王瑞明,李傳耀,程波,柴小青△,陳昆洲
右美托咪定復(fù)合帕瑞昔布鈉在開胸手術(shù)中單肺通氣時的肺保護(hù)作用
王瑞明1,李傳耀1,程波2,柴小青1△,陳昆洲1
目的評價右美托咪定復(fù)合帕瑞昔布鈉在開胸手術(shù)患者單肺通氣時的肺保護(hù)作用。方法擇期行食管或肺癌根治手術(shù)患者80例,性別不限,年齡45~70歲,ASA分級Ⅰ~Ⅱ級,隨機分為右美托咪定組(D組)、帕瑞昔布鈉組(P組)、右美托咪定復(fù)合帕瑞昔布鈉組(DP組)及對照組(C組),D組于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前10 min內(nèi)右美托咪定靜脈輸注1 μg/kg,后以0.6 μg·kg-1·h-1輸注至關(guān)胸,P組誘導(dǎo)前10 min靜脈給予帕瑞昔布鈉40 mg,DP組患者采用右美托咪定靜脈輸注(同D組)及帕瑞昔布鈉40 mg靜脈注射,C組給予等體積生理鹽水。于麻醉誘導(dǎo)后即刻(T1)、單肺通氣30 min(T2)、60 min(T3)及術(shù)畢(T4)分別采集動脈血,行動脈血氣分析,計算氧合指數(shù)(OI),并采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)法測定血清腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6及IL-8水平。結(jié)果除DP組T2時點與T1時點IL-8水平無明顯差異外,各組T2~4時點與T1時點比較,TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平均升高,OI降低(P<0.05);與C組比較,T2~4時點D組、P組、DP組TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平降低,而OI升高(P<0.05),D組、P組各時點比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,DP組T2~4時點TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平低于D組、P組,OI高于D組、P組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論右美托咪定復(fù)合帕瑞昔布鈉可進(jìn)一步減輕開胸手術(shù)單肺通氣期間炎性因子的水平、改善肺氧合,顯示更好的肺保護(hù)作用。
胸外科學(xué);麻醉;腫瘤壞死因子α;白細(xì)胞介素6;白細(xì)胞介素8;氧合指數(shù);帕瑞昔布鈉;右美托咪定;開胸手術(shù);單肺通氣
為便于外科操作,單肺通氣廣泛用于胸科手術(shù),由于手術(shù)操作(切除、挫傷)、術(shù)前存在的肺部疾病、肺萎縮/單肺通氣、血管內(nèi)皮損傷、缺血再灌注損傷及淋巴回流系統(tǒng)的損傷,往往導(dǎo)致患者肺部炎性損傷,影響患者的康復(fù)和預(yù)后,成為開胸術(shù)后患者死亡的主要原因。因此,對單肺通氣進(jìn)行肺保護(hù)具有重要的臨床意義。研究證實麻醉中應(yīng)用右美托咪定或帕瑞昔布鈉可降低單肺通氣期間炎性因子水平,改善肺氧合[1-2],二者復(fù)合應(yīng)用是否能進(jìn)一步降低炎性因子水平、改善肺功能,尚鮮見相關(guān)報道。本研究分別觀察右美托咪定、帕瑞昔布鈉單獨及復(fù)合應(yīng)用對患者炎性因子、氧合指數(shù)(oxygenation index,OI)的影響,探討二者復(fù)合應(yīng)用在單肺通氣中的肺保護(hù)作用,為臨床提供參考。
1.1 一般資料本研究獲得本院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),并與患者或患者委托人簽訂知情同意書。選擇2014年1月—2015年1月?lián)衿谛虚_胸食管或肺葉切除患者80例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級,年齡45~70歲,體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)<30 kg/m2,肺功能檢查第1秒用力呼氣容積與用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC)>70%。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):嚴(yán)重的臟器功能不全(心臟、肺臟、腎臟)、消化道潰瘍、術(shù)前采用免疫治療或者放化療、緩慢性心律失常、血液系統(tǒng)疾病、哮喘、對右美托咪定及非甾體類過敏者。按隨機數(shù)字表法分為4組(n=20):對照組(C組)、右美托咪定組(D組)、帕瑞昔布鈉組(P組)及右美托咪定復(fù)合帕瑞昔布鈉組(DP組)。D組于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前10 min內(nèi)右美托咪定靜脈輸注1 μg/kg,然后以0.6 μg·kg-1·h-1輸注至關(guān)胸,P組誘導(dǎo)前10 min靜脈注射帕瑞昔布鈉40 mg,DP組患者采用右美托咪定靜脈輸注(方法同D組)及帕瑞昔布鈉40 mg靜脈注射(同P組),C組給予等體積生理鹽水。4組臨床資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,見表1。
Tab.1 Comparison of clinical data between four groups表1 各組患者一般資料比較(n=20)
1.2 麻醉方法各組患者均在術(shù)前靜脈注射長托寧0.5 mg,入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測心電圖(ECG)、血壓(BP)、脈搏氧飽和度(SpO2)和腦電雙頻指數(shù)(BIS),同時局麻下橈動脈穿刺置管測壓。所有患者采用支氣管內(nèi)麻醉,以咪唑安定0.05 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.2~0.3 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg、羅庫溴銨0.8 mg/kg靜注快速誘導(dǎo),待BIS在40~50之間及肌松完全后,氣管內(nèi)插入雙腔氣管導(dǎo)管,纖維支氣管鏡定位后行機械通氣,潮氣量6~10 mL/kg,呼吸頻率12次/min,維持呼氣末CO2分壓[p(CO2)]在35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),繼之行右頸內(nèi)靜脈穿刺置管。側(cè)臥位進(jìn)胸前1 min行單肺通氣,潮氣量6~7 mL/kg,呼吸頻率15~18次/min,吸呼比1/2~1/1,維持呼氣末p(CO2)在35~45 mmHg,術(shù)中間斷靜脈注射順式阿曲庫銨維持肌松,采用靜脈恒速輸注異丙酚和瑞芬太尼,并間斷吸入七氟醚維持麻醉深度,維持BIS在40~60。手術(shù)結(jié)束后停止異丙酚和瑞芬太尼恒速輸注。術(shù)畢送麻醉恢復(fù)室觀察,待患者清醒、咽喉部反射恢復(fù)、潮氣量足夠、生命體征平穩(wěn)拔除雙腔管,患者經(jīng)觀察后Steward評分>5分后,送返病房。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)于麻醉誘導(dǎo)后即刻(T1)、單肺通氣30 min(T2)、60 min(T3)及術(shù)畢(T4)分別采集動脈血,行動脈血氣分析,計算OI(動脈氧分壓與吸入氧濃度的比值)。采集動脈血樣,離心分離血清,-60℃保存,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELI?SA)法測定血清腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6及IL-8水平,試劑盒購自南京建成生物科技有限公司,酶標(biāo)儀購自Bio-Rad公司。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法采用SPSS 19.0對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析處理。計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,均通過正態(tài)性檢驗;多組間的比較采用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較用LSD-t法;多時點觀測資料則采用重復(fù)測量方差分析;計數(shù)資料比較用卡方檢驗。檢驗水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
2.1 各組組內(nèi)炎性因子及OI比較除DP組T2時點IL-8與T1比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義外,與T1時點比較,各組T2~4時點炎性因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8明顯升高(P<0.05),OI下降(P<0.05)。各組T2~4時點炎性因子進(jìn)行性升高,T3時點高于T2時點,T4時點高于T3時點(P<0.05)。各組OI值,T2時點低于T4時點(P<0.05),T3時點低于T1、T2及T4時點(P<0.05),見表2。
2.2 各組間炎性因子及OI比較各組T1時點比較,血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平和OI差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;與C組比較,D組、P組、DP組T2~4時點TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平均降低(P<0.05),OI升高(P<0.05);各時點D組與P組TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平及OI差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;而DP組T2~4時點TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平低于D組、P組(P<0.05),OI高于D組、P組(P<0.05),見表2。
本研究提示在胸科手術(shù)單肺通氣期間,右美托咪定復(fù)合帕瑞昔布鈉進(jìn)一步降低患者炎性因子水平,提高OI,具有更好的肺保護(hù)作用。胸科術(shù)后急性肺損傷與很多因素有關(guān),目前認(rèn)為炎性反應(yīng)是引起急性肺損傷的主要機制[3]。TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8與肺損傷密切相關(guān)[4-5],其血清水平可反映肺組織的炎性反應(yīng)程度。OI為反映肺彌散功能指標(biāo),一般肺發(fā)生炎性反應(yīng)后,肺泡毛細(xì)血管膜通透性增強,肺泡和肺泡間質(zhì)水腫,進(jìn)而肺泡彌散功能下降,動脈氧分壓下降,OI降低,OI降低程度從整體上反映肺損傷的輕重。
Tab.2 Comparison of IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α and OI values at different time points between four groups表2 各組患者各個時點血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平及OI值比較(n=20,)
Tab.2 Comparison of IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α and OI values at different time points between four groups表2 各組患者各個時點血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平及OI值比較(n=20,)
**P<0.01;組內(nèi)比較:a與T1比較,b與T2比較,cT3與比較,P<0.05;組間比較:A與C組比較,B與D組比較,C與P組比較,P<0.05
指標(biāo)IL-6(ng/L)T1T2T3T4IL-8(ng/L)TNF-α(ng/L)OI組別C組D組P組DP組C組D組P組DP組C組D組P組DP組C組D組P組DP組10.2±1.3 9.8±1.8 9.9±1.4 9.3±1.5 10.2±2.2 9.7±1.3 9.6±1.5 9.4±1.7 5.2±1.2 4.9±1.1 4.7±1.4 4.8±0.9 422±37 433±32 440±31 425±26 28.5±4.7a16.1±2.3aA15.7±2.4aA12.4±1.5aABC14.0±1.4a12.2±1.2aA12.6±1.3aA10.1±1.8ABC16.4±3.1a11.4±2.3aA10.9±2.1aA7.8±1.5aABC195±40a250±26aA268±26aA308±46aABC42.8±6.8ab26.1±3.3abA26.0±2.6abA18.3±2.5abABC18.7±2.6ab14.3±1.4abA13.9±1.5abA11.2±2.0abABC34.1±6.2ab22.7±4.7abA22.3±3.9abA15.1±2.1abABC127±16ab197±30abA203±28abA234±28abABC54.8±11.6abc32.0±4.6abcA34.1±6.7abcA26.4±3.5abcABC32.3±3.3abc21.5±2.7abcA22.7±2.3abcA17.2±2.7abcABC42.8±8.9abc34.7±6.6abcA37.0±6.8abcA22.9±3.1abcABC288±37abc320±20abcA315±38abcA369±26abcABC指標(biāo)IL-6 IL-8 TNF-α OI F組間F組內(nèi)F交互77.755**43.210**37.660**23.038**1 364.810**5 567.274**1 977.163**5 076.494**69.427**273.520**47.282**60.071**
帕瑞昔布鈉為環(huán)氧化酶-2(COX-2)抑制劑,通過抑制COX-2減少局部前列腺素的合成和釋放,減輕疼痛和發(fā)熱等炎性反應(yīng)。帕瑞昔布鈉可通過抑制COX-2降低炎性因子水平,發(fā)揮肺保護(hù)作用[2,6]。右美托咪定為腎上腺素能α2受體激動劑,具有中樞鎮(zhèn)靜和鎮(zhèn)痛作用,同時具有良好的抗炎作用,可明顯降低炎性因子水平。動物肺損傷研究提示,右美托咪定可通過抑制TOLL樣受體4(TLR4)/髓樣分化因子(MyD88)/有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和TLR4/MyD88/核因子-κB(NF-κB)通路抑制炎性介質(zhì)的合成和釋放[7-8]。本研究中二者復(fù)合應(yīng)用肺保護(hù)的可能機制為:二者可分別通過抑制COX-2和激動腎上腺素能α2受體抑制炎性因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8)的合成和釋放,減輕肺部損傷。同時花生四烯酸為COX-2作用的底物,也是腎上腺素能α2受體下游MARK磷酸化的中間環(huán)節(jié)[9],可能為二者作用的相偶聯(lián)的靶點,二者通過調(diào)節(jié)花生四烯酸釋放及代謝增強彼此抗炎作用,其具體機制有待進(jìn)一步研究。綜上,右美托咪定和帕瑞昔布鈉復(fù)合應(yīng)用在開胸手術(shù)中具有較好的肺保護(hù)作用,具有一定的臨床應(yīng)用價值。
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(2015-03-27收稿2015-05-07修回)
(本文編輯李國琪)
The pulmonary protection of dexmedetomidine in combination with parecoxib in patients undergoing thoracotomy during one-lung ventilation
WANG Ruiming1,LI Chuanyao1,CHENG Bo2,CHAI Xiaoqing1△,CHEN Kunzhou1
1 Department of Anesthesiology,Anhui Provincial Hospital,Hefei 230001,China;2 Department of Anesthesiology,Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital△
ObjectiveTo evaluate the pulmonary protection of dexmedetomidine in combination with parecoxib in pa?tients undergoing thoracotomy with one-lung ventilation.MethodsEighty patients undergoing elective resection of esopha?geal or lung cancer,including both sex,aged 40-70 yr,ASAⅠ-Ⅲ,were randomly divided into four groups(n=20),dexme?detomidine group(D group),parecoxib group(P group),dexmedetomidine in combination with parecoxib group(DP group)and control group(C group).Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg was infused in ten minutes and then continued infusion at the rate 0.6 μg·kg-1·h-1until the chest was closed in group D.Parecoxib 40 mg was infused 10 min before the induction of anesthesia in group P.DP group was given parecoxib 40 mg and parecoxib 40 mg 10 min before the induction of anesthesia.The equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.Blood samples were collected for determination of blood gas analysis and the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-8 immediately after the induction of anes?thesia(T1),30 min(T2)and 60 min(T3)after one-lung ventilation,and at the end of the operation(T4).Oxygenation index(OI)was calculated.The serum levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-8 were detected by ELISA.ResultsCompared with time T0,the serum concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-8(except IL-8 at the time T2in DP group)were significantly increased,and OI was decreased in all groups at the time T2-4(P<0.05).Compared with group C,concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-8 decreased and OI increased significantly at the time T2-4in D group,P group and DP group(P<0.05).There were no obvious differences in concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-8 and OI value between D group and P group(P>0.05).Conclusion Combination of dexmedetomidine and parecoxib can further mitigate inflammatory response,improve lung oxygenation dur?ing one-lung ventilation,and provide pulmonary protection in patients undergoing thoracotomy.
thoracic surgery;anesthesia;tumor necrosis factor-alpha;interleukin-6;interleukin-8;oxygenation index;Parecoxib;Dexamethasone;thoracotomy;one-lung ventilation
R614
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.09.023
1安徽省立醫(yī)院麻醉科(郵編230001);2山東省胸科醫(yī)院麻醉科
王瑞明(1975),男,主治醫(yī)師,碩士,主要從事臨床麻醉研究
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