劉 晶, 李英梅
上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬普陀醫(yī)院,上海 200062
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鐵調(diào)素與慢性心力衰竭合并貧血關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
劉 晶, 李英梅*
上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬普陀醫(yī)院,上海 200062
鐵調(diào)素是近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)血清鐵濃度的激素,有助于維持機(jī)體內(nèi)鐵代謝的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。鐵調(diào)素代謝紊亂可以導(dǎo)致血紅蛋白降低等多種與鐵代謝異常相關(guān)的病證。貧血是慢性心力衰竭患者的常見并發(fā)癥,其與鐵代謝異常緊密相關(guān)。近年來(lái),隨著鐵調(diào)素在鐵代謝中的重要作用被發(fā)現(xiàn),鐵調(diào)素與慢性心力衰竭合并貧血發(fā)生發(fā)展的緊密聯(lián)系也逐漸受到重視。
鐵調(diào)素;鐵代謝;慢性心力衰竭;貧血
鐵調(diào)素是近年來(lái)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的多肽類激素,能夠調(diào)控機(jī)體內(nèi)鐵代謝,使鐵含量維持動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。慢性心力衰竭嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量,威脅其生命健康。近年來(lái)研究[1]表明,血紅蛋白減少是加重慢性心力衰竭患者病情、增加心衰患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的獨(dú)立因素之一。鐵作為血紅蛋白生成及其功能必不可少的元素,與心衰患者發(fā)生貧血密切相關(guān)。鐵調(diào)素作為鐵代謝的核心調(diào)節(jié)因子,與心衰患者發(fā)生貧血的關(guān)系近年來(lái)愈來(lái)愈受到關(guān)注。本文就近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)鐵調(diào)素與慢性心力衰竭合并貧血關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
1.1 鐵調(diào)素的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能 鐵調(diào)素由肝臟合成并分泌,是一種富含半胱氨酸的抗菌多肽類物質(zhì),2000年由Krause等[2]首先從人血中分離純化,2001年P(guān)ark等[3]又從尿液中分離出來(lái),并命名為鐵調(diào)素。鐵調(diào)素前體在肝細(xì)胞合成后由激素原轉(zhuǎn)化酶切割為含25個(gè)氨基酸的鐵調(diào)素。鐵調(diào)素呈簡(jiǎn)單的發(fā)夾結(jié)構(gòu),含8個(gè)半胱氨酸[4]。其功能主要是調(diào)節(jié)鐵代謝,維持鐵穩(wěn)態(tài)。此外,鐵調(diào)素的胱氨酸結(jié)構(gòu)與抗菌多肽的胱氨酸結(jié)構(gòu)相似[4],有一定的殺菌、抑菌作用,因此也被稱為肝臟抗菌多肽。
1.2 鐵調(diào)素的表達(dá)和調(diào)節(jié)
1.2.1 鐵調(diào)素表達(dá)的調(diào)控 目前發(fā)現(xiàn),調(diào)控鐵調(diào)素表達(dá)的信號(hào)通路有兩條:BMP-Smad信號(hào)通路[5]及炎癥因子激活的STAT信號(hào)通路[6]。在BMP-Smad信號(hào)通路中,BMP-6可能是調(diào)節(jié)鐵調(diào)素表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)源因子[7],能夠正向或負(fù)向、直接或間接地調(diào)控鐵調(diào)素的表達(dá),進(jìn)而維持機(jī)體鐵穩(wěn)態(tài)。炎癥狀態(tài)下則主要由STAT信號(hào)通路調(diào)控鐵調(diào)素的表達(dá),其中以IL-6引起鐵調(diào)素表達(dá)升高為主[8]。此外,缺氧、紅細(xì)胞生成減少等因素對(duì)鐵調(diào)素的表達(dá)也有一定影響[9-11]。
1.2.2 鐵調(diào)素對(duì)鐵代謝的調(diào)節(jié)作用 鐵調(diào)素調(diào)節(jié)鐵代謝主要是通過(guò)調(diào)控細(xì)胞表面的膜鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白1(ferroportin 1,FPN 1)從細(xì)胞內(nèi)向血液運(yùn)輸鐵來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。FPN 1由12個(gè)跨膜蛋白組成,位于上皮細(xì)胞的基底表面和非極性細(xì)胞的表面,在十二指腸上皮細(xì)胞、肝臟、網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮組織巨噬細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜上均有表達(dá)。鐵調(diào)素可與FPN 1結(jié)合,促進(jìn)FPN 1內(nèi)化和降解,阻礙鐵從小腸吸收細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞中釋放入血液。當(dāng)血清鐵含量過(guò)多時(shí),鐵調(diào)素合成分泌增多,加快了FPN 1的降解,進(jìn)而間接降低血清鐵濃度;當(dāng)血清鐵含量降低時(shí),鐵調(diào)素表達(dá)減少,鐵調(diào)素與FPN 1結(jié)合減少,F(xiàn)PN 1通道開放增多,則細(xì)胞向血液中釋放的鐵增加,同時(shí)小腸對(duì)鐵的吸收加強(qiáng),血清鐵水平升高[12]。
慢性心力衰竭是各種心臟病發(fā)展的嚴(yán)重階段,貧血?jiǎng)t是慢性心力衰竭患者的常見并發(fā)癥。心衰能引起貧血,貧血的嚴(yán)重程度亦隨心力衰竭加重而發(fā)展。貧血也會(huì)加重患者心腦血管的損傷,貧血程度越嚴(yán)重,心力衰竭患者死亡率越高。Groenveld等[13]的研究中,合并貧血的慢性心力衰竭患者中有46.8%死亡,而不合并貧血的慢性心力衰竭患者病死率為29.5%。He等[14]研究表明,貧血與慢性心力衰竭患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān),貧血可作為慢性心力衰竭不良預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[1]提示,慢性心力衰竭合并貧血與鐵調(diào)素之間存在一定關(guān)系。鐵調(diào)節(jié)異??蓪?dǎo)致慢性心力衰竭患者缺鐵及合并缺鐵性貧血[15]。有研究[16]認(rèn)為,慢性心力衰竭合并貧血患者中有17 %鐵缺乏。鐵儲(chǔ)存減少,如鐵攝入不足、鐵吸收障礙或慢性失血等,會(huì)導(dǎo)致絕對(duì)性鐵缺乏;鐵儲(chǔ)存未減少,但心衰時(shí)炎癥因子等導(dǎo)致的鐵代謝紊亂也會(huì)致功能性鐵缺乏[17]。后者鐵含量降低是由于鐵調(diào)素表達(dá)量增加而發(fā)揮了負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)作用,導(dǎo)致鐵的吸收和利用被抑制。慢性心力衰竭病理變化過(guò)程中,炎癥因子如白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)等表達(dá)增多可誘導(dǎo)鐵調(diào)素合成及釋放增加,進(jìn)而引起細(xì)胞膜上FPN 1減少,導(dǎo)致血漿中鐵含量減少,阻礙紅細(xì)胞的生成;肝臟中的鐵調(diào)素也能與巨噬細(xì)胞和庫(kù)普佛細(xì)胞上的FPN 1結(jié)合,阻止肝臟釋放鐵元素[18]。循環(huán)中鐵減少引起鐵利用障礙性貧血。
在慢性心力衰竭初期,不伴有貧血及炎癥,而循壞中鐵調(diào)素含量升高,可能與腎功能不全導(dǎo)致鐵調(diào)素排出減少有關(guān)。研究[19]表明,腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率下降會(huì)引起血清鐵調(diào)素含量增加。慢性心力衰竭患者由于血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌變化,導(dǎo)致腎臟慢性缺血、缺氧、腎功能減退、合成及分泌促紅細(xì)胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)不足,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)鐵調(diào)素過(guò)多表達(dá)。隨著慢性心力衰竭病情的發(fā)展,鐵調(diào)素水平下降。研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),鐵調(diào)素水平降低與心衰患者的不良預(yù)后顯著相關(guān),是心衰患者預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
鐵調(diào)素是調(diào)節(jié)鐵代謝的主要物質(zhì),與慢性心力衰竭患者發(fā)生貧血密切相關(guān)。鐵調(diào)素表達(dá)量可在受慢性心力衰竭患者炎癥等因素的影響下增加,導(dǎo)致血清鐵含量減少,從而影響血紅蛋白的生成,患者發(fā)生貧血,病情進(jìn)一步加重。在抗心衰治療同時(shí)積極糾正貧血,能延緩慢性心力衰竭進(jìn)展,改善預(yù)后。輸血治療在慢性心力衰竭合并嚴(yán)重貧血時(shí)可以采用,但是輸血可能導(dǎo)致感染、免疫抑制甚至不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的后果;鐵劑聯(lián)合EPO治療心衰合并貧血能有效提高患者血紅蛋白水平,但可能導(dǎo)致血栓形成等,目前未廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。因此,希望尋找或研制可以有效阻斷鐵調(diào)素合成的制劑,用于慢性心力衰竭患者因鐵調(diào)素過(guò)度表達(dá)引起鐵缺乏進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致的血紅蛋白降低或相關(guān)疾病的治療。
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[本文編輯] 姬靜芳
Research progress in the relationship between hepcidin and chronic heart failure complicated with anemia
LIU Jing, LI Ying-mei*
Shanghai Putuo Hospital, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
Hepcidin, a hormone discovered in recent years that can negatively regulate serum iron concentration, helps to maintain the dynamic balance of iron metabolism in the body. Hepcidin metabolic disorder can lead to the reduction of hemoglobin and other diseases associated with abnormal iron metabolism. Anemia is a common complication in patients with chronic heart failure, which is closely related to abnormal iron metabolism. As the important role of hepcidin in iron metabolism is found in recent years, the close relationship between hepcidin and chronic heart failure complicated with anemia has also been found gradually.
hepcidin; iron metabolism; chronic heart failure complicated with anemia
2015-12-01 [接受日期] 2016-05-17
上海市衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)面上項(xiàng)目(201540264),上海市普陀區(qū)科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)自主創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目(2013PTKW021). Supported by Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (201540264)and Shanghai Putuo District Commission of Science and Technology(2013PTKW021).
劉 晶, 碩士生. E-mail:1602033259@qq.com
*通信作者(Corresponding author). Tel:021-22233290,E-mail:liyingmei@yeah.net
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2016.20150804
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