董智瑀,李云霞
高血壓與認(rèn)知功能障礙
董智瑀,李云霞
持續(xù)性高血壓為認(rèn)知功能障礙的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。降壓治療與認(rèn)知功能障礙間的關(guān)系還未明了,兩者間的關(guān)系還有待進(jìn)一步研究。其他異常血壓形式,如脈壓差增大、夜間收縮壓偏高、非杓型高血壓、血壓變異率增加,都與認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生有關(guān)。從病理角度,高血壓會(huì)刺激血管平滑肌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),引起血管肥厚性重塑并降低血管自我調(diào)節(jié)能力,引起腦部灌注不足,產(chǎn)生認(rèn)知功能障礙。從影像學(xué)角度,高血壓能加重年齡因素對(duì)腦部結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,還能使那些不易受到年齡因素影響的區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變。橫斷面研究中降壓治療正相關(guān)、負(fù)相關(guān)、U型3種形式與認(rèn)知功能障礙相關(guān),縱向研究中降壓治療能顯著降低認(rèn)知功能障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。作者以高血壓(hypertension)、認(rèn)知功能障礙(cognitive dysfunction)、降血壓藥物(antihypertensive agents)為
,于PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的檢索,對(duì)高血壓、降壓治療、腦部結(jié)構(gòu)改變、血管結(jié)構(gòu)功能改變與認(rèn)知功能障礙間的關(guān)系作一綜述。
高血壓;認(rèn)知功能障礙;降壓治療
認(rèn)知功能障礙泛指各種不同原因所導(dǎo)致的不同程度的認(rèn)知功能減退,而癡呆是認(rèn)知功能障礙的嚴(yán)重形式。隨著我國(guó)老年人口基數(shù)的增大,癡呆患者也日趨增多,目前已有700萬以上的老年癡呆患者,約占全世界總病例數(shù)的1/4,且每年約有30萬人加入這個(gè)行列[1]。過去的10年里,有許多臨床試驗(yàn)研究,著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了血管因素在認(rèn)知功能障礙中的作用,其中特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了高血壓在其中的重要地位[2]。
研究顯示,中年期高血壓和老年期低血壓與認(rèn)知功能障礙存在關(guān)系[3]。另外,在對(duì)存在心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的老年患者的長(zhǎng)期隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),患者的血壓變異率與患者簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)檢查表評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān),顯示與患者的認(rèn)知功能水平相關(guān)[4]。高血壓還是導(dǎo)致腦小血管病變的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,而腦小血管病變進(jìn)一步會(huì)引起腔隙性梗死、白質(zhì)病變和腦部微出血[5-6]。這一系列病理改變會(huì)引起神經(jīng)變性病,繼而引起認(rèn)知功能障礙。
縱向研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),降壓治療能有效降低認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生率[5]。但與此同時(shí),也有研究顯示,患者的認(rèn)知功能并未隨著降壓治療改變[7]。
作者用高血壓(hypertension)、認(rèn)知功能障礙(cognitive dysfunction)、降壓治療(antihypertensive therapy)為關(guān)鍵詞,于PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)檢索,對(duì)高血壓、降壓治療、腦部結(jié)構(gòu)改變、血管結(jié)構(gòu)功能改變與認(rèn)知功能障礙間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行綜述。
橫斷面研究[6]和縱向研究[8]顯示,老年人中血壓和認(rèn)知功能間有緊密關(guān)系。這些研究結(jié)果顯示高收縮壓、高舒張壓[8]和持續(xù)高血壓與晚年認(rèn)知功能障礙之間有關(guān)系。然而,也有研究表明,低收縮壓或低舒張壓會(huì)增加認(rèn)知功能障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),特別是那些80歲以上的老人[3],動(dòng)脈硬化的程度隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而增高。嚴(yán)重的動(dòng)脈硬化,會(huì)在晚年引起高收縮壓和低舒張壓,并會(huì)導(dǎo)致老年人腦部低灌流。因此,過度降壓治療可能會(huì)引起老年人腦部低灌注加重甚至缺血狀態(tài),進(jìn)而引發(fā)認(rèn)知功能障礙。
研究顯示,脈壓差作為一項(xiàng)動(dòng)脈硬化指標(biāo)的同時(shí),也與老年人白質(zhì)病變相關(guān)[9]。白質(zhì)病變是認(rèn)知功能障礙的強(qiáng)有力預(yù)測(cè)因子[10-12]。研究表明,夜間收縮壓偏高[13]、非杓型高血壓[14]以及增加的血壓變異率[15]都是認(rèn)知功能障礙重要的決定因素。
腦血管的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力使得腦部灌注在動(dòng)脈壓波動(dòng)于60~150 mmHg時(shí)不受影響[16],以此保護(hù)大腦免受突發(fā)性低灌注壓的損害。高血壓會(huì)影響腦部血循環(huán),引起血管的改變。慢性的血管腔內(nèi)壓力上升會(huì)刺激平滑肌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),增加血管中層的厚度,引起血管肥厚性重塑,并最終引起腦部血管自我調(diào)節(jié)能力的喪失。與此同時(shí),高血壓患者在血壓過低時(shí)更易受到損害,引起腦血管損傷[17];高血壓還會(huì)加速腦部小動(dòng)脈硬化,接著會(huì)引起中動(dòng)脈和大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的改變。血管中層增厚以及內(nèi)膜的增殖會(huì)引起血管內(nèi)徑的縮小,增加血管阻力并降低灌注[17-18]。
腦小血管病變所引起的腦結(jié)構(gòu)改變與認(rèn)知功能障礙密切相關(guān)。根據(jù)發(fā)病機(jī)制,腦小血管病可以分為許多種類,2種最常見的為小動(dòng)脈硬化和淀粉樣腦血管?。?7]。小動(dòng)脈硬化普遍被認(rèn)為是年齡相關(guān)性以及高血壓相關(guān)性小血管疾病。從病理角度來看這個(gè)疾病,主要表現(xiàn)在平滑肌細(xì)胞從血管中膜的丟失,以及纖維透明物質(zhì)在此處的堆積,繼而引起血管內(nèi)腔的狹窄以及血管壁的增厚。淀粉樣腦血管病被定義為持續(xù)進(jìn)展性的嗜剛果紅物質(zhì)的積累,βA4免疫反應(yīng)以及淀粉樣蛋白在小動(dòng)脈和中動(dòng)脈血管壁中沉積,并主要位于軟腦脊膜區(qū)域,其中高血壓是淀粉樣腦血管病的重要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。
3.1灰質(zhì)改變 年齡和高血壓與大腦的萎縮有關(guān)[19]。認(rèn)知功能障礙患者的腦部結(jié)構(gòu)改變主要包括顳葉內(nèi)外側(cè)區(qū)、扣帶回、頂葉和額葉正中區(qū)域的改變。而最早大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的改變發(fā)生在海馬和內(nèi)嗅皮質(zhì)區(qū)[20]。前額皮質(zhì)、海馬、下顳皮質(zhì)以及頂下小葉是年齡增長(zhǎng)和原發(fā)性高血壓最易損害的區(qū)域。而且值得注意的是,輔助運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)、楔葉、下丘腦以及內(nèi)嗅皮質(zhì)受到年齡因素的影響較小,而受到高血壓的影響較為顯著。因此,高血壓不但能加重年齡因素對(duì)腦部結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,還能使那些不易受到年齡因素影響的區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變。
3.2白質(zhì)改變 白質(zhì)完整度的減低在CT掃描下顯示為腦白質(zhì)區(qū)域密度降低,MRI掃描顯示T2液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列信號(hào)強(qiáng)度增高[21],其中白質(zhì)高信號(hào)可作為發(fā)生認(rèn)知功能障礙的預(yù)測(cè)因子[22]。
高血壓可加速白質(zhì)高信號(hào)的進(jìn)展[23]。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于評(píng)估白質(zhì)高信號(hào)的研究顯示,血壓增高或者有高血壓病史都與額葉白質(zhì)高信號(hào)體積的增大有關(guān)[24]。這一結(jié)果顯示,額葉可能極易受到高血壓的影響而導(dǎo)致該區(qū)域白質(zhì)退化。高血壓可能不僅僅造成灰質(zhì)損傷,還會(huì)引起白質(zhì)微結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,與年齡因素一樣,是造成腦部結(jié)構(gòu)損傷的重要因素[25]。
關(guān)于降壓治療對(duì)于認(rèn)知功能影響的結(jié)論存在較大爭(zhēng)議。Birns等[26]發(fā)表過一篇以橫斷面研究為主,探尋血壓與認(rèn)知功能之間關(guān)系的綜述,發(fā)現(xiàn)各項(xiàng)研究間有著截然不同的結(jié)論,其中包括正相關(guān)、負(fù)相關(guān)、U型相關(guān)3種。而縱向研究中,大多數(shù)的結(jié)論都是若血壓不經(jīng)妥善控制,持續(xù)的高血壓狀態(tài)與認(rèn)知功能減退有關(guān)[27]。小部分的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)顯示降壓治療對(duì)認(rèn)知功能減退的發(fā)生有預(yù)防作用[28]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)暗示了血壓與認(rèn)知功能間復(fù)雜的關(guān)系。
一項(xiàng)綜合了老年人收縮期高血壓計(jì)劃、歐洲收縮期高血壓臨床試驗(yàn)、培哚普利預(yù)防卒中復(fù)發(fā)研究和老年人認(rèn)知與預(yù)后的研究試驗(yàn)組高達(dá)11 794人、控制組達(dá)11 711人的試驗(yàn)中,得出的結(jié)果顯示降壓治療與認(rèn)知功能障礙發(fā)生之間的關(guān)系差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[29]。一項(xiàng)Meta分析顯示,降壓治療對(duì)于認(rèn)知功能有保護(hù)作用[30]。然而,更多的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果無法證實(shí)這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。例如在有效避免第2次卒中的預(yù)防方案試驗(yàn)中,運(yùn)用2×2析因設(shè)計(jì),顯示在患者發(fā)生腦卒中后使用替米沙坦沒有保護(hù)認(rèn)知功能的作用[29]。另外,單用替米沙坦與雷米普利全球終點(diǎn)試驗(yàn)中顯示,運(yùn)用替米沙坦和雷米普利將收縮壓降至130~150 mmHg時(shí),對(duì)認(rèn)知功能并沒有保護(hù)作用。
Goodwin[31]認(rèn)為雖然降壓治療對(duì)認(rèn)知功能有保護(hù)作用,但必須注意降壓治療的方法,因?yàn)橥蝗坏难獕航档蜁?huì)引起大腦許多重要區(qū)域低灌注,并引起缺血、缺氧改變,繼而引起認(rèn)知功能的減退。因此,不恰當(dāng)?shù)慕祲褐委熆赡芗又卣J(rèn)知功能障礙。
上述無論來自單一的研究數(shù)據(jù)還是聯(lián)合各數(shù)據(jù)的Meta分析,得出的結(jié)論還是相互矛盾。其原因可能在于:①研究對(duì)象年齡的差異;②隨訪時(shí)間過短引起隨訪終點(diǎn)認(rèn)知功能還未發(fā)生顯著改變;③受試人群基礎(chǔ)認(rèn)知功能不相同;④受試人群基礎(chǔ)血壓不相同。
研究顯示,高血壓會(huì)增加認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生概率[32-33]。通過腦部MRI可以看到,高血壓會(huì)引起皮質(zhì)下區(qū)域的損傷(白質(zhì)病變、腔隙性梗死、腦部微出血)。而無論是腦小血管病的發(fā)生,還是腦部結(jié)構(gòu)的改變都與認(rèn)知功能障礙有較大關(guān)系。
中年期高血壓和老年期低血壓都會(huì)對(duì)認(rèn)知功能有所影響,如果患者又合并其他血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,那么在未來會(huì)加速認(rèn)知功能的減退。而兩者間的關(guān)系可能由腦小血管病導(dǎo)致的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)病變?nèi)绨踪|(zhì)病變、腔隙性梗死、腦部微出血。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果也暗示了高血壓、腦部結(jié)構(gòu)改變、腦小血管病與認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生有重要關(guān)系[34]。
降壓治療對(duì)認(rèn)知功能障礙的預(yù)防作用還不能明確。有縱向研究顯示,若不經(jīng)妥善控制,持續(xù)的高血壓狀態(tài)會(huì)引起認(rèn)知功能的減退[27],但只有少部分的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)顯示血壓的控制對(duì)認(rèn)知功能減退有預(yù)防作用[28]。另外,不恰當(dāng)?shù)慕祲褐委熆赡軙?huì)引起低血壓,以及其他相關(guān)心腦血管疾病和認(rèn)知功能障礙加重的發(fā)生。因此,如何合理搭配降壓治療與身體功能鍛煉,將成為未來重要的研究方向。
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Hypertension and cognitive dysfunction
DONG Zhiyu,LIYunxia
(Department of Neurology,Shanghai Tongji Hospital,Shanghai 200333,China)
Constant hypertension atmidlife is one of the important risk factors of cognitive dysfunction.The relationship between antihypertensive therapy and cognitive dysfunction is uncertain and needs further research.And other abnormal blood press such as increased pulse pressure,high nocturnal blood press level,nondipper status and exaggerated blood press variability is relative to cognitive dysfunction.From pathological point,hypertension can stimulate the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells and cause vascular remodeling.Then the reduced vascular regulatory capacity results in brain hypoperfusion and cognitive dysfunction.From imaging point,hypertension can not only faciliate the age factors on the structure of the brain,but also change the cerebral structures without the influence of the age factors.Many cross-sectional studies of the relationship between antihypertension and cognition found conflicting relationshipswith positive,negative and U-shaped associations.But themajority of longitudinal studies have found elevated blood pressure to be associated with cognitive decline.We search the word hypertension,cognitive dysfunction,antihypertensive agents as keywords in Pubmed andmake a review about the connection among hypertension,antihypertension,structural change in the brain,functional change in vascular and cognitive dysfunction.
Hypertension;Cognitive dysfunction;Antihypertensive therapy
R544.1;R749
A
2095-3097(2016)05-0308-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-3097.2016.05.016
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81200971)
200333上海,上海市同濟(jì)醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科(董智瑀,李云霞)
李云霞,E-mail:1960579386@qq.com
(2016-06-18 本文編輯:張?jiān)谖模?/p>