新聞設(shè)置懸念、埋下伏筆,以此充分激發(fā)讀者閱讀興趣。如:As a young adult with porcelain skin, I get it. Bronzed skin is perpetually “in,” and nobody likes going to the beach only to have to sit under an umbrella ... ?搖But?搖 a new study from the Mayo Clinic finds an alarming increase in skin cancer among young adults. (Time)前兩句敘述了年輕人不喜歡白皙的皮膚而到海灘上進(jìn)行日光浴。第三句由“But”起句,指出由于皮膚長(zhǎng)期接受陽(yáng)光照射,年輕人患有皮膚癌的人數(shù)激增。前兩句為下文埋下伏筆,使讀者產(chǎn)生閱讀興趣。
七、延緩式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)
延緩式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)將最關(guān)鍵的信息放在第二、三段甚至第四段,用情節(jié)、細(xì)節(jié)精彩片段激發(fā)讀者的興趣和好奇心, 借此引領(lǐng)讀者進(jìn)入新聞事件的核心。如:As soon as you see the title of Iamus’s composition Transits — Into an Abyss, you know it’s going to be challenging, modernist stuff. //But this bloke doesn’t know anything at all. Iamus is a computer program.(guardian)
八、對(duì)比式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)
對(duì)比式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是將兩種或兩種以上具有一定內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的且富有對(duì)照反襯的新聞事實(shí)進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比。如:?搖It has been this way for generations?搖: a so-called roof man from a ladder company opens a hatch or saws through the ceiling. ?搖But house fires have changed. ?搖Now, spurred on by at least one grievous injury to a firefighter last year.(The New York Times)先描述消防員救火時(shí)所采用的一種很古老的方法,再由“But”起句,描述紐約市消防局重新考慮住宅救火的策略。通過對(duì)比,讀者了解救火策略的今與昔,對(duì)新的救火方法產(chǎn)生期待和好奇。
九、提問式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)
提問式導(dǎo)語(yǔ)是將有關(guān)問題通過一個(gè)尖銳而鮮明的問題提出來,以引起讀者關(guān)注與思考,再用事實(shí)予以回答。如:Disease has a way of invading your social space, forcing your hand. ?搖Will you tell your family and close friends only? What about acquaintances and work mates? Will you share your diagnosis on Facebook? Who knew cancer needed a social consultant??搖
總之,從文體發(fā)展看, 一種文體由雜到精, 由不固定到固定, 只是發(fā)展中的一個(gè)必然階段。導(dǎo)語(yǔ)只是新聞結(jié)構(gòu)中常見的一種開頭形式,不是唯一形式,新聞還應(yīng)該充分借鑒當(dāng)代其他文體之長(zhǎng)而發(fā)展成為有時(shí)代感的當(dāng)代新聞文體。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]孫世凱.新聞?dòng)浾呷腴T[M].北京:北京出版社,1982.
[2]威廉·梅茨. 怎樣寫新聞——從導(dǎo)語(yǔ)到結(jié)尾[M].北京:新華出版社,1983.