ANXA2對(duì)Caco2細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
奉艷, 肖麗, 何慧敏, 高寧, 石紅燕, 馬樂(lè)樂(lè),
達(dá)苗苗, 胥謹(jǐn)慧, 許楠, 劉雨恩, 宋喜貴, 侯穎春*
(陜西師范大學(xué) 秦巴山區(qū)可持續(xù)發(fā)展協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心, 陜西 西安 710119)
摘要:為研究膜聯(lián)蛋白A2(ANXA2)基因與人結(jié)直腸癌Caco2細(xì)胞凋亡之間的關(guān)系,采用RNAi技術(shù)沉默Caco2細(xì)胞的ANXA2表達(dá)后,利用流式細(xì)胞儀分析細(xì)胞凋亡水平,并利用激光共聚焦顯微鏡和透射電子顯微鏡對(duì)凋亡細(xì)胞進(jìn)行形態(tài)學(xué)檢測(cè)。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,ANXA2表達(dá)被抑制后細(xì)胞線粒體正常膜電位發(fā)生改變(P<0.05),線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)受損;同時(shí),形態(tài)學(xué)檢測(cè)結(jié)果表明,ANXA2表達(dá)被抑制后細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了較為明顯的凋亡樣特征。結(jié)果提示:ANXA2在人結(jié)直腸癌Caco2細(xì)胞的高表達(dá)能一定程度地促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),抑制ANXA2表達(dá)可以誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)一定程度的凋亡樣形態(tài)特征,但不足以引起細(xì)胞廣泛而明顯的凋亡;推測(cè)ANXA2表達(dá)水平并不是唯一影響瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的因素。該結(jié)果支持關(guān)于ANXA2具有作為腫瘤靶向診斷、治療靶分子潛能的推論。
關(guān)鍵詞:膜聯(lián)蛋白A2; 結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞; 細(xì)胞凋亡; 基因表達(dá); 基因功能
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R735.3文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A
文章編號(hào):1672-4291(2015)01-0080-06
doi:10.15983/j.cnki.jsnu.2015.01.411
收稿日期:2014-07-09
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(12BJY131)
The effect of ANXA2 expression on the apoptosis of Caco2 cells
FENG Yan, XIAO Li, HE Huimin, GAO Ning, SHI Hongyan, MA Lele,
DA Miaomiao, XU Jinhui, XU Nan, LIU Yuen, SONG Xigui, HOU Yingchun*
(Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Region′s Sustainable Development,
Shaanxi Normal University, Xi′an 710119, Shaanxi, China)
Abstract:To study the relationship between ANXA2 and the apoptosis of Caco2 cells, the expression of ANXA2 in Caco2 cells was inhibited by siRNA. Cell apoptosis was further investigated by flow cytometry (FCM), and morphological characteristics were observed with laser scanning confocal microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the fluorescence density of the cells was significantly reduced in ANXA2 interfered groups(P<0.05), suggesting that the normal membrane potential of mitochondria has been changed. Moreover, some characteristics of apoptosis cells were also observed in ANXA2 silenced cells compared to control group. Taken together, these results indicate that the excessive expression of ANXA2 in Caco2 cells could promote the proliferation of Caco2 cells. Moreover, some morphological characteristics of apoptosis may be induced by silencing ANXA2 in Caco2 cells, but it is insufficient to cause widely apoptosis or obvious characteristics of cell apoptosis. We suppose that the excessive expression of ANXA2 is not unique route of anti-apoptosis factors of tumor. These results further confirm that ANXA2 has great potential as a targeting molecule of tumor diagnosis and treatment.
Key words: ANXA2; colorectal carcinoma cells; cell apoptosis; gene expression; gene function
膜聯(lián)蛋白A2(ANXA2)是鈣依賴性磷脂結(jié)合蛋白多基因家族中的一員[1],廣泛分布于各種真核細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞外,其含量高達(dá)細(xì)胞總蛋白質(zhì)的0.5%~2%[2].其功能主要是參與膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及膜表面一系列依賴于鈣調(diào)蛋白的活動(dòng)[3],包括胞吐作用中的膜融合[4]、囊泡運(yùn)輸、細(xì)胞黏附[5]、細(xì)胞增殖[4]、凋亡、DNA復(fù)制[6]、信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)[7]以及離子通道的形成[8]。ANXA2的異常表達(dá)與包括癌癥在內(nèi)的人類(lèi)許多疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[9-11],且其作用機(jī)理根據(jù)腫瘤類(lèi)型的不同也存在差別[12-14]。
ANXA2在人結(jié)直腸癌組織/細(xì)胞高表達(dá)[15],有望成為結(jié)直腸癌的一個(gè)潛在診斷、治療和預(yù)后標(biāo)志物。前期研究表明,Caco2細(xì)胞ANXA2的表達(dá)量與其增殖、遷移等多種生物學(xué)行為能力呈正相關(guān)[16]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)將靶向ANXA2的干擾重組質(zhì)粒導(dǎo)入Caco2細(xì)胞后,利用流式細(xì)胞儀分析其凋亡水平;利用激光共聚焦顯微鏡觀察經(jīng)MitoView633染色后細(xì)胞的凋亡形態(tài)特征;利用透射電子顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞整體形態(tài)以及內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)變化;對(duì)ANXA2與Caco2細(xì)胞凋亡的關(guān)系進(jìn)行初步探討。
1材料與方法
1.1材料
1.1.1細(xì)胞株 人結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞株Caco2購(gòu)自美國(guó)ATCC,本實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存。
1.1.2重組質(zhì)粒設(shè)計(jì)靶向ANXA2的干擾質(zhì)粒pU6H1-GFP-siANXA2-1(5′-TGTGTGGTGGAGATGACTGA-3′)和錯(cuò)義對(duì)照質(zhì)粒pU6H1-GFP-siRNASCR(5′-GCATCTAAGGTATCGTTGTGGCTC-3′)由百奧生物技術(shù)(南通)有限公司構(gòu)建合成。
1.1.3儀器與試劑DMIL LED倒置熒光顯微成像系統(tǒng)(德國(guó)Leica公司),激光共聚焦掃描顯微鏡(德國(guó)Leica公司),JEM-2100高分辨率透射電子顯微鏡(日本電子公司),流式細(xì)胞儀(Millipore);DMEM培養(yǎng)基為Invitrogen公司產(chǎn)品,胎牛血清(FBS)購(gòu)自杭州四季青生物公司,鏈霉素、青霉素、慶大霉素及胰蛋白酶購(gòu)于西安沃爾森公司, Endo-free Plasmid Mini Kit Ⅱ?yàn)镺mega產(chǎn)品,S-TranG轉(zhuǎn)染試劑購(gòu)自南京探求生物技術(shù)公司, MitoView 633購(gòu)自美國(guó)Biotium公司,電鏡級(jí)戊二醛固定液為Sigma產(chǎn)品。
1.2方法
1.2.1質(zhì)粒制備 pU6H1-GFP-siANXA2-1和pU6H1-GFP-siRNASCR質(zhì)粒的制備按Endo-free Plasmid Mini Kit Ⅱ說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行。
1.2.2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及轉(zhuǎn)染 Caco2細(xì)胞用DMEM培養(yǎng)基(含10 % FBS、100μg/mL鏈霉素、100 μg/mL青霉素、100 μg/mL慶大霉素)于37 ℃、5% CO2、飽和濕度條件培養(yǎng)。將對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞以2.5×105接種于含蓋玻片的培養(yǎng)皿(30 mm),使細(xì)胞融匯率在24 h內(nèi)達(dá)60%~70%,此時(shí)參照S-TranG試劑說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行質(zhì)粒pU6H1-GFP-siANXA2-1(實(shí)驗(yàn)組,A1)和pU6H1-GFP-siRNASCR(對(duì)照組,NT)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染。同時(shí)設(shè)野生組(WT,以PBS代替質(zhì)粒用量),每24 h更換一次培養(yǎng)基。轉(zhuǎn)染60 h后,利用倒置熒光顯微成像系統(tǒng)以細(xì)胞GFP表達(dá)情況估算轉(zhuǎn)染效率:轉(zhuǎn)染效率=綠色熒光細(xì)胞數(shù)/相同視野下細(xì)胞總數(shù)×100%。
1.2.3流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè) 取轉(zhuǎn)染后96 h的各組培養(yǎng)皿, PBS洗去漂浮細(xì)胞;加MitoView 633工作液(母液用DMEM培養(yǎng)基按1∶100比例稀釋)覆蓋整皿細(xì)胞,37 ℃避光孵育1 h,PBS洗去多余染液;0.25%胰蛋白酶溶液消化細(xì)胞;DMEM終止消化,制成細(xì)胞懸液;細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度至200個(gè)/μL;加樣于96孔板,每孔200 μL,每組設(shè)兩個(gè)復(fù)孔,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)熒光強(qiáng)度。
1.2.4激光共聚焦掃描顯微鏡觀察 取轉(zhuǎn)染后96 h的各組蓋玻片,PBS洗去漂浮細(xì)胞;滴加MitoView 633工作液于蓋玻片,37 ℃避光孵育1 h,PBS洗去多余染液;甘油封片,激光共聚焦顯微鏡觀察成像(MitoView 633激發(fā)光波長(zhǎng)633 nm)。
1.2.5透射電子顯微鏡觀察取轉(zhuǎn)染后96 h各組細(xì)胞用DMEM制成懸液;室溫,800 r/min離心3 min;棄上清,重懸于1 mL 37 ℃預(yù)熱的PBS,轉(zhuǎn)移至1.5 mL EP管;室溫,1 000 r/min離心10 min;棄上清,加入約500 μL 2.5%戊二醛固定液,4 ℃固定細(xì)胞24 h;預(yù)冷PBS洗細(xì)胞,1%鋨酸進(jìn)行再固定;梯度酒精脫水;環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂包埋;常規(guī)超薄切片制樣;醋酸雙氧鈾及檸檬酸鉛雙重染色;透射電子顯微鏡觀察,數(shù)碼成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行圖像采集。
2 結(jié)果
2.1質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染效率評(píng)估
以S-TranG試劑轉(zhuǎn)染重組質(zhì)粒60 h后細(xì)胞GFP的表達(dá)如圖1所示。轉(zhuǎn)染效率>80%。
圖1 轉(zhuǎn)染60 h后Caco2細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染效率評(píng)估
2.2流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)caco2細(xì)胞凋亡
線粒體跨膜電位的降低是細(xì)胞凋亡早期的不可逆事件,引起一系列線粒體相關(guān)變化。MitoView 633是一種遠(yuǎn)紅外線粒體熒光染料,在正常細(xì)胞中依據(jù)線粒體膜電位的存在,逐漸擴(kuò)散進(jìn)質(zhì)膜并沉積在線粒體內(nèi),在激發(fā)光下放出熒光。流式細(xì)胞儀結(jié)果顯示(圖2):轉(zhuǎn)染96 h后,相較于野生組(WT)、對(duì)照組(NT),ANXA2抑制組(A1)熒光強(qiáng)度有明顯的降低(P<0.05),表明A1組細(xì)胞線粒體的正常膜電位降低或者消失,導(dǎo)致MitoView 633染料不能透過(guò)質(zhì)膜或者透過(guò)質(zhì)膜卻在線粒體基質(zhì)的沉積量有所減少,進(jìn)而顯示為熒光強(qiáng)度的減弱。
圖2 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)Caco2細(xì)胞線粒體膜電位變化
2.3激光共聚焦掃描顯微鏡觀察
MitoView 633染色細(xì)胞線粒體結(jié)果顯示(圖3):轉(zhuǎn)染96 h后,WT(野生組)、NT(對(duì)照組)細(xì)胞線粒體發(fā)出明亮的紅色熒光;而ANXA2干擾組細(xì)胞線粒體僅發(fā)出微弱的紅色熒光,偶見(jiàn)明亮的紅色熒光團(tuán)(箭頭所示)。此結(jié)果與流式細(xì)胞儀量化分析結(jié)果一致(圖2)。
圖3 Caco2細(xì)胞經(jīng)MitoView 633染色后激光
2.4透射電子顯微鏡觀察
透射電鏡觀察結(jié)果顯示(圖4):轉(zhuǎn)染96 h后,野生組細(xì)胞多呈圓形或橢圓形;細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜結(jié)構(gòu)完整、輪廓清晰;細(xì)胞質(zhì)濃密均勻(圖4a)。對(duì)照組細(xì)胞內(nèi)部超微結(jié)構(gòu)與野生細(xì)胞基本一致(圖4b)。ANXA2表達(dá)抑制組細(xì)胞內(nèi)部超微結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了變化。主要表現(xiàn)在:細(xì)胞輪廓模糊,質(zhì)膜受損(分層、斷裂等)嚴(yán)重;胞質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)疏松混亂,胞漿內(nèi)散在大量膜性空泡;核內(nèi)染色質(zhì)濃縮且邊緣化(圖4c)。
圖4 Caco2細(xì)胞透射電子顯微鏡觀察結(jié)果
3討論
細(xì)胞凋亡是多細(xì)胞生物發(fā)育過(guò)程中不可或缺的一種自穩(wěn)機(jī)制。腫瘤組織由于無(wú)限制的生長(zhǎng)需要,常需要抑制自身的細(xì)胞凋亡,而出于腫瘤治療的目的,腫瘤細(xì)胞需要被誘導(dǎo)凋亡。細(xì)胞凋亡是多基因嚴(yán)格控制的過(guò)程,具有重要的生物學(xué)意義及復(fù)雜的分子生物學(xué)機(jī)制?,F(xiàn)有資料顯示:腫瘤發(fā)展過(guò)程中,其抗細(xì)胞凋亡能力明顯加強(qiáng),瘤細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯降低[17]。研究表明,許多腫瘤相關(guān)基因在腫瘤細(xì)胞抑制凋亡過(guò)程中扮演了重要角色[18]。所以,這種“凋亡抑制”促進(jìn)了腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)失控、轉(zhuǎn)移等特點(diǎn)[19]。某些腫瘤治療研究策略就是通過(guò)加強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡誘導(dǎo)機(jī)制,抑制其抗凋亡基因表達(dá)。
據(jù)報(bào)道,ANXA2與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生進(jìn)程相關(guān),可以調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、運(yùn)動(dòng)等,并參與調(diào)節(jié)表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體( EGFR)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑,通過(guò)酪氨酸殘基磷酸化將外界信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)至細(xì)胞內(nèi),再通過(guò)Ras和PI3K途徑將信號(hào)傳遞至細(xì)胞核,調(diào)控靶基因表達(dá)[20]。ANXA2也可參與抑癌基因p53誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞抗凋亡路徑[21]。沉默ANXA2表達(dá)后發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴瘤Jurkat細(xì)胞凋亡水平增加,表明ANXA2 基因在 Jurkat 細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中可以拮抗凋亡[22]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖原合成酶激酶-3和Omi/HtrA2可以誘導(dǎo)ANXA2裂解,進(jìn)而阻抑細(xì)胞周期,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡[23]。降低ANXA2表達(dá)后,細(xì)胞對(duì)死亡反應(yīng)敏感,可能與NF-jB信號(hào)前體的活性降低相關(guān)[24],也可通過(guò)上調(diào)COX-2 基因表達(dá)進(jìn)而上調(diào)NF-kB表達(dá)以拮抗凋亡[25]。ANXA2可能會(huì)調(diào)節(jié)一些凋亡相關(guān)蛋白因子(如Caspases8、p53、Bcl2等)的表達(dá)活性,抑制細(xì)胞內(nèi)相關(guān)凋亡信號(hào)通路[26]。但是,腫瘤細(xì)胞的抗凋亡機(jī)制有多種信號(hào)途徑參與[27],ANXA2途徑不是促瘤細(xì)胞抗凋亡的唯一途徑。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)抑制人結(jié)直腸癌Caco2細(xì)胞ANXA2表達(dá),研究ANXA2基因與腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的關(guān)系。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示(圖2):轉(zhuǎn)染96 h后,ANXA2表達(dá)抑制細(xì)胞的線粒體熒光強(qiáng)度明顯降低,表明其線粒體的正常膜電位發(fā)生改變,提示細(xì)胞的凋亡趨勢(shì)。激光共聚焦顯微鏡檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示(圖3):轉(zhuǎn)染96 h后,對(duì)照組細(xì)胞線粒體發(fā)出明亮的紅色熒光,細(xì)胞凋亡趨勢(shì)不明顯;而ANXA2抑制細(xì)胞,凋亡趨勢(shì)明顯:線粒體僅發(fā)出微弱的紅色熒光,偶見(jiàn)明亮紅色熒光團(tuán),推測(cè)其可能是凋亡后期核染色質(zhì)斷裂為大小不等的片段與線粒體一起聚集,為反折的細(xì)胞膜包圍,形成凋亡小體所致。透射電鏡觀察結(jié)果顯示(圖4):ANXA2表達(dá)抑制細(xì)胞體積縮小,胞質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)混亂,胞漿中出現(xiàn)膜性空泡,膜性細(xì)胞器散亂分布等;染色質(zhì)濃縮、凝聚、邊緣化分布。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)室構(gòu)建的ANXA2敲除的結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞系(ANXA2-/-Caco2)復(fù)蘇后不易貼壁,生長(zhǎng)遲緩,但細(xì)胞仍能正常存活,說(shuō)明ANXA2表達(dá)不是唯一影響瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的因素,但與敲低相比,敲除ANXA2基因能更有力地抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移、浸潤(rùn)等能力。
總之,本研究運(yùn)用RNAi技術(shù)下調(diào)Caco2細(xì)胞的ANXA2表達(dá),細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了一定程度的凋亡現(xiàn)象,說(shuō)明ANXA2的表達(dá)與癌細(xì)胞的增殖、抗凋亡相關(guān),但ANXA2的高表達(dá)可能不是Caco2細(xì)胞強(qiáng)大增殖力、抗凋亡力的唯一誘導(dǎo)因素。
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〔責(zé)任編輯王勇〕
第一作者:馮慶,女,博士研究生,研究方向?yàn)槁糜谓?jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行分析。E-mail: fengbecky@hotmail.com
*通信作者:孫根年,男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:gnsun@snnu.edu.cn