李 驥, 王培林, 黃新生
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院耳鼻喉科,上海 200032
綜 述
鼻咽癌放化療過(guò)程中的不良反應(yīng)
李 驥, 王培林, 黃新生*
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院耳鼻喉科,上海 200032
鼻咽癌是我國(guó)南方地區(qū)高發(fā)的頭頸腫瘤之一。由于其病理類型多為低分化鱗癌,因此調(diào)強(qiáng)放療聯(lián)合化療取得了較好的療效。同時(shí)放化療也會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的急性和遲發(fā)性毒性反應(yīng),而嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng)會(huì)對(duì)患者造成生理和心理上的創(chuàng)傷,亦會(huì)導(dǎo)致治療中斷甚至失敗。重視不良反應(yīng)并及時(shí)進(jìn)行干預(yù),對(duì)提高患者依從性及改善預(yù)后具有重要意義。本文就鼻咽癌患者放化療過(guò)程中的不良反應(yīng)和影響因素進(jìn)行綜述。
鼻咽癌;放療;化療;不良反應(yīng)
鼻咽癌是一種具有明顯地域特征及種族差異的惡性腫瘤,在東南亞地區(qū)及我國(guó)南方一些地區(qū)(如廣東、香港)發(fā)病率較高,通常男性發(fā)病率高于女性[1-2]。鼻咽癌大多為低分化鱗癌,且癌組織中有野生型p53表達(dá),因此對(duì)放療高度敏感;化療敏感性通常與放療敏感性相關(guān),因此鼻咽癌亦對(duì)化學(xué)治療有很好的反應(yīng)性[1-3]。相當(dāng)數(shù)量的鼻咽癌患者通過(guò)放化療可以獲得理想的療效,但毒性的長(zhǎng)期存在嚴(yán)重影響他們的生活質(zhì)量[4]。本文對(duì)鼻咽癌患者放化療過(guò)程中發(fā)生的不良反應(yīng)予以總結(jié)。
腫瘤放射治療的理想狀態(tài)是既治愈腫瘤,又無(wú)明顯放射損傷。這促使放療技術(shù)不斷演進(jìn)。二維放射治療(two-dimensional radiotherapy, 2D-RT)和調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療(intensity-modulated radiotherapy, IMRT)常用于鼻咽癌??谇火つぱ?、口腔干燥、吞咽困難、牙關(guān)緊閉、頸部軟組織纖維化、聽(tīng)力損失、放射性顳葉損傷、顱神經(jīng)損傷是鼻咽癌患者放療過(guò)程中常見(jiàn)的不良反應(yīng)[5-8]。
1.1 2D-RT技術(shù) 采用2D-RT初治的患者中,近10%出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng),包括顱神經(jīng)損傷、顳葉病變、聽(tīng)力損傷[9]。一項(xiàng)納入616例患者的前瞻性隨機(jī)研究[10]顯示,相比于IMRT組,2D-RT組患者早期和晚期放射不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯高于IMRT組。就早期放射并發(fā)癥來(lái)說(shuō),IMRT組89.0%發(fā)生急性聽(tīng)力損失、100.0%出現(xiàn)急性口腔干燥,而IMRT組分別為47.4%、83.0%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。就晚期并發(fā)癥來(lái)說(shuō),2D-RT組顳葉病變、顱神經(jīng)麻痹、牙關(guān)緊閉、頸部軟組織纖維化等均較IMRT組嚴(yán)重(P<0.05)。放射誘導(dǎo)的腦組織損傷通常發(fā)生在放射累積標(biāo)劑量>100 Gy時(shí)[11]。嚴(yán)重的腦組織放射性損傷需要神經(jīng)外科的協(xié)助對(duì)病變腦組織進(jìn)行切除,切除后80%患者的腦組織放射性損傷癥狀可以得到改善[12]。
1.2 IMRT 一項(xiàng)納入1276例患者的回顧性研究[13]顯示,IMRT相對(duì)于2D-RT有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),IMRT顯著提高了腫瘤局部控制率,且提高了患者五年無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存率、無(wú)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移生存率以及無(wú)病生存率。無(wú)論是早期還是局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,IMRT治療中最常見(jiàn)的是1~2級(jí)早期不良反應(yīng),按照發(fā)生率及嚴(yán)重程度,依次為口腔黏膜炎、皮膚反應(yīng)、口干;值得注意的是,晚期患者口腔干燥的發(fā)生率達(dá)100%[7,14]。有研究[5]顯示,皮膚反應(yīng)在放療過(guò)程中的發(fā)生率為100%,但絕大多數(shù)(81.1%)分級(jí)為1級(jí),若忽略對(duì)外觀的影響,其對(duì)患者生活質(zhì)量影響不大。口干、吞咽疼痛、吞咽困難對(duì)患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)有重要影響,恰當(dāng)處理對(duì)其他不良反應(yīng)的預(yù)防及恢復(fù)有重要幫助。其中,放射引起的口腔干燥是被關(guān)注最多的鼻咽癌晚期不良反應(yīng),而且多為需要進(jìn)行醫(yī)療干預(yù)的分級(jí)為3級(jí)的不良反應(yīng),嚴(yán)重者甚至需要胃管鼻飼飲食。減少腮腺放射劑量的IMRT治療可以顯著減少口腔干燥的發(fā)生,使唾液腺功能恢復(fù),因此可以改善患者生活質(zhì)量[6-7,15]。相對(duì)于2D-RT治療,應(yīng)用IMRT治療的患者的中耳功能亦會(huì)得到保護(hù)[16]。Pan等[17]研究顯示,當(dāng)IMRT放射劑量低于50 Gy時(shí),聽(tīng)力下降的發(fā)生率有所下降。Lee等[18]的研究則表明,當(dāng)放射劑量大于50 Gy時(shí),聽(tīng)力下降率顯著上升。
1.3 IMRT的演進(jìn)技術(shù) 容積調(diào)強(qiáng)弧形治療技術(shù)(volumetric modulated arc therapy, VMAT)和影像引導(dǎo)放射治療(image-guided radiotherapy,IGRT)技術(shù)均是IMRT中的新技術(shù)。VMAT的治療時(shí)間更短、劑量分布更精確,使鼻咽癌患者獲得了更高的局部控制率、而不良反應(yīng)更少[19]。然而,仍有幾個(gè)問(wèn)題需要重視:首先,IMRT治療時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),這就限制了接受IMRT治療的患者的數(shù)量;其次,過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的治療使患者不自主移動(dòng),導(dǎo)致治療精確度下降[20];此外,IMRT靶區(qū)邊緣劑量過(guò)高,導(dǎo)致次生腫瘤的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[21-22]。相比于傳統(tǒng)IMRT,VMAT不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率更低。VMAT最常見(jiàn)的早期不良反應(yīng)是2~3級(jí)口腔黏膜炎(78%),優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)IMRT(91%~93%);在晚期不良反應(yīng)方面,3.5%通過(guò)MRI檢查出顳葉損傷,這通常發(fā)生于更高T分期的患者中,推測(cè)由原發(fā)灶向顱內(nèi)侵犯、破壞而需要更高的放射劑量所致[19,23]。IGRT考慮了治療過(guò)程中的移動(dòng)誤差(如呼吸、靶區(qū)收縮等引起放療劑量分布變化),利用影像設(shè)備對(duì)靶區(qū)及正常組織器官實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控,大大增加了治療的精確度。但是其與VMAT相似,因?yàn)檫^(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的治療而產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍不可預(yù)知[24]。
1.4 新興放療技術(shù) 質(zhì)子重離子治療是一種高精度的放射治療技術(shù)。其物理性質(zhì)決定了其具有相對(duì)較高的生物有效性,因此可以用于接受過(guò)高劑量的傳統(tǒng)光子放療但對(duì)其抵抗的患者。而且,相比于傳統(tǒng)放療,質(zhì)子重離子治療具有更高的劑量分布優(yōu)勢(shì),使其在規(guī)避重要器官的同時(shí)提高靶區(qū)劑量[25-26]。這些優(yōu)勢(shì)使質(zhì)子重離子治療以相對(duì)較低劑量進(jìn)行治療的同時(shí),減少不良反應(yīng)。
鼻咽癌根治性放療后局部復(fù)發(fā)是治療失敗的主要原因之一。單純鼻咽癌局部復(fù)發(fā)可行再程放療,但極具挑戰(zhàn)。有研究[27]顯示,對(duì)于復(fù)發(fā)鼻咽癌患者,質(zhì)子重離子治療在靶區(qū)有更高的照射劑量而在正常組織的照射劑量較少,大大減少了不良反應(yīng)。
1.5 同步化療對(duì)放療的影響 研究[28-29]顯示,是否在放療時(shí)同步行化學(xué)治療對(duì)患者早期不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率有顯著影響。研究[28]納入869例患者,長(zhǎng)期隨訪資料顯示,同步化學(xué)治療能增加放療過(guò)程中口腔干燥、牙關(guān)緊閉等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,其中高劑量順鉑能增加口腔干燥、耳毒性等晚期不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。Lee等[29]報(bào)告,早期不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率在同步放化療組增加了30%;晚期良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率稍高,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
化療是應(yīng)用細(xì)胞毒性藥物殺滅癌細(xì)胞的一種治療方法。一項(xiàng)基于單患者的納入8項(xiàng)隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)共1 753例患者的Meta分析[30]顯示,化療有利于提高總體生存率和無(wú)事件生存率,放療后額外的化學(xué)治療對(duì)5年生存率約提高6%。另一項(xiàng)納入19項(xiàng)隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)共4806例患者的Meta分析顯示了相似的結(jié)果,五年生存率提高6.3%[31]。除鼻咽癌Ⅰ期患者可單獨(dú)選擇放療外,其他患者均可接受化學(xué)治療。
順鉑、氟尿嘧啶是常用的一線治療藥物。其主要造成急性毒性反應(yīng),其中以白細(xì)胞減少/中性粒細(xì)胞減少、貧血、嘔吐較為常見(jiàn)[29,32-33]。Wee等[32]納入221例患者的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)顯示,在順鉑聯(lián)合氟尿嘧啶輔助化療期間,3~4級(jí)中性粒細(xì)胞減少患者比例達(dá)32.9%,3級(jí)嘔吐患者比例為4.7%。Lee等[29]納入348例患者隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)顯示,化療期間3-4級(jí)白細(xì)胞/中性粒細(xì)胞減少患者比例為17%,近7%患者發(fā)生嘔吐。Chen等[33]納入316例患者的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)顯示,化療期間3級(jí)以上白細(xì)胞/中性粒細(xì)胞減少患者比例為32.6%,發(fā)生嘔吐者18例,腎損害等較少見(jiàn)。由于劑量的不同,化療不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率也有差異,但總體發(fā)生率較高的為白細(xì)胞/中性粒細(xì)胞減少、嘔吐等。由于這些不良反應(yīng)對(duì)患者生活質(zhì)量、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)等一般情況影響較大,因此,及早并恰當(dāng)處理對(duì)患者化療耐受性及依從性有重要影響。
多藥綜合化療比單藥化療效果要好,包括遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移患者的姑息化療。順鉑、紫杉醇、多西他賽、吉西他濱等都可以考慮聯(lián)合使用[34]。但是,多藥聯(lián)合使用引起的不良反應(yīng)也相應(yīng)增加。所以,應(yīng)用之前要充分考慮預(yù)期的毒性和之前的治療效果。一項(xiàng)發(fā)表于新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上的納入358例患者的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)[35]表明,TPF(紫杉醇聯(lián)合順鉑及氟尿嘧啶)組患者疾病進(jìn)展和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比顯著低于PF(順鉑聯(lián)合氟尿嘧啶)組(P=0.007);但是在不良反應(yīng)方面,TPF組有76.9%出現(xiàn)3~4級(jí)的中性粒細(xì)胞減少,而PF組為52.5%;TPF組貧血、血小板減少、白細(xì)胞減少的發(fā)生率分別為9.2%、5.2%、41.6%。
另有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[36]表明,在進(jìn)行同步放化療過(guò)程中,放療對(duì)化療藥物的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)有一定影響。 同時(shí),同步放化療組3級(jí)口腔黏膜炎較單純放療組增加[37]。因此,需要進(jìn)一步研究如何調(diào)整藥物劑量并減少不良反應(yīng)。
鼻咽癌的分子治療漸成為焦點(diǎn),其中具有代表性意義的是表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)。EGFR可以作為鼻咽癌患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,對(duì)于評(píng)估預(yù)后和指導(dǎo)臨床決策有積極作用[38-39]。雖然靶向治療結(jié)合化療獲得了較好的中位生存期,但是靶向治療后的其他獲益還需要探究[40]。
西妥昔單抗是針對(duì)EGFR的單克隆抗體?;颊咄ǔ?duì)其耐受性較好,不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生與管理與一般化療藥物相似。需要注意的是,西妥昔單抗治療過(guò)程中易發(fā)生皮疹、輸液相關(guān)反應(yīng)、低鎂血癥[41]。一項(xiàng)Meta分析[42]顯示,西妥昔單抗能增加同步放化療的患者中性粒細(xì)胞減少的發(fā)生。在臨床工作中積極預(yù)防嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生并干預(yù)。
鼻咽癌5年生存率的提高已經(jīng)達(dá)到一個(gè)瓶頸期,療效進(jìn)一步提高的空間有限。目前以IMRT、順鉑為主的同步放化療具有較大的早期和晚期不良反應(yīng)。在保持現(xiàn)有療效的前提下,如何減少治療過(guò)程中的不良反應(yīng),提高患者耐受性,并提高患者生活質(zhì)量至關(guān)重要。這就要求我們?cè)谂R床工作中不斷加深對(duì)鼻咽癌同步放化療不良反應(yīng)的認(rèn)識(shí)。同時(shí)在治療前對(duì)患者進(jìn)行心理干預(yù),與患者溝通,使其知曉治療過(guò)程中可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng),以提高患者的治療依從性,并及早發(fā)現(xiàn)、干預(yù)治療過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng)。
[1] CHAN A T.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J].Ann Oncol, 2010, 21 Suppl 7:vii308-312.
[2] PARKIN D M, PISANI P, FERLAY J.Global cancer statistics[J].CA Cancer J Clin, 1999,49(1):33-64,1
[3] YOSHIZAKI T, ITO M, MURONO S, et al.Current understanding and management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J].Auris Nasus Larynx, 2012, 39(2):137-144.
[4] RAZAK A R, SIU L L, LIU F F, et al.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the next challenges[J].Eur J Cancer, 2010, 46(11):1967-1978.
[5] WONG F C, NG A W, LEE V H, et al.Whole-field simultaneous integrated-boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 76(1):138-145.
[6] NUTTING C M, MORDEN J P, HARRINGTON K J, et al.Parotid-sparing intensity modulated versus conventional radiotherapy in head and neck cancer (PARSPORT): a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet Oncol, 2011, 12(2):127-136.
[7] CAO C N, LUO J W, GAO L, et al.Clinical outcomes and patterns of failure after intensity-modulated radiotherapy for T4nasopharyngeal carcinoma.[J].Oral Oncol, 2013, 49(2):175-181.
[8] DINH J, STOKER J, GEORGES R H, et al.Comparison of proton therapy techniques for treatment of the whole brain as a component of craniospinal radiation[J].Radiat Oncol, 2013, 8:289.
[9] CARMAN J, STROJAN P.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Slovenia, 1990-2003 (results of treatment with conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy)[J].Rep Pract Oncol Radiother, 2012, 17(2):71-78.
[10] PENG G, WANG T, YANG K Y, et al.A prospective, randomized study comparing outcomes and toxicities of intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs.conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J].Radiother Oncol, 2012, 104(3):286-293.
[11] MAYER R, SMINIA P.Reirradiation tolerance of the human brain[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008, 70(5):1350-1360.
[12] YI L, SHI X, RONG X, et al.Neurosurgery and prognosis in patients with radiation-induced brain injury after nasopharyngeal carcinoma radiotherapy: a follow-up study[J].Radiat Oncol, 2013, 8:88.
[13] LAI S Z, LI W F, CHEN L, et al.How does intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy influence the treatment results in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients?[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011, 80(3):661-668.
[14] SU S F, HAN F, ZHAO C, et al.Long-term outcomes of early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy alone[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010, 82(1):327-333.
[15] YIP K W, MAO X, AU P Y, et al.Benzethonium chloride: a novel anticancer agent identified by using a cell-based small-molecule screen[J].Clin Cancer Res, 2006, 12(18):5557-5569.
[16] WANG S Z, LI J, MIYAMOTO C T,et al.A study of middle ear function in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with IMRT technique[J].Radiother Oncol, 2009, 93(3):530-533.
[17] PAN C C, EISBRUCH A, LEE J S, et al.Prospective study of inner ear radiation dose and hearing loss in head-and-neck cancer patients[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2005, 61(5):1393-1402.
[18] LEE A W, NG W T, HUNG W M,et al.Major late toxicities after conformal radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma-patient- and treatment-related risk factors[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009, 73(4):1121-1128.
[19] GUO R, TANG L L, MAO Y P, et al.Clinical Outcomes of Volume-Modulated Arc Therapy in 205 Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: an Analysis of Survival and Treatment Toxicities[J].Plos One, 2015, 10(7):e0129679.
[20] HOOGEMAN M S, NUYTTENS J J, LEVENDAG P C.Time dependence of intrafraction patient motion assessed by repeat stereoscopic imaging[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008, 70(2):609-618.
[21] MURRAY L, HENRY A, HOSKIN P, et al.Second primary cancers after radiation for prostate cancer: a systematic review of the clinical data and impact of treatment technique[J].Radiother Oncol, 2014, 110(2):213-228.
[22] PATIL V M, KAPOOR R, CHAKRABORTY S, et al.Dosimetric risk estimates of radiation-induced malignancies after intensity modulated radiotherapy[J].J Cancer Res Ther, 2010, 6(4):442-447.
[23] SUN X, SU S, CHEN C, et al.Long-term outcomes of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for 868 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an analysis of survival and treatment toxicities[J].Radiother Oncol, 2014, 110(3):398-403.
[24] BUJOLD A, CRAIG T, JAFFRAY D, et al.Image-guided radiotherapy: has it influenced patient outcomes?[J].Semin Radiat Oncol, 2012, 22(1):50-61.
[25] SCHULZ-ERTNER D, TSUJII H.Particle radiation therapy using proton and heavier ion beams[J].J Clin Oncol, 2007, 25(8):953-964.
[26] KONG L, HU J, GUAN X, et al.Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ Trial Evaluating Carbon Ion Radiotherapy for Salvaging Treatment of Locally Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma[J].J Cancer, 2016, 7(7):774-783.
[27] LIU S W, LI J M, CHANG J Y, et al.A treatment planning comparison between proton beam therapy and intensity-modulated X-ray therapy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J].J Xray Sci Technol, 2010, 18(4):443-450.
[28] OU X, ZHOU X, SHI Q, et al.Treatment outcomes and late toxicities of 869 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with definitive intensity modulated radiation therapy: new insight into the value of total dose of cisplatin and radiation boost[J].Oncotarget, 2015, 6(35):38381-38397.
[29] LEE A W, TUNG S Y, CHUA D T, et al.Randomized trial of radiotherapy plus concurrent-adjuvant chemotherapyvsradiotherapy alone for regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J].J Natl Cancer Inst, 2010, 102(15):1188-1198.
[30] BAUJAT B, AUDRY H, BOURHIS J, et al.Chemotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an individual patient data meta-analysis of eight randomized trials and 1753 patients[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2006, 64(1):47-56.
[31] BLANCHARD P, LEE A, MARGUET S, et al.Chemotherapy and radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an update of the MAC-NPC meta-analysis[J].Lancet Oncol, 2015, 16(6):645-655.
[32] WEE J, TAN E H, TAI B C, et al.Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety[J].J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(27):6730-6738.
[33] CHEN Y, SUN Y, LIANG S B, et al.Progress report of a randomized trial comparing long-term survival and late toxicity of concurrent chemoradiotherapy with adjuvant chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with stage Ⅲ to Ⅳ B nasopharyngeal carcinoma from endemic regions of China[J].Cancer, 2013, 119(12):2230-2238.
[34] CHAN A T, GRéGOIRE V, LEFEBVRE J L, et al.Nasopharyngeal cancer: EHNS-ESMO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up[J].Ann Oncol, 2012, 23 Suppl 7:vii83-85.
[35] VERMORKEN J B, REMENAR E, VAN HERPEN C, et al.Cisplatin, fluorouracil, and docetaxel in unresectable head and neck cancer[J].N Engl J Med, 2007, 357(17):1695-1704.
[36] HSIEH C H, HOU M L, CHIANG M H, et al.Head and neck irradiation modulates pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin[J].J Transl Med, 2013, 11:231.
[37] CHEN Q Y, WEN Y F, GUO L, et al.Concurrent chemoradiotherapyvsradiotherapy alone in stage Ⅱ nasopharyngeal carcinoma: phase Ⅲrandomized trial[J].J Natl Cancer Inst, 2011, 103(23):1761-1770.
[38] SUN W, LONG G, WANG J, et al.Prognostic role of epidermal growth factor receptor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta-analysis[J].Head Neck, 2014, 36(10):1508-1516.
[39] CHUA D T, NICHOLLS J M, SHAM J S, et al.Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in patients with advanced stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2004, 59(1):11-20.
[40] CHAN A T, HSU M M, GOH B C, et al.Multicenter, phase II study of cetuximab in combination with carboplatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J].J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(15):3568-3576.
[41] JONKER D J, O’CALLAGHAN C J, KARAPETIS C S, et al.Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer[J].N Engl J Med, 2007, 357(20):2040-2048.
[42] WANG L, CHEN Y Z, SHI D, et al.Incidence and risk of severe neutropenia in advanced cancer patients treated with cetuximab: a meta-analysis[J].Drugs RD, 2011, 11(4):317-326.
[本文編輯] 姬靜芳
Adverse reactions of nasopharyngeal carcinoma during radiotherapy and chemotherapy
LI Ji, WANG Pei-lin, HUANG Xin-sheng*
Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the most common head and neck cancers in southern China.Because most of the pathological types are poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, intensity-modulated radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy has achieved good curative effects.At the same time, radiotherapy and chemotherapy can cause severe acute and delayed toxic reactions to the body, and serious adverse reactions will cause physical and psychological trauma to patients, and also lead to treatment interruption or even failure.It is of great significance to improve the compliance and prognosis of patients by paying attention to adverse reactions and timely intervention.This article reviews the adverse reactions and influencing factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma during radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
nasopharyngeal carcinoma; radiotherapy; chemotherapy; adverse reactions
2016-10-18[接受日期]2016-12-07
李 驥,碩士生.E-mail: li.ji@zs-hospital.sh.cn
*通信作者(Corresponding author).Tel: 021-64041990, E-mail:huang.xinsheng@zs-hospital.sh.cn
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2016.20160965
R 739.63
A