建筑設(shè)計(jì)：張利/清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司簡盟工作室

嘉那嘛呢游客到訪中心，新寨，玉樹州，青海，中國

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：張利/清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司簡盟工作室

1 外景/Exterior views

玉樹是藏區(qū)極其重要的宗教中心之一，這一價(jià)值主要來自于新寨的嘉那嘛呢石堆。它歷經(jīng)300余年的來自各方的信徒的堆放，目前有2.5億塊嘛呢石，規(guī)模為世界之最。

玉樹近40%的人口以雕刻嘛呢石為生。嘉那嘛呢石堆在玉樹人心目中占據(jù)著不可比擬的地位。在地震之后，玉樹人在修復(fù)自家住宅之前首先修復(fù)的就是嘛呢石堆。

嘉那嘛呢游客到訪中心一方面通過展示空間與觀景臺對嘉那嘛呢歷史文化進(jìn)行價(jià)值詮釋，服務(wù)于到訪信徒與游客；另一方面集成郵局、診所、嘛呢石研究及公共衛(wèi)生間等，服務(wù)于玉樹本地社區(qū)。

嘉那嘛呢游客到訪中心由“回”字型功能空間和環(huán)繞其周邊的11個(gè)觀景臺組成，2個(gè)觀景臺指向嘛呢石堆，其余9個(gè)分別指向勒茨噶、格尼西巴旺秀、錯(cuò)尺克、洞那珠乃塔郎太欽楞、扎曲河谷（通天河）、拉藏龍巴、茹桑貢布神山、乃古灘、觀世音輪回道場等9處嘉那嘛呢宗教活動的圣地或嘉那嘛呢歷史上的重要地點(diǎn)。地方材料與建造工法的使用進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了游訪中心與嘉那嘛呢歷史文化圈的時(shí)空連接。

2 外景/Exterior views

Yushu is a highly regarded religious center to Tibetans. Its significance comes mainly from Jianamani, the world's largest Tibetan Buddhist cairn. With a history of over 3 centuries, Jianamani currently bears over 250 million pieces of Mani stones, and is still growing with new pieces added daily by pilgrims.

In Yushu, more the 40% of the population live on the carving of Mani stones. To the Yushu community, nothing can be compared to Jianamani. After the 2010 earthquake, Yushu-ers immediately set off to repair Jianamani, long before they started repairing their own houses.

The Jianamani Visitor Center serves both the visitors and the local community. To the visitors and pilgrims, it provides information about Jianamani and its history complemented by views of the real sites. To local Yushu-ers, it provides a post office, a clinic, public toilets and a small research archive.

The Jianamani Visitor Center consists of a square building with a courtyard in the center, and 11 observation decks surrounding it. The central square volume features the typical Tibetan Layout. Of the 11 observation decks, 2 point to Jianamani, 9 point to the historic/religious sites related to Jianamani, including: Leciga, Genixibawangxiou, Cuochike, Dongna Zhunatalang Taiqinleng, Zhaqu River Valley, Lazanglongba, Rusongongbu, Naigu River Beach, and Kuanyin Rebirth Site.

The Jianamani Visitor Center is built with local construction techniques. The stone masonry is done by local masons, using the same kind of local rocks from which Mani stones are carved. The railings around the roof terrace and the observation decks are made of wood, with some parts recycled from earthquake debris.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client：玉樹旅游發(fā)展有限公司/Yushu Tourist Administration

主持建筑師/Principal Architect：張利/ZHANG Li

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team：張利，張銘琦，王灝，潘睿，竇光璐，陳榮欽，李乃貞，段宇楠，閻梓寒，郝陽/ ZHANG Li, ZHANG Mingqi, WANG Hao, PAN Rui, DOU Guanglu, CHEN Rongqin, LI Naizhen, DUAN Yunan, YAN Zihan, HAO Yang

建筑面積/Floor Area：1121m2

建筑材料/Materials：石，木，金屬，回收材料/Stone, timber, steel, recycled timber

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period：2010-2011

攝影/Photos：布雷/BU Lei

評論

魯安東：地景的重構(gòu)

當(dāng)這個(gè)建筑放置在綿亙的群山的背景前時(shí)，它更像是一個(gè)巨大的裝置藝術(shù)，而不是一個(gè)常規(guī)建筑物。與傳統(tǒng)的地域建筑相比，其營造的意義是多維度的：當(dāng)?shù)氐牟牧吓c工藝、游客中心與社區(qū)功能的結(jié)合、重新塑造空間意義與關(guān)聯(lián)的觀景臺系統(tǒng)、回收材料對生活記憶的延續(xù)。而這些都在一個(gè)具有熟悉的陌生感的形式之下進(jìn)行了重構(gòu)。建筑外觀的兩種主要材料——下部的石塊（地景的延伸）類似嘛呢堆，而上部的回收木料（居景的延伸）則仿佛是拆散重組的民居。通過將當(dāng)?shù)氐臍v史與人的歷史的反常重組，這個(gè)建筑制造了一種當(dāng)代藝術(shù)特有的陌生感。

董衛(wèi)：所謂嘛呢是大悲咒六字真言“唵嘛呢叭咪哞”的簡稱，信奉佛教的藏族人民相信，念誦、崇拜這6字真言可以加深信仰、擺脫痛苦，而刻字于石更能表達(dá)對教義的景仰。據(jù)傳這一傳統(tǒng)原由道丹與墨爾根活佛于1715年在此地所創(chuàng)，迄今已有300年歷史，而新寨村自此就以嘛呢石經(jīng)的生產(chǎn)與堆放而成為藏傳佛教的圣地之一。

2010年，玉樹地區(qū)遭遇“4·14”大地震，新寨村需規(guī)劃重建，該項(xiàng)目希望借嘛呢石堆這一全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位的影響力為村寨日益增多的信眾和文化旅游提供服務(wù)。建筑采用了“插建”的設(shè)計(jì)模式，在既有的歷史環(huán)境中創(chuàng)造出一處獨(dú)特的文化場所。其空間組織仿佛一個(gè)微縮的朝拜系統(tǒng)，“回”字形平面令人想起“曼陀羅”的空間形態(tài)，而指向于想象中的宗教圣地的交通系統(tǒng)既明示了新寨嘛呢石與周邊環(huán)境的歷史關(guān)聯(lián)性，也如轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)一般為游客/信眾提供了多樣性的選擇和體驗(yàn)。在材料的選擇和組織上，建筑則以貌似傳統(tǒng)的做法與新寨新近維修的寺院與民居保持了明顯的文化差異性。

3 外景/Exterior view

4 平面/Floor plan

5 內(nèi)景/Interior view

Comments

LU Andong: The re-composition of topography

When this building stands against the rolling mountains, it becomes a gigantic installation of art rather than a building in the normal sense. Compared with ordinary regional architectures, it has multi-dimensional meanings: local materials and craftsmanship, a combination of visitor center and community center, a viewing platform system that reorganizes spatial significances and connections, and recycled materials that bear living memories. All of the above mentioned points are recomposed within a form that is strangely familiar. Two main materials are articulated in the appearance of the building: the rocks in the lower part (the extension of landscape) which resemble the Mani stones and the recycled wood panels in the upper part (the extension of humanscape) which look like dismantled and restructured houses. By the abnormal re-composition of the history of man and of the land, this building creates a sense of alienation like contemporary art.

DONG Wei: Mani is an abbreviation of the Great Compassion Mantra "Om Mani Padme Hum". Tibetan Buddhists believe that chanting and worshipping this mantra can deepen their faith and get rid of pains. Inscribing the mantra on stone can better express their admiration for the doctrine. It is said that this tradition was started in Xinzhai Village by Daodan and Moergen Buddha in 1715. Since then, Xinzhai Village has become one of the Holy Lands for Tibetan Buddhism for its production and piling of the Mani stone classics.

In 2010, Yushu County was hit by the 4.14 Earthquake, and Xinzhai Village was in urgent need to be reconstructed. The project is aimed to provide better services for the growing number of believers and the cultural and tourism industry in the village by virtue of the Mani Stone which is an important National Heritage Preservation Site. Based on an in-fill design model, the Center creates a unique place within the existing cultural and historical environment. Its spatial layout looks like a miniature worship system, with a plan shaped as the Chinese character "hui" reminding visitors of the "Mandala" spatial form. Furthermore, the circulation system pointing towards the imaginary religious shrines not only shows the historical relevancy between Xinzhai's Mani Stone and its surrounding environment, but also offers tourists and believers a variety of choices and experiences as Zhuan Jing (a kind of religious activity). In terms the selection and organization of materials, this Center, though built in a seemingly traditional approach, differs greatly from the recently renovated temples and vernacular dwellings in Xinzhai Village.

Jianamani Visitor Center, Xinzhai, Yushu Tibetan County, Qinghai, China, 2013

Architects: ZHANG Li/Atelier TeamMinus, Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University Co., Ltd.

6-8 外景/Exterior views

9 總平面/Site plan

10 剖面/Section