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單純超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮室間隔缺損封堵術(shù)的應(yīng)用研究

2015-12-16 05:59潘湘斌逄坤靜歐陽(yáng)文斌王首正劉垚張大偉張鳳文胡盛壽李守軍
中國(guó)循環(huán)雜志 2015年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:放射線經(jīng)胸室間隔

潘湘斌,逄坤靜,歐陽(yáng)文斌,王首正,劉垚,張大偉,張鳳文,胡盛壽,李守軍

單純超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮室間隔缺損封堵術(shù)的應(yīng)用研究

潘湘斌,逄坤靜,歐陽(yáng)文斌,王首正,劉垚,張大偉,張鳳文,胡盛壽,李守軍

目的:傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)皮室間隔缺損(VSD)封堵術(shù)存在放射線及造影劑損傷,本文探討單純超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行經(jīng)皮VSD封堵術(shù)的有效性和安全性。

方法:于2014-02至2014-10期間入選先天性VSD患者28例,平均年齡(9.5±3.1)歲,平均體重(31.3±7.7)kg,平均VSD直徑(4.6±0.9)mm?;颊呔诮?jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下行經(jīng)皮VSD封堵術(shù),封堵后以超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查評(píng)價(jià)治療效果。術(shù)后1、3、6、12個(gè)月在門診隨訪。

結(jié)果:26例患者在經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下成功完成經(jīng)皮VSD封堵術(shù),1例患者因?qū)Ч芪茨苎貙?dǎo)絲通過VSD,改超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)胸小切口封堵成功,1例患者因殘余分流大于2 mm,改常規(guī)外科手術(shù)治療成功。患者的平均手術(shù)時(shí)間為(63.3±11.7)min,對(duì)稱型VSD封堵器直徑(6.6±1.0)mm;術(shù)后即刻微量殘余分流2例;平均住院時(shí)間為(3.7±1.3)d。所有患者康復(fù)出院,無外周血管損傷及心包填塞等并發(fā)癥?;颊咝g(shù)后的平均隨訪時(shí)間為(6.2±3.4)個(gè)月,隨訪1個(gè)月時(shí)2例患者微量殘余分流消失,所有患者未出現(xiàn)心包積液、封堵器脫落、房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯和主動(dòng)脈瓣反流等并發(fā)癥。

結(jié)論:?jiǎn)渭兂曅膭?dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮VSD封堵術(shù)不僅安全有效,而且能避免使用放射線及造影劑。

室間隔缺損;超聲心動(dòng)圖;經(jīng)皮介入

(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2015,30:774.)

室間隔缺損(VSD)是常見的先天性心臟病,傳統(tǒng)治療方法包括開胸直視手術(shù)及經(jīng)皮介入封堵術(shù)[1]。開胸直視手術(shù)是在體外循環(huán)輔助下直視修補(bǔ)VSD,具有創(chuàng)傷大、恢復(fù)慢的缺點(diǎn)。經(jīng)皮介入封堵術(shù)無需開胸及體外循環(huán),但術(shù)中放射線對(duì)醫(yī)生及患者均有輻射損傷[2,3];使用造影劑有引起過敏和腎功能衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為克服上述缺點(diǎn)并充分發(fā)揮超聲心動(dòng)圖的優(yōu)勢(shì)[4],我們以超聲心動(dòng)圖為唯一影像學(xué)工具行經(jīng)皮VSD封堵術(shù),觀察其有效性和安全性。

1 資料和方法

研究對(duì)象:2014-02至2014-10期間,連續(xù)入選膜周部VSD患者。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡≥3歲;(2)體重≥15 kg;(3)有血液動(dòng)力學(xué)異常的單純性VSD,3 mm<缺損直徑<10 mm;(4)VSD上緣距主動(dòng)脈右冠瓣≥2 mm,無主動(dòng)脈右冠瓣脫入VSD及主動(dòng)脈瓣反流。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):感染性心內(nèi)膜炎;嚴(yán)重肺動(dòng)脈高壓出現(xiàn)右向左分流;合并需要外科手術(shù)處理的心臟畸形。共入選28例患者,其中男性12例,女性16例。患者平均年齡為(9.5±3.1)歲,平均體重為(31.3±7.7)kg,平均VSD直徑為(4.6±0.9)mm。

手術(shù)方法和過程:患者在術(shù)前均行經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,明確VSD位置并測(cè)量直徑(圖1A)。患者取仰臥位,麻醉后穿刺右側(cè)股動(dòng)脈,置入5 Fr動(dòng)脈鞘,根據(jù)VSD方向,部分修剪5 Fr豬尾導(dǎo)管,使其頭部呈約1/3圓弧,經(jīng)動(dòng)脈鞘送入5 Fr豬尾導(dǎo)管及導(dǎo)絲。在超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下,將導(dǎo)絲及導(dǎo)管送達(dá)升主動(dòng)脈,經(jīng)主動(dòng)脈瓣進(jìn)入左心室(圖1B)。調(diào)整導(dǎo)管方向,使其開口朝向VSD,在超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下,輕輕推送將導(dǎo)絲經(jīng)VSD進(jìn)入右心室內(nèi)(圖1C)。根據(jù)術(shù)前超聲心動(dòng)圖測(cè)量的VSD直徑,加1~2 mm選擇對(duì)稱型VSD封堵器及相應(yīng)的輸送系統(tǒng)。退出豬尾導(dǎo)管,在超聲心動(dòng)圖監(jiān)測(cè)下,沿導(dǎo)絲送入輸送鞘,輸送鞘通過VSD進(jìn)入右心室后,退出輸送鞘內(nèi)芯及導(dǎo)絲,沿輸送鞘送入封堵器。于右心室內(nèi)釋放封堵器右室側(cè)傘盤(圖1D),后撤輸送系統(tǒng),使傘盤緊貼VSD右心室開口,后撤輸送鞘,釋放封堵器左室側(cè)傘盤。以經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)估殘余分流及封堵器是否遠(yuǎn)離主動(dòng)脈瓣。若封堵效果滿意,逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)輸送桿釋放封堵器,撤出輸送系統(tǒng),壓迫止血,繃帶包扎。所有患者于術(shù)后1、3、6、12個(gè)月在門診接受隨訪,行超聲心動(dòng)圖、胸片和心電圖檢查。

圖1 經(jīng)皮室間隔缺損介入封堵術(shù)的術(shù)中超聲心動(dòng)圖影像

統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS 20.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以±s表示。

2 結(jié)果

在28例患者中,26例成功在經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下完成經(jīng)皮VSD介入封堵術(shù),全部使用對(duì)稱型VSD封堵器,封堵器平均直徑為(6.6±1.0)mm。從穿刺至拔除鞘管的操作時(shí)間為(63.3±11.7)min。2例患者術(shù)后即刻存在約1 mm微量殘余分流。1例患者因?qū)Ч芪茨苎貙?dǎo)絲通過VSD,改超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)胸小切口封堵成功。1例患者因殘余分流大于2 mm,改常規(guī)外科手術(shù)治療成功?;颊呔鶡o外周血管損傷、心臟穿孔等并發(fā)癥,平均住院時(shí)間為(3.7±1.3) d。封堵成功的26例患者均在門診隨訪,平均隨訪時(shí)間為(6.2±3.4)個(gè)月。隨訪超聲心動(dòng)圖、胸片(圖2)和心電圖檢查顯示,所有患者未出現(xiàn)心包積液、封堵器脫落、房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯和主動(dòng)脈瓣反流等并發(fā)癥。隨訪1個(gè)月時(shí),2例患者微量殘余分流消失。

圖2 1例患者經(jīng)皮室間隔缺損介入封堵術(shù)后復(fù)查時(shí)的正位和側(cè)位胸片

3 討論

經(jīng)皮VSD封堵術(shù)目前已成為VSD的一種重要治療方式[5-7]。但在傳統(tǒng)介入治療過程中, 必須使用放射線及造影劑,增加了治療風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及損傷[2,3]。近年來,使用超聲心動(dòng)圖完全替代放射線進(jìn)行介入治療成為改進(jìn)經(jīng)皮介入技術(shù)的重要方向之一[8]。目前,單純超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮房間隔缺損封堵術(shù)等已獲得認(rèn)同并廣泛開展[9,10],開啟了介入技術(shù)克服放射線損傷的新時(shí)代。

為進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮介入技術(shù)的適應(yīng)證,我們?cè)谕瓿蓡渭兂曅膭?dòng)圖引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮房間隔缺損封堵術(shù)、動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉封堵術(shù)及肺動(dòng)脈瓣成形術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上[9,11,12],開展超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮VSD介入封堵術(shù),該技術(shù)無需穿刺對(duì)側(cè)股靜脈,無需建立壓迫主動(dòng)脈瓣及三尖瓣的軌道,降低了治療風(fēng)險(xiǎn);在沒有使用放射線及造影劑的情況下,不但有效地完成了VSD的封堵,而且沒有出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,顯示出良好的安全性及有效性。另一方面,該技術(shù)也顯示出難度大、學(xué)習(xí)曲線長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn)。在傳統(tǒng)的介入技術(shù)中,放射線是投影式探測(cè),所以很容易判斷導(dǎo)管的位置,但是超聲心動(dòng)圖卻是用切面的方式進(jìn)行探測(cè),往往不能準(zhǔn)確顯示導(dǎo)管頭端的位置。

為了提高該技術(shù)的安全性及克服學(xué)習(xí)曲線,我們總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)如下:(1)該技術(shù)需要一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的團(tuán)隊(duì)。術(shù)者應(yīng)該具有經(jīng)皮介入治療的經(jīng)驗(yàn),能夠在放射線引導(dǎo)下完成常規(guī)VSD經(jīng)皮介入封堵術(shù);團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)該能夠在緊急情況下實(shí)施開胸心臟直視手術(shù),最大限度地為患者提供安全保障。(2)標(biāo)記工作距離。我們?cè)谛g(shù)前先測(cè)量胸骨左緣第2肋間至穿刺點(diǎn)的距離,并在導(dǎo)管上標(biāo)記相應(yīng)距離,當(dāng)導(dǎo)管進(jìn)入體內(nèi)達(dá)到該距離后,既可旋轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)管,方便超聲心動(dòng)圖在主動(dòng)脈弓部探測(cè)到導(dǎo)管,并引導(dǎo)導(dǎo)管進(jìn)入升主動(dòng)脈。(3)準(zhǔn)確定位。將豬尾導(dǎo)管從左心室內(nèi)撤出時(shí),應(yīng)該標(biāo)記其插入的深度。插入輸送鞘管的長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)該比豬尾導(dǎo)管的插入深度長(zhǎng)2~4 cm,通過VSD到達(dá)右心室即可,不可插入過深。

超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮VSD介入封堵術(shù)在克服放射線及造影劑損傷的同時(shí),保持了傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)皮介入治療微創(chuàng)、安全的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。雖然該技術(shù)對(duì)操作人員的要求較高,但是經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練的團(tuán)隊(duì)完全能夠勝任。該技術(shù)具有廣闊的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用前景。

[1] 李寰, 張玉順, 劉建平, 等. 經(jīng)導(dǎo)管介入封堵治療室間隔缺損的并發(fā)癥及其處理. 中國(guó)循環(huán)雜志, 2005, 20: 212-214.

[2] Roguin A, Goldstein J, Bar O, et al. Brain and neck tumors among physicians performing interventional procedures. Am J Cardiol, 2013,111: 1368-1372.

[3] Wagdi P, Ritter M. Patient radiation dose during percutaneous interventional closure of interatrial communications. J Cardiol, 2009, 53: 368-373.

[4] 展英華, 劉薇, 王雪, 等. 經(jīng)胸彩色多普勒超聲心動(dòng)圖在室間隔缺損封堵術(shù)中的應(yīng)用. 中國(guó)循環(huán)雜志, 2006, 21: 131-133.

[5] Tzikas A, Ibrahim R, Velasco-Sanchez D, et al. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect with the Amplatzer(R)membranous VSD occluder 2: initial world experience and one-year follow-up. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2014, 83: 571-580.

[6] Yang R, Kong XQ, Sheng YH, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of post-procedure heart blocks after transcatheter device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2012, 5: 422-427.

[7] Zhu D, Gan C, Li X, et al. Perventricular device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect in pediatric patients: technical and morphological considerations. Thorac Cardiov Surg, 2013, 61: 300-306.

[8] Schubert S, Kainz S, Peters B, et al. Interventional closure of atrial septal defects without fluoroscopy in adult and pediatric patients. Clin Res Cardiol, 2012, 101: 691-700.

[9] 潘湘斌, 李守軍, 胡盛壽, 等. 經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)房間隔缺損封堵術(shù)的可行性. 中華心血管病雜志, 2014, 42: 744-747.

[10] 潘湘斌, 逄坤靜, 胡盛壽, 等. 經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下介入治療房間隔缺損幼兒的有效性和安全性. 中華心血管病雜志, 2013, 41: 744-746.

[11] 潘湘斌, 胡盛壽, 歐陽(yáng)文斌, 等. 單純超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮肺動(dòng)脈瓣球囊成形術(shù)的應(yīng)用研究. 中華小兒外科雜志, 2015, 36: 286-288.

[12] 潘湘斌, 歐陽(yáng)文斌, 李守軍, 等. 單純超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下行動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉封堵術(shù)的安全性和有效性. 中華心血管病雜志, 2015, 43: 31-33.

Application of Percutaneous Ventricular Septal Defect Closure Under Solely Guidance of Echocardiography

PAN Xiang-bin, PANG Kun-jing, OUYANG Wen-bin, WANG Shou-zheng, LIU Yao, ZHANG Da-wei, ZHANG Feng-wen, HU Sheng-shou, Li Shou-jun.
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing (100037), China

Objective: Traditional percutaneous ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure had disadvantages of radiation and contrast media reaction in relevant patients. We want to investigate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous VSD closure under solely guidance of echocardiography.Methods: A total of 28 VSD patients treated by percutaneous VSD closure under solely guidance of trans-thoracic echocardiography in our hospital from 2014-02 to 2014-10 were summarized. The patients mean age was (9.5 ± 3.1) years with the body weight at (31.3 ± 7.7) kg. The average diameter of VSD was (4.6 ± 0.9) mm, and the clinical follow-up study was conducted by echocardiography at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the procedure.Results: There were 26 patients with successful treatment by percutaneous VSD closure under solely guidance of echocardiography. 1 patient was converted to perventricular closure with trans-esophageal echocardiography guidance because the catheter could not pass through the defect; another patient was converted to surgical repair because of the residual shunt >2 mm. The average procedural time was (63.3 ± 11.7) min and the mean diameter of symmetrical occluder was (6.6 ± 1.0) mm. There were 2 patients with immediate post-operative residual shunt, and the average in-hospital time was (3.7 ± 1.3) days. Allpatients discharged without the complications as peripheral vascular injury or cardiac perforation. The average follow-up time was (6.2 ± 3.4) months. The residual shunt disappeared in 2 patients at 1 month follow-up time point. No patients suffered from pericardial effusion, occluder malposition, atrio-ventricular block and aortic valve regurgitation.Conclusion: Echocardiography guided percutaneous VSD closure is safe and effective, it may avoid the radiation and contrast media reaction in relevant patients.

Ventricular septal defects; Echocardiography; Percutaneous intervention

2015-05-29)

(編輯:朱柳媛)

100037 北京市,中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 國(guó)家心血管病中心 阜外心血管病醫(yī)院 心臟外科(潘湘斌、歐陽(yáng)文斌、王首正、劉垚、張大偉、張鳳文、胡盛壽、李守軍),超聲科(逄坤靜)

潘湘斌 副主任醫(yī)師 博士 主要從事先天性心臟病外科介入治療和研究 Email: xiangbin428@hotmail.com 通訊作者:胡盛壽

Email:fuwaiyiyuan28@163.com

R54

A

1000-3614(2015)08-0774-03

10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2015.08.014

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