陳佳海 阮狄克 王德利 胡學(xué)昱 葉斌 伍耀宏
人工頸椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)的臨床療效研究進(jìn)展
陳佳海 阮狄克 王德利 胡學(xué)昱 葉斌 伍耀宏
頸椎;全椎間盤(pán)置換;頸椎?。粶p壓術(shù),外科;脊柱融合術(shù)
頸椎間盤(pán)疾病是臨床常見(jiàn)病、多發(fā)病,隨著對(duì)其治療的不斷進(jìn)步,對(duì)頸椎椎體間的穩(wěn)定性及活動(dòng)度提出了雙重要求,非融合術(shù)式治療頸椎間盤(pán)疾病逐步引起人們的重視。人工頸椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)(artificial cervical disc replacement,ACDR)作為一種非融合術(shù)式,既去除了退變椎間盤(pán)的壓迫,又可以保留頸椎的節(jié)段活動(dòng)度,在一定程度上防止鄰近節(jié)段退變(adjacent segment degeneration,ASDeg),多個(gè)國(guó)內(nèi)外臨床中心研究報(bào)道其在保持頸椎活動(dòng)度及防止 ASDeg 方面達(dá)到了預(yù)期目的[1-2]。但人工椎間盤(pán)價(jià)格昂貴,置換后引起異位骨化、自發(fā)融合、手術(shù)節(jié)段再手術(shù)等問(wèn)題也引起一定程度上對(duì)其療效的質(zhì)疑。隨著隨訪時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),中、長(zhǎng)期療效得到越來(lái)越多的報(bào)道,對(duì)其臨床療效的認(rèn)識(shí)也更加客觀、全面。筆者總結(jié)最新的文獻(xiàn),對(duì)人工椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)的療效,特別是其中、長(zhǎng)期療效進(jìn)行綜述如下。
1955 年,自 Smith 和 Robinson 開(kāi)展頸椎前路減壓融合術(shù)(anterior cervical disc fusion,ACDF)治療頸椎間盤(pán)疾病以來(lái),該術(shù)式曾作為“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”廣泛使用半個(gè)多世紀(jì),其將病變椎間盤(pán)去除并融合,相應(yīng)節(jié)段喪失了活動(dòng)度,導(dǎo)致相鄰節(jié)段應(yīng)力增加,出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀,國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)均廣泛報(bào)道了其 ASDeg 的情況[3-4],一種既能夠解決退變的椎間盤(pán)又能保留節(jié)段生理活動(dòng)度的術(shù)式即非融合術(shù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。ACDR 作為非融合治療手段,以模擬正常椎間盤(pán)的人工假體替代病變的椎間盤(pán),保留退變節(jié)段的活動(dòng)功能,減小相鄰節(jié)段應(yīng)力,理論上可以預(yù)防由于融合導(dǎo)致的相鄰節(jié)段應(yīng)力改變而帶來(lái)的一系列并發(fā)癥。
1964 年,Reitz 等[5]最早報(bào)道了摘除患病頸椎間盤(pán)后植入球型假體的研究結(jié)果,但由于手術(shù)破壞了終板,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后假體下沉。1966 年,F(xiàn)ernstrom 等[6]也報(bào)道了在頸椎間盤(pán)切除后將不銹鋼球置入椎間隙的研究結(jié)果,同樣因?yàn)樾g(shù)后大多數(shù)金屬球植入后下沉而導(dǎo)致椎間隙高度無(wú)法得以長(zhǎng)期維持。上述手術(shù)的失敗使人工椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)一度遭到質(zhì)疑和放棄。隨著對(duì)脊柱生物力學(xué)研究的深入及新材料的出現(xiàn),出現(xiàn)了 Charité 型人工腰椎間盤(pán),再次引發(fā)對(duì)人工頸椎間盤(pán)的探索。1998 年,Cummins 等[7]最早報(bào)道了20 例行 Cummins-Bristol 假體置換術(shù)的臨床療效,該假體是由兩片凸凹面對(duì)合的不銹鋼金屬塊構(gòu)成,模擬人體椎間盤(pán)的活動(dòng),術(shù)后16 例癥狀得到改善,在影像學(xué)上可見(jiàn)假體活動(dòng),大部分患者的癥狀得到較大的改善,但仍有 3 例癥狀未改善甚至惡化,少數(shù)患者出現(xiàn)了螺釘松動(dòng)、斷釘和假體關(guān)節(jié)脫位的并發(fā)癥。經(jīng)過(guò)不斷完善,2002 年,該醫(yī)院的 Wigfield 等[8]報(bào)道了15 例行人工椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)的前瞻性研究,經(jīng)過(guò) 2 年的隨訪,置換節(jié)段的高度及活動(dòng)度得到保留,出現(xiàn) 2 枚斷釘,但沒(méi)有螺釘退出及假體脫位的報(bào)道,臨床療效明顯提高。此后各型假體不斷涌現(xiàn),推陳出新,走向成熟,2007 年 7 月,Prestige ST 率先通過(guò)美國(guó) FDA 認(rèn)證,隨著假體短期臨床療效的肯定,ACDR 廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,開(kāi)啟了人工頸椎間盤(pán)治療頸椎間盤(pán)疾病的時(shí)代。
目前已經(jīng)有多種人工頸椎間盤(pán)假體成熟開(kāi)發(fā)并應(yīng)用于臨床,多個(gè)臨床中心報(bào)道了其短期療效,也正是基于這些臨床療效促進(jìn)人工椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)得到進(jìn)一步的應(yīng)用和開(kāi)展。目前 Prestige、Bryan、Prodisc-C、PCM、Mobi-C 等相繼通過(guò)美國(guó) FDA 認(rèn)證。Bryan 人工椎間盤(pán)的發(fā)明者、美國(guó)脊柱外科醫(yī)師 Bryan 報(bào)告了一組多中心、97 例單節(jié)段 Bryan 人工椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)后 2 年隨訪的臨床療效[9],所有病例未見(jiàn)假體下沉現(xiàn)象,僅有1 例因?yàn)闆](méi)有打磨假體的凹面導(dǎo)致假體在前后方向移位 2 mm。在術(shù)后1 年隨訪時(shí),86%(38 / 44)的患者置換節(jié)段的屈伸活動(dòng)度平均值為(8±5)°;2 年隨訪時(shí),100%(10 /10)置換節(jié)段的屈伸活動(dòng)度平均值為(11±5)°。Goffin 等[10]報(bào)道了單、雙節(jié)段對(duì)比的 Bryan 置換術(shù)的前瞻性多中心臨床研究,單節(jié)段組 6、12 和 24 個(gè)月的隨訪優(yōu)良率分別為 90%、86% 和 90%;雙節(jié)段組 6 個(gè)月、1 年隨訪優(yōu)良率分別為82%、96%。所有病例均保留了運(yùn)動(dòng)功能,1 年時(shí)單節(jié)段組屈伸活動(dòng)度為(7.9±5.3)°,雙節(jié)段組屈伸活動(dòng)度為(7.1±5.1)°,沒(méi)有假體失敗和下沉的報(bào)道。Cheng 等[11]報(bào)道了隨機(jī)對(duì)照比較雙節(jié)段 Bryan 椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)和 ACDF術(shù)后 2 年的臨床療效研究,置換組頸部功能殘障指數(shù)(neck disability index,NDI)、頸臂痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale,VAS)下降程度、SF-36 評(píng)分提高程度優(yōu)于 ACDF 組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,置換組術(shù)后 2 年節(jié)段活動(dòng)度得到保留,優(yōu)良率為 96.7%。常見(jiàn)人工頸椎間盤(pán)如Prestige LP、ProDisc-C、PCM、Mobi-C 等報(bào)道的臨床療效也均為滿意,優(yōu)于或非劣效于傳統(tǒng)的 ACDF 手術(shù)[12-15]。
ACDR 在臨床實(shí)踐中進(jìn)一步的應(yīng)用和總結(jié)也在不斷的檢驗(yàn)這項(xiàng)技術(shù),不同臨床中心報(bào)道的臨床療效并不完全一致,ACDR 的臨床療效是否優(yōu)于 ACDF,能否在一定程度上取代 ACDF 引起了廣泛的爭(zhēng)議和討論。有短期療效的Meta 分析顯示 ACDR 在 NDI、神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)情況、頸臂痛、SF-36 評(píng)分、活動(dòng)度(range of motion,ROM)、不良事件、再手術(shù)率及成功率方面均優(yōu)于 ACDF,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[16]。而另一篇系統(tǒng)綜述則認(rèn)為 ACDR 在緩解疼痛、改善功能、提高生活質(zhì)量和并發(fā)癥方面與 ACDF 無(wú)差異,認(rèn)為部分文章在設(shè)計(jì)上不嚴(yán)格,沒(méi)有采用盲法,較高的失訪率及隨訪的時(shí)間不夠等問(wèn)題影響試驗(yàn)結(jié)果[17]。對(duì)手術(shù)適應(yīng)證的把握,術(shù)中打磨軟骨終板,咬除椎體后緣骨贅,假體類型及型號(hào)的選擇、置入角度都影響手術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。隨著假體的成熟,手術(shù)技巧及更多的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累,進(jìn)一步的隨訪和最新進(jìn)行的療效的總結(jié)尚需更多更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trial,RCT)來(lái)不斷檢驗(yàn)。從目前的文獻(xiàn)來(lái)看,ACDR 的短期療效至少與 ACDF相當(dāng),甚至優(yōu)于 ACDF,但人工頸椎間盤(pán)是否能夠真正達(dá)到其設(shè)計(jì)理念,達(dá)到保留節(jié)段活動(dòng)度、減少相鄰節(jié)段椎間盤(pán)退變的目的,有待于較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的臨床研究。
隨著 ACDR 的廣泛開(kāi)展及其短期臨床療效的肯定,其得到廣大脊柱外科醫(yī)生及患者的認(rèn)可,各臨床中心均進(jìn)行了中、長(zhǎng)期的跟進(jìn)報(bào)道。Zigler 等[18]報(bào)道了 ProDisc-CACDR 和 ACDF 術(shù)比較的 5 年 RCT 研究結(jié)果,兩組頸臂痛的 VAS 評(píng)分均比術(shù)前提高,置換組節(jié)段活動(dòng)度得到保留,沒(méi)有手術(shù)失敗及假體移位的報(bào)道,且手術(shù)節(jié)段的再手術(shù)率低于 ACDF 組,但該研究未未對(duì) ASDeg 的情況進(jìn)行研究。Ding 等[19]報(bào)道了 Bryan 椎間盤(pán)置換組術(shù)后 49.4 個(gè)月的隨訪結(jié)果,其中 NDI、頸臂痛 [ 日本骨科協(xié)會(huì)(Japanese Orthopedic Association,JOA)] 評(píng)分、SF-36 評(píng)分及頸臂痛VAS 評(píng)分較術(shù)前改善顯著,手術(shù)節(jié)段與鄰近節(jié)段的 ROM與術(shù)前無(wú)明顯變化,ASDeg 發(fā)生率為 23%,未出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀。Nunley 等[20]報(bào)道了 271 例、4 個(gè)臨床中心平均隨訪4 年的 RCT 臨床研究,ACDR 組鄰近節(jié)段疾?。╝djacent segment disease,ASDis)發(fā)生率為15.2%,而 ACDF 組ASDis 的發(fā)生率為12.6%,兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;ASDis的多因素 Logistic 回歸分析提示骨質(zhì)疏松和腰椎退變性疾病是發(fā)生 ASDis 的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。對(duì) ACDR 和 ACDF 發(fā)生ASDis 的 Meta 分析發(fā)現(xiàn) 2~5 年隨訪時(shí),兩者的 ASDis 發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,鄰近節(jié)段手術(shù)率分別為 6.9% 和5.3%,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[21]。目前,ACDR 的手術(shù)技術(shù)已經(jīng)較為成熟,假體失敗和移位已經(jīng)少見(jiàn)報(bào)道,可以保持椎間盤(pán)活動(dòng)度,但到底 ASDeg 是來(lái)自融合還是退行性疾病的自然進(jìn)程尚存爭(zhēng)議,還需要進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究[22-23],大樣本及更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪或許才能夠明確 ASDeg。
有學(xué)者認(rèn)為人工頸椎間盤(pán)的費(fèi)用高,發(fā)生異位骨化后活動(dòng)度降低,或失去功能,對(duì)其臨床應(yīng)用開(kāi)展的必要性提出質(zhì)疑。McAnany 等[24]基于“Markov 模型分析”研究ACDR 與 ACDF 術(shù)后 5 年的成本效益關(guān)系,認(rèn)為置換術(shù)是相對(duì)優(yōu)效的治療策略,同樣,Wiedenh?fer 等[25]回顧分析過(guò)去 5 年的數(shù)據(jù),認(rèn)為 ACDR 與頸椎融合術(shù)的臨床療效無(wú)顯著差異,但是置換術(shù)的費(fèi)用更少。 Ament 等[26]分析雙節(jié)段的椎間盤(pán)退變行置換術(shù)和 ACDF 的成本效益比,也認(rèn)為置換術(shù)優(yōu)于 ACDF。而 Qureshi 等[27]通過(guò)手術(shù)決策模型得出置換術(shù)使用至少要超過(guò)14 年才能獲得比 ACDF 更優(yōu)的成本效益比。我國(guó)的人工頸椎間盤(pán)幾乎全部依賴進(jìn)口,費(fèi)用高,隨著人工頸椎間盤(pán)假體技術(shù)的不斷成熟及國(guó)產(chǎn)人工椎間盤(pán)的出現(xiàn),在療效-費(fèi)用比方面的研究或許需要根據(jù)具體的國(guó)情重新評(píng)估。
與短期臨床療效研究一樣,諸多臨床中心報(bào)道的人工椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)的中長(zhǎng)期臨床療效也不盡相同,有的認(rèn)為優(yōu)于 ACDF[28],也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為兩者之間無(wú)明顯差異[29],尚未見(jiàn)劣于 ACDF 的報(bào)道。影響 ACDR 的臨床效果的因素很多,更長(zhǎng)期的臨床隨訪或者針對(duì)專門(mén)的某一種人工假體進(jìn)行 Meta 分析將有助于臨床療效的研究。
ACDR 經(jīng)歷了十幾年較為成熟的發(fā)展,5 年以上的長(zhǎng)期隨訪研究也逐步報(bào)道。Malham 等[30]報(bào)道了 ProDisc-C治療頸椎病 5~9 年的臨床療效,頸臂痛 VAS 評(píng)分分別提高 60% 和 79%,NDI 提高 58%,平均 ROM 為 6.4°,異位骨化(heterotopic ossification,HO)發(fā)生率為 37%,ASDeg約 21%,無(wú)二次手術(shù)發(fā)生,認(rèn)為該術(shù)式是一項(xiàng)較為安全、具有良好臨床療效的治療方法。類似地,Zhao 等[31]報(bào)道的 ProDisc-C 在平均 63 個(gè)月的隨訪時(shí)保持的 ROM平均為(7.3±3.5)°,其中 36.7% 的患者發(fā)生了 ASDeg,Kesman 等[32]通過(guò)對(duì) ProDisc-C 與 ACDF 的 RCT 研究認(rèn)為該人工椎間盤(pán)能夠保留節(jié)段活動(dòng)度及降低再手術(shù)率。國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究成果對(duì) ProDisc-C 的臨床療效比較一致,6~7 年的隨訪結(jié)果顯示,雖然發(fā)生了一定程度的 ASDeg,但是在保留節(jié)段活動(dòng)度及再手術(shù)率方面仍優(yōu)于 ACDF。Burkus等[2]報(bào)道了 395 例完成了 Prestige 椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)與隨訪17 年的 ACDF 隨機(jī)對(duì)照多中心研究,置換術(shù)在改善癥狀、保持節(jié)段活動(dòng)度及再手術(shù)率方面(4.6% vs.11.9%)均優(yōu)于 ACDF。同樣,Cincu 等[33]對(duì) 25 例行 Prestige II 置換術(shù)和 28 例行融合術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行了 7.5 年的臨床隨訪,置換術(shù)中 76% 的患者能夠保留病變節(jié)段活動(dòng)度,發(fā)生ASDeg 者僅有1 例,而融合術(shù)有 8 例發(fā)生了 ASDeg。Tian等[34-35]報(bào)道了 Bryan 人工椎間盤(pán)和 ACDF 術(shù)后 6 年的臨床和影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)并研究了影響手術(shù)節(jié)段活動(dòng)度的因素,該組病例術(shù)后 6 年的平均 ROM 為 6.4°,上、下節(jié)段 ASDeg 發(fā)生率均為10.7%,而 ACDF 均在 48% 以上,其中術(shù)前的活動(dòng)度、患者年齡、椎間盤(pán)置入角度和深度均是保留術(shù)后節(jié)段活動(dòng)度的影響因素。Zhang 等[36]報(bào)道了 Bryan 人工椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)后 6 年時(shí) ROM 為(8.6±0.2)°,15.6% 的節(jié)段發(fā)生了 ASDeg,HO 發(fā)生率為18.75%,2 例發(fā)生假體向后移位,但無(wú)臨床癥狀。Zhao 等[37]后來(lái)又報(bào)道了 33 例 Bryan人工椎間盤(pán)置換術(shù)后10 年的臨床療效,最后隨訪時(shí) 25 例脊髓型頸椎病患者平均 JOA 評(píng)分為(15.9±0.9)分,平均ROM 為(4.7±4.2)°,8 例神經(jīng)根型頸椎病患者的頸臂痛VAS 評(píng)分及 NDI 較術(shù)前改善明顯,HO 發(fā)生率為 69%(其中 Grade 3 和 Grade 4 級(jí)為 33%),2 例因手術(shù)節(jié)段骨贅進(jìn)行了二次手術(shù),ASDeg 發(fā)生率為 47%,但無(wú) ASDis 發(fā)生。由于 ACDR 臨床療效的影響因素很多,各類型假體及各臨床中心報(bào)道的臨床療效有差異,隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),HO 的發(fā)生及 ASDeg 相應(yīng)增加[38],這也是必須要考慮的方面。從報(bào)道的臨床療效來(lái)看,該項(xiàng)技術(shù)至少是安全有效的,具備較大的發(fā)展?jié)摿蛻?yīng)用前景,進(jìn)一步的研究還需繼續(xù)。由于隨訪超過(guò) 5 年的臨床療效報(bào)道尚不多,還未見(jiàn)長(zhǎng)期臨床療效的系統(tǒng)綜述,隨著病例的進(jìn)一步報(bào)道,系統(tǒng)綜述或許能為這兩種術(shù)式的療效作出評(píng)判。在臨床應(yīng)用上,應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的患者選擇適合的治療方案,不管是 ACDR 還是ACDF,兩者不是互相排斥而是互相補(bǔ)充,個(gè)體化治療才是最優(yōu)的治療策略。
隨著人工頸椎間盤(pán)假體的材料更新和外科技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,ACDR 經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年的發(fā)展也已日臻成熟,在保持頸椎間盤(pán)活動(dòng)度及防止 ASDeg 方面取得了良好的臨床療效,但與最初的設(shè)計(jì)理念尚有差距,特別是在減少 ASDeg 上還未取得一致意見(jiàn)。
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(本文編輯:王萌)
A review on the clinical advances of artificial cervical disc replacement
CHEN Jia-hai,RUAN Di-ke,WANG De-li,HU Xue-yu,YE Bin,WU Yao-hong.Department of Orthopaedics,the first Affiliated Hospital of the fourth Military Medical University,Xi-an,Shaanxi,710032,PRC
Corresponding author: RUAN Di-ke,Email: ruandikengh@163.com
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion(ACDF)is one of the commonest operative methods in the treatment of cervical intervertebral disc diseases.It needs to remove the degenerated disc and fix the upper and lower vertebral bodies together,but in this way,the disc loses the motion and the stress of the adjacent segments might increase.Therefore,non-fusion method begins to attract extensive attention in clinical practice.Artificial cervical disc replacement is a new operation,which has become popular gradually in recent years and its short term clinical outcomes are reported to be satisfactory.However,whether it can really sustain the range of motion persistently and decrease the degeneration of the adjacent segments is unknown.It is still controversial whether its clinical outcomes are better than ACDF.All of these problems need to be proved by mid-long term clinical efficacy.In this paper,we summarize the clinical efficacy and application prospect of artificial cervical disc replacement based on the latest literature.
Cervical vertebrae;Total disc replacement;Cervical spondylosis;Decompression,surgical;Spinal fusion
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.10.014
R681.5,R687.3
710032 西安,第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院骨科(陳佳海、胡學(xué)昱、葉斌);100048 北京,海軍總醫(yī)院骨科(陳佳海、阮狄克、王德利、伍耀宏);572021 海南,中國(guó)人民解放軍 92143 部隊(duì)(陳佳海)
阮狄克,Email: ruandikengh@163.com
(2016-02-02)