王孟超, 黃 罡, 周偉平
第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)東方肝膽外科醫(yī)院肝外三科,上海 200433
綜 述
基于SOX9的生物學(xué)研究及其在肝癌干細(xì)胞中的研究進(jìn)展
王孟超, 黃 罡, 周偉平*
第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)東方肝膽外科醫(yī)院肝外三科,上海 200433
腫瘤干細(xì)胞是指在腫瘤組織中高度惡性的細(xì)胞亞群,具有高侵襲性、易轉(zhuǎn)移性、多耐藥性特點(diǎn),與腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)。因此,腫瘤干細(xì)胞可能成為未來腫瘤治療的靶點(diǎn)。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的腫瘤干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物包括CD133、CD90、CD44等。SOX9(sex determining region Y box-9)除了參與多個(gè)器官的生長發(fā)育外,還與組織纖維化及腫瘤的發(fā)生有著密切關(guān)系,尤其在多種腫瘤干細(xì)胞中高表達(dá)。SOX9亦在肝癌干細(xì)胞中高表達(dá),并通過相關(guān)信號通路影響肝癌干細(xì)胞的自我更新、增殖以及耐藥,因此成為肝癌潛在的預(yù)后判斷指標(biāo)和治療靶點(diǎn)。
腫瘤干細(xì)胞;肝細(xì)胞肝癌;SOX9
肝細(xì)胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是世界上常見的惡性腫瘤之一。其惡性程度高、侵襲性強(qiáng),容易發(fā)生肝內(nèi)外轉(zhuǎn)移,因此,其致死率在各類惡性腫瘤中名列前茅。在國內(nèi),HCC常繼發(fā)于乙型肝炎病毒或丙型肝炎病毒感染。據(jù)研究[1]報(bào)道,病毒性肝炎患者的HCC發(fā)病率是健康人群的20倍。目前,手術(shù)治療是HCC治療的最佳方法,包括HCC切除術(shù)及肝移植術(shù)。但HCC手術(shù)之后的總體生存率及無瘤生存率多年來仍然未見明顯提高,分析其原因,可能與腫瘤干細(xì)胞相關(guān)。SOX9(sex determining region Y box-9)基因除參與性別決定過程、軀干及器官發(fā)育之外,近年來被發(fā)現(xiàn)在多種實(shí)體腫瘤中上調(diào)。其促進(jìn)腫瘤的增殖,并且增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。SOX9表達(dá)陽性的細(xì)胞顯示出腫瘤干細(xì)胞的特性,可促進(jìn)HCC干細(xì)胞自我更新,并通過Wnt、Notch、TGF-β通路影響腫瘤的發(fā)生及分化[2-3]。癌組織高表達(dá)SOX9的HCC患者預(yù)后差;SOX9基因可通過Notch通路及Numb蛋白促進(jìn)肝癌干細(xì)胞自我更新及增殖。
SOX9基因是高度保守的性別決定基因家族中的一員。性別決定基因家族在器官發(fā)育中起著廣泛且重要的作用。SOX9基因首先被發(fā)現(xiàn)與一類單倍體異常疾病的發(fā)生相關(guān),如軀干發(fā)育異常(campomelic dysplasia,CD);之后,研究[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)SOX9基因參與哺乳動物的軟骨、心臟瓣膜形成,以及胰腺、睪丸、肝臟等多個(gè)器官的發(fā)育過程。SOX9基因突變除了會造成軀干發(fā)育不良之外,也會導(dǎo)致器官異常發(fā)育造成畸形甚至致死。SOX9基因參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞的增殖與分化;可通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)沉積參與皮膚瘢痕瘤的形成;其在轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β)的調(diào)控下激活肝星狀細(xì)胞使其向肝實(shí)質(zhì)遷移,并轉(zhuǎn)化為增殖型成纖維細(xì)胞,分泌破壞性細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),促進(jìn)肝纖維化形成[5]。此外,SOX9基因還參與腎小球硬化、血管硬化等病理過程[6]。SOX9蛋白還表達(dá)于胰腺和小腸前體細(xì)胞,對胰腺和小腸的發(fā)育起到重要作用。SOX9基因缺失的CD患者可能會發(fā)生胰腺發(fā)育不良,表現(xiàn)為胰島小且發(fā)育不成熟[7]。
SOX9基因表達(dá)產(chǎn)物能夠調(diào)控前體細(xì)胞的增殖,所以在其表達(dá)失去控制時(shí),會導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生與生長。此前的研究[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),SOX9基因參與前列腺、乳腺、結(jié)腸及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。研究[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),SOX9蛋白在許多前列腺癌的細(xì)胞系中高表達(dá),使用RNAi干擾SOX9基因可以顯著抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長,并且顯著降低癌細(xì)胞在裸鼠上的成瘤能力。在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤的研究[10]中亦發(fā)現(xiàn)相同結(jié)果。在神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系中,使用siRNA干擾SOX9基因后,細(xì)胞增殖能力顯著降低,且細(xì)胞凋亡增加。在結(jié)腸癌中,SOX9基因處于胰島素生長因子通路的下游。Iris 1敲除小鼠中SOX9表達(dá)陽性的細(xì)胞減少,且誘導(dǎo)成瘤后的腫瘤數(shù)量少、體積小。此外,在基底細(xì)胞癌中,SOX9基因受到音猬因子(sonic hedgehog, SHH)和Gli2調(diào)控[11],從而促進(jìn)基底細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生。在基底細(xì)胞癌的細(xì)胞模型中,發(fā)現(xiàn)SOX9表達(dá)對基底細(xì)胞癌干細(xì)胞的自我更新起到重要作用,并參與維持腫瘤干細(xì)胞對稱性分裂/非對稱性分裂的平衡[12]。
1980 年,有研究[13]提出了肝臟細(xì)胞的“溪流假設(shè)”。研究者通過特定染色發(fā)現(xiàn)肝臟細(xì)胞從門靜脈區(qū)向中央靜脈區(qū)遷移的現(xiàn)象。最近研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),SOX9可以作為肝臟受損后再生修復(fù)過程中肝干細(xì)胞的重要標(biāo)志物,通過使用遺傳譜系追蹤系統(tǒng),發(fā)現(xiàn)肝臟損傷后,膽管上皮的SOX9陽性細(xì)胞會緩慢地從門靜脈區(qū)向中央靜脈曲遷移,提示SOX9陽性的膽管上皮可能是潛在的成體肝干細(xì)胞。也有研究[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),存在于門靜脈周圍的混合型肝細(xì)胞(SOX9弱陽性)參與肝臟損傷后的修復(fù),且此類修復(fù)并不增加細(xì)胞癌變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這都在一定程度上說明了SOX9陽性的細(xì)胞可能是潛在的肝干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物。
Guo 等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),HCC患者癌組織中的SOX9基因表達(dá)顯著高于癌旁組織,且SOX9高表達(dá)的患者的無瘤生存時(shí)間和總體生存時(shí)間均低于SOX9低表達(dá)組;SOX9表達(dá)也與腫瘤的病理分級相關(guān),SOX9高表達(dá)的腫瘤分化低。多因素分析[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),除了被普遍認(rèn)可的影響預(yù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素,如腫瘤大小、癌栓、子灶等因素外,SOX9表達(dá)水平也是影響術(shù)后無瘤生存時(shí)間和總生存時(shí)間的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。此外,表達(dá)芯片檢測結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),SOX9表達(dá)與CD90、CD133、EpCAM等肝癌干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物表達(dá)的一致程度較高。
懸浮培養(yǎng)的肝癌細(xì)胞常常表現(xiàn)出干細(xì)胞的特性,其增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移能力均較普通培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞更強(qiáng),在這些細(xì)胞中??梢詸z測到SOX9及Notch蛋白的表達(dá)增高。Notch通路可以調(diào)控干細(xì)胞對稱性分裂(母代細(xì)胞分裂成兩個(gè)和母代細(xì)胞相同的干細(xì)胞)/非對稱性分裂(母代細(xì)胞分裂成一個(gè)和母代細(xì)胞相同的干細(xì)胞和另一個(gè)分化的子代細(xì)胞)的平衡。在下調(diào)Notch或者干擾SOX9表達(dá)后可以觀察到細(xì)胞對稱性分裂減少[17]。由此可見,SOX9基因在肝癌干細(xì)胞的自我更新中起到重要作用,其通過促進(jìn)肝癌干細(xì)胞的對稱性分裂從而增加肝癌干細(xì)胞群體的數(shù)量。進(jìn)一步的研究[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),SOX9蛋白亦可以通過調(diào)控NUMB的表達(dá)而調(diào)控對稱性/非對稱性分裂的平衡。NUMB蛋白是Notch通路的調(diào)節(jié)因子,NUMB的表達(dá)缺失可以激活Notch通路,從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞對稱性分裂。但是,SOX9并非在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平對NUMB進(jìn)行調(diào)控。生物信息學(xué)預(yù)測[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),SOX9蛋白的經(jīng)典結(jié)合域不能與NUMB的啟動子區(qū)結(jié)合,SOX9的CHIP-SEQ數(shù)據(jù)也未發(fā)現(xiàn)SOX9蛋白對NUMB進(jìn)行直接調(diào)控。這都說明SOX9蛋白對于NUMB表達(dá)調(diào)控可能在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平,具體機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步的研究。此外,在肝癌干細(xì)胞中使用siRNA干擾SOX9表達(dá)后,其增殖能力及體內(nèi)成瘤能力均顯著下降;而在肝癌細(xì)胞中過表達(dá)SOX9基因后,其增殖能力及體內(nèi)成瘤能力會顯著上升。由此可見,SOX9通過促進(jìn)肝癌干細(xì)胞對稱性分裂并且增強(qiáng)其增殖能力,導(dǎo)致肝癌中惡性程度更高的肝癌干細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加,從而減弱肝癌的治療效果,影響患者的預(yù)后。
隨著對腫瘤干細(xì)胞研究的不斷深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)SOX9極有可能是眾多腫瘤干細(xì)胞表面的標(biāo)志分子,對腫瘤干細(xì)胞的多種特性產(chǎn)生影響。已有研究[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),SOX家族對腫瘤干細(xì)胞的耐藥性也發(fā)揮重要的作用,上調(diào)SOX4基因可以提高ABCG2(一類跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,可將化療藥物排出細(xì)胞外)的表達(dá),從而使得宮頸癌對順鉑的耐藥性增加;而干擾SOX4則可會提高宮頸癌細(xì)胞對順鉑的敏感性。之前的實(shí)驗(yàn)[20]亦發(fā)現(xiàn),在HCC癌組織中下調(diào)SOX9基因后,ABCG2的表達(dá)也顯著下調(diào),但具體機(jī)制還有待研究。由此可見,SOX9在肝癌干細(xì)胞的耐藥性中亦起到重要的作用。對該潛在通路的靶向治療有可能改善HCC多耐藥的生物特性,為失去手術(shù)機(jī)會的HCC患者提供更多的治療機(jī)會,并為HCC的綜合治療提供新的方法。
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[本文編輯] 葉 婷, 曉 璐
Research progress of SOX9 in cancer stem cell of hepatocellular carcinoma
WANG Meng-chao, HUANG Gang, ZHOU Wei-ping*
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Ⅲ, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
Tumor stem cells point to the malignant subgroup of tumor tissue which have high invasiveness, multi-drug resistance and are more likely to migrate, which was considered closely related to tumor recurrence.Hence, cancer stem cells may become the target of chemical therapy in the near future.CD133, CD90, CD44 were reported as the signature of cancer stem cells in several kinds of tumors.Besides being involved into the development of several organs, SOX9 (sex determining region Y box-9) was reported to be closely engaged into tumor genesis and tissue fibrosis.Especially, its high expression can be found in many sorts of tumor stem cells.SOX9 is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and it has influence on the refresh, growth and drug resistance of the cancer stem cells through certain pathways.Therefore, SOX9 is a potential marker to evaluate the prognosis of HCC patients and therapy target.
cancer stem cell; hepatocellular carcinoma; SOX9
2016-04-07[接受日期]2016-09-06
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81572941).Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81572941).
王孟超,碩士生.E-mail: 547432024@qq.com
*通信作者(Corresponding author).Tel: 021-81875521, E-mail: ehbhwp@126.com
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2016.20160438
R 735.7
A