鮑 雪,吳紅梅,杜煥民,夏 陽(yáng)(綜述),牛凱軍(審校)
(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院營(yíng)養(yǎng)流行病學(xué)教研室,天津 300070)
補(bǔ)體C3與代謝綜合征關(guān)聯(lián)的研究進(jìn)展
鮑雪△,吳紅梅△,杜煥民△,夏陽(yáng)△(綜述),牛凱軍※(審校)
(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院營(yíng)養(yǎng)流行病學(xué)教研室,天津 300070)
代謝綜合征是指人體的蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪、碳水化合物等物質(zhì)發(fā)生代謝紊亂,在臨床上出現(xiàn)的一系列癥狀和體征。代謝綜合征在中國(guó)人群中發(fā)病率為19.8%[1],而在中國(guó)腹型肥胖人群中更是高達(dá)49.5%[2]。胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)是代謝綜合征發(fā)生、發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),與高血糖、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、膽結(jié)石等多種代謝類(lèi)疾病密切相關(guān)[3]。IR常伴隨著機(jī)體的低水平慢性炎癥,其中補(bǔ)體C3是近年來(lái)討論較多的炎性因子。作為血清中含量最高的補(bǔ)體成分,C3是補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)各路徑發(fā)揮作用的交匯點(diǎn),它主要由巨噬細(xì)胞和肝臟合成,也可由脂肪組織產(chǎn)生和分泌[4],具有抗感染和調(diào)節(jié)免疫的作用,并能參與病理免疫反應(yīng)。現(xiàn)就補(bǔ)體C3與IR、代謝綜合征關(guān)聯(lián)與機(jī)制予以綜述。
1代謝綜合征產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制
早在1988年,Reaven[5]就正式提出IR與代謝病密切相關(guān)。在此基礎(chǔ)之上,1995年Stern[6]提出共同土壤學(xué)說(shuō),認(rèn)為IR是糖尿病、高血壓、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心病)等多種代謝類(lèi)疾病的共同危險(xiǎn)因素。2005年,國(guó)際糖尿病聯(lián)盟[7]給出了代謝綜合征的全球定義,強(qiáng)調(diào)它是以中心肥胖為核心,且合并高血壓、高血糖、高三酰甘油和低高密度脂蛋白中任兩項(xiàng);同時(shí),國(guó)際糖尿病聯(lián)盟還明確指出IR是代謝綜合征的一大主征。IR的產(chǎn)生是由于脂肪細(xì)胞、肌肉細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞對(duì)胰島素的敏感性降低,只有高于正常水平的胰島素濃度才足以刺激這些細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的反應(yīng)。IR在代謝類(lèi)疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用。以糖尿病為例,在IR初期胰島素代償性增高使血糖保持在正常水平,隨著IR程度加深,增高的胰島素也不足以維持正常血糖后將出現(xiàn)糖耐量降低,逐步出現(xiàn)了糖尿病,因此IR可看作是糖尿病的前期狀態(tài)[8]。
2補(bǔ)體C3與代謝綜合征的關(guān)系
2.1C3與IR的關(guān)系IR是代謝綜合產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)[5-7],因而C3與IR的關(guān)系也是C3與代謝綜合征關(guān)系的體現(xiàn)。已有多項(xiàng)橫斷面研究[9-11]表明,C3與IR顯著相關(guān),關(guān)聯(lián)程度甚至比其與C反應(yīng)蛋白、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、紅細(xì)胞沉降率等常用的炎性預(yù)測(cè)因子更強(qiáng)[9]。這在非糖尿病的體檢人群[10]及其他代謝相關(guān)疾病的患者[11]中也同樣得到驗(yàn)證。并且,這些研究還進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然在排除了IR及體質(zhì)指數(shù)的干擾后,C3仍與代謝綜合征相關(guān),但其關(guān)聯(lián)性明顯減弱,故推測(cè)C3與IR、肥胖之間存在某種關(guān)聯(lián),可對(duì)機(jī)體代謝狀態(tài)造成影響。
2.2C3與肥胖的關(guān)系根據(jù)國(guó)際糖尿病聯(lián)盟代謝綜合征診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],向心性肥胖是判斷代謝綜合征的核心指標(biāo)。而以往研究也表明C3與肥胖,尤其是腹型肥胖密切相關(guān),有研究提出,體內(nèi)C3水平隨著肥胖指數(shù)的增加也呈上升趨勢(shì),這種趨勢(shì)在嚴(yán)重肥胖的患者體內(nèi)更加明顯[12]。此外,法國(guó)研究者在經(jīng)過(guò)7.5年的隨訪后,將1754例代謝綜合征患者與對(duì)照組進(jìn)行對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)C3是導(dǎo)致代謝綜合征的原因之一,同時(shí)指明腹型肥胖、高脂飲食能加重C3與代謝綜合征的關(guān)聯(lián)[13]。在非糖尿病的高脂飲食和肥胖人群體內(nèi),脂肪代謝負(fù)擔(dān)較重,雖還未出現(xiàn)糖代謝紊亂,但檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)多已存在血清C3水平增高和IR程度加重,這提示在脂代謝負(fù)荷較重的情況下C3能抑制胰島素敏感性[14]。故肥胖者容易發(fā)生糖尿病、高血壓、冠心病等疾病。
2.3C3與各種代謝異常的關(guān)系除了肥胖,C3也是糖代謝異常、脂代謝異常等多種代謝紊亂的危險(xiǎn)因素。例如,曾有瑞典研究者[15]對(duì)2815例男性非糖尿病患者進(jìn)行為期6.1年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)在C3、C4及諸多炎癥刺激蛋白中,C3與糖尿病關(guān)聯(lián)最強(qiáng)(OR=5.6,95%CI2.8~10.9)。有且僅有C3在排除了體質(zhì)指數(shù)、IR及其他炎癥因素的作用后,仍與糖尿病相關(guān)。另有土耳樣本量為1220例,為期3.3年的隊(duì)列研究[16]也顯示,即使排除了代謝綜合征組成成分的混雜作用外,C3仍能預(yù)測(cè)糖尿病、冠心病及代謝綜合征。
3C3影響IR及代謝綜合征的可能途徑
3.1C3對(duì)代謝的直接影響C3可能是代謝紊亂發(fā)生過(guò)程中必不可少的因子。例如有基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)[17-18]發(fā)現(xiàn),即使是在鏈脲佐菌素誘導(dǎo)下,C3剔除的小鼠也不會(huì)出現(xiàn)糖尿病。鏈脲佐菌素能選擇性損傷胰島細(xì)胞,使得胰島素分泌減少和血糖升高,是建立糖尿病模型的常用試劑。而C3(-/-)小鼠卻不出現(xiàn)血糖的明顯上升,這與對(duì)照組截然相反。同時(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)中還分別觀察到C3(-/-)小鼠體內(nèi)CD4+CD25+及其轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的增加[18]和髓源性抑制細(xì)胞的增加[17]。另外,分別使用抗CD25抗體[18]或是去除髓源性抑制細(xì)胞[17]均能顯著削弱C3缺乏的保護(hù)作用。由于CD4+CD25+和髓源性抑制細(xì)胞都對(duì)致糖尿病性T細(xì)胞有抑制作用[17-18],故推測(cè)糖尿病的產(chǎn)生與C3介導(dǎo)的T細(xì)胞增殖有關(guān)。
3.2C3與脂肪組織的交互作用脂肪組織能通過(guò)多種途徑作用于代謝系統(tǒng)。一方面,脂肪組織本身分解產(chǎn)生的游離脂肪酸具有毒性作用,被肝臟和肌肉組織攝取后,增加肝糖異生和抑制肌肉葡萄糖攝取氧化來(lái)拮抗胰島素作用,使血糖升高[19]。另一方面,脂肪組織也是內(nèi)分泌器官。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖小鼠內(nèi)臟脂肪細(xì)胞的PU.1的表達(dá)上調(diào),PU.1轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是保守的DNA結(jié)合蛋白Ets家族成員,能調(diào)節(jié)酶和炎性因子的表達(dá),使體內(nèi)腫瘤壞死因子、白細(xì)胞介素等慢性炎癥的水平上升[20]。而這些炎性因子能刺激脂肪細(xì)胞表達(dá)C3信使RNA,使血清C3水平升高??崭寡錍3水平的升高可能可直接促進(jìn)胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)[21]進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致糖耐量不良及胰島素血癥。
3.3C3產(chǎn)物促?;鞍?acylation-stimulating protein,ASP)與脂肪組織的交互作用ASP的主要生成部位是脂肪細(xì)胞,它是由C3的裂解產(chǎn)物C3a在羧肽酶B作用下轉(zhuǎn)化得來(lái)[22]。ASP在能量的儲(chǔ)存和釋放中起重要作用,它能通過(guò)與脂肪細(xì)胞表面的相關(guān)受體結(jié)合來(lái)促進(jìn)三酰甘油的合成,增加餐后血液中游離脂肪酸的清除率,同時(shí)促進(jìn)葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子由細(xì)胞內(nèi)移到細(xì)胞外,增加葡萄糖的攝取,為脂肪合成提供底物[23]。因此可見(jiàn),ASP與胰島素有類(lèi)似作用,均能降低血糖。已有大量研究[24-25]發(fā)現(xiàn)在肥胖等代謝異常患者體內(nèi),血清ASP明顯升高,與IR及炎癥物質(zhì)呈顯著正相關(guān)。ASP與胰島素相互拮抗作用的發(fā)生很可能與已經(jīng)存在的脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂有關(guān)。有研究在C3(-/-)高脂飲食和C3(-/-)正常低脂飲食的小鼠體內(nèi)分別緩慢添加相同劑量的ASP,一段時(shí)間后低脂飲食小鼠胰島素敏感性增加,但高脂飲食組小鼠卻出現(xiàn)IR程度加深的截然相反結(jié)果[26]。該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂飲食組,ASP添加可導(dǎo)致肌肉組織葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子及胰島素受體底物表達(dá)下降,脂肪組織雖不出現(xiàn)類(lèi)似的表達(dá)下調(diào),但其胰島素反應(yīng)性降低、炎性因子分泌增加。兩組小鼠不同結(jié)果提示,雖然在生理情況下ASP與胰島素具有協(xié)同作用,能夠增加胰島素敏感性,降低血糖,但在脂肪攝入過(guò)量或代謝紊亂情況下,細(xì)胞表面的胰島素受體與葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子很可能已處于飽和狀態(tài)或已存在功能紊亂,此時(shí)ASP將會(huì)與胰島素競(jìng)爭(zhēng)功能尚正常的受體及底物,甚至抑制受體及底物的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致IR和ASP抵抗同時(shí)加深。在ASP抵抗的情況下C3代償性升高[27],這增強(qiáng)了C3與代謝病的關(guān)聯(lián),同時(shí)部分解釋了代謝病患者體內(nèi)ASP、C3升高的不一致性。另外,有研究者隨訪了通過(guò)十二指腸改道術(shù)減肥的非糖尿病和糖尿病的肥胖患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后ASP的降低較胰島素敏感性改善和體質(zhì)量減輕更早出現(xiàn)[28]。這進(jìn)一步證明了ASP與肥胖的密切關(guān)系,ASP降低可能是胰島素敏感性改善和體質(zhì)量減輕的促發(fā)條件。另一方面,研究也證明,在ASP超過(guò)正常生理劑量時(shí),能刺激脂肪細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生炎性因子,繼而在脂肪組織產(chǎn)生巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和局部炎癥[29]。
3.4C3與肝源性IR的關(guān)系在基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)[30]中,C3敲除小鼠能抵抗肝臟脂肪浸潤(rùn)和酒精性肝硬化,表明C3的升高是肝臟代謝紊亂中不可或缺的危險(xiǎn)因素。而對(duì)照組在C3未敲除的情況下,其肝臟可由酒精誘發(fā)脂肪浸潤(rùn)和硬化,明顯產(chǎn)生IR。由于肝臟糖原的合成和分解主要受血糖和血胰島素水平反饋調(diào)節(jié)[31],當(dāng)肝臟出現(xiàn)IR時(shí),血糖和血胰島素升高對(duì)肝糖原分解的抑制作用減弱,故血糖會(huì)持續(xù)在較高水平。另外,橫斷面研究[32]也表明, C3與IR之間的關(guān)聯(lián)的14.2%可由血清丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶解釋。丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶的異常升高表明肝臟出現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)代謝紊亂,由于肝臟與三大營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)代謝密切相關(guān),肝功能異常極易導(dǎo)致代謝疾病,這在隨訪期為16年的病例對(duì)照研究中也得到證實(shí)[33]。
4小結(jié)
血清補(bǔ)體C3與代謝綜合征密切相關(guān)。一方面,C3可能直接參與介導(dǎo)糖尿病等代謝類(lèi)疾病的產(chǎn)生。另一方面,C3及其裂解產(chǎn)物ASP與脂肪組織存在交互作用,C3和ASP既可在脂代謝紊亂的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生,又可通過(guò)升高炎癥水平和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)胰島素受體等途徑加重代謝紊亂狀態(tài),繼而導(dǎo)致胰島素敏感性下降和代謝綜合征的發(fā)生。另外,C3還可能與肝臟IR的發(fā)生、發(fā)展相關(guān),加劇了機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂。從上述多項(xiàng)研究看出,脂肪組織在代謝綜合的發(fā)生過(guò)程中可能具有重要意義。因此預(yù)防IR、代謝綜合征可從降低炎癥水平,減少體脂含量等方面尋找新的途徑。
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摘要:代謝綜合征是人體代謝紊亂的病理狀態(tài),它以胰島素抵抗(IR)為典型特征。代謝綜合征與體內(nèi)慢性炎癥密切相關(guān),其中關(guān)于補(bǔ)體C3的研究在近年來(lái)逐漸增多。C3及其裂解產(chǎn)物可能通過(guò)多種途徑,直接或間接地參與到IR和代謝綜合征的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中;與此同時(shí),C3也與肥胖關(guān)系密切。關(guān)于C3的研究為代謝類(lèi)疾病的防治提供又一個(gè)新的靶點(diǎn),也為今后的臨床工作提供了有力的證據(jù)支持。
關(guān)鍵詞:代謝綜合征;補(bǔ)體C3;胰島素抵抗;肥胖組織
Research Progress in the Association between Complement C3 and the Metabolic SyndromeBAOXue,WUHong-mei,DUHuan-min,XIAYang,NIUKai-jun.(NutritionalEpidemiologyInstituteandSchoolofPublicHealth,TianjinMedicalUniversity,Tianjin300070,China)
Abstract:Metabolic syndrome,characterized by insulin resistance(IR),is an abnormal pathological state of metabolic disorders.Metabolic syndrome is closely associated with chronic inflammatory factors,of which the studies on complement 3(C3) have been increasing in recent years.C3 and its proteolytic fragment may play an important part in the development of IR and metabolic syndrome,through a variety of ways.In addition,close relationship also exists between C3 and obesity.Therefore,the research on C3 may provide a new target for prevention and control of metabolic diseases and provide strong evidences to support future clinical work.
Key words:Metabolic syndrome; Complement 3; Insulin resistance; Obesity tissue
收稿日期:2014-10-13修回日期:2014-12-26編輯:相丹峰
基金項(xiàng)目:中國(guó)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)會(huì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)科研基金——帝斯曼專(zhuān)項(xiàng)科研基金(2014-071)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.15.043
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:中圖類(lèi)分號(hào):R151A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)15-2805-03