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HLA-G與病毒感染

2016-01-26 17:34許惠惠林愛芬顏衛(wèi)華
中華實驗和臨床病毒學雜志 2016年2期
關鍵詞:病毒感染感染者等位基因

許惠惠 林愛芬 顏衛(wèi)華

317000臨海,溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬浙江省臺州醫(yī)院

HLA-G與病毒感染

許惠惠 林愛芬 顏衛(wèi)華

317000臨海,溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬浙江省臺州醫(yī)院

人類白細胞抗原-G(Human Leukocyte Antigen G,HLA-G)屬于非經典的HLA-I類分子,最早發(fā)現表達在母胎界面的絨毛外滋養(yǎng)層細胞。相對于經典的HLA-I類分子,HLA-G具有獨特的啟動子區(qū)域、基因多態(tài)性有限、嚴格的組織分布及遞呈抗原種類不多等特點[1]。近年來,免疫耐受分子HLA-G與病毒感染的關系得到了廣泛的研究,其基因多態(tài)性與病毒易感性相關,病毒感染可誘導HLA-G表達或刺激可溶性HLA-G、IL-10以及干擾素分泌等;形成多種免疫調控機制誘導病毒逃逸機體的免疫監(jiān)視及防御功能。本文就HLA-G在病毒感染中的研究進展作一綜述。

Fund programs:Nationa1 Natura1 Science Foundation of China(31370920);Hea1th Bureau of Zhejiang Province(2015KYB438).

1 HLA-G分子結構和受體

HLA-G基因是1987年由Geraghty等[2]首次發(fā)現并成功克隆,該基因全長6.0 kb,位于人染色體6p21.3;與HLA-E、HLA-F同屬于非經典的HLA-I類分子。HLA-G基因結構含8個外顯子和7個內含子,其基因序列與經典的HLA-I類(包括HLAA、-B和HLA-C)同源性高達86%。由于HLA-G基因第6號外顯子中存在一個終止密碼子,從而導致HLA-G抗原僅含6個氨基酸的短胞漿尾(RKKSSD)。HLA-G初始轉錄物經選擇性剪接編碼產生7種異構體,分別為HLA-G1~-G4四種膜結合型及HLA-G5~-G7三種可溶性抗原。此外,可溶性HLA-G1(shed HLA-G1,sHLA-G1)是由于蛋白酶水解膜結合型HLA-G1跨膜肽鏈脫落形成[3]。HLA-G抗原通過與其受體(ILT2、ILT4和KIR2DL4等)相互作用,一方面可直接發(fā)揮免疫抑制功能,如抑制NK細胞和CTL介導的細胞殺傷活性,抑制B細胞分化和DC細胞成熟等;另一方面,可誘導產生Tr1細胞、DC-10等調節(jié)性細胞及 IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ等細胞因子間接發(fā)揮長效的免疫抑制效應[4]。

2 HLA-G基因多態(tài)性與病毒易感性

迄今,已發(fā)現50個HLA-G等位基因,僅可編碼16種氨基酸序列不同的HLA-G分子(http://h1a. a11e1es.org/data/h1a-g.htm1)。不同種族人群HLA-G基因多態(tài)性對病毒易感性具有差異,如HLA-G?01:04:04等位基因增加了肯尼亞Pumwani地區(qū)女性性工作者HIV感染風險,HLA-G?01:01:01等位基因則相反[5];HLA-G?01:01:08等位基因增加了非洲女性HIV-1感染風險,HLA-G?01:05N則相反[6];但意大利東北部女性HLA-G?01:05N等位基因卻增加了HIV-1感染風險[7]。另外,HLA-G 14 bp插入和+3142G在非洲HIV感染者中具有較高的等位基因頻率,而同時感染HCV的非洲艾滋病患者中+14 bp/+14 bp基因型頻率較高[8];津巴布韋HIV感染者中-14 bp/-14 bp基因型含病毒拷貝數較+14 bp/+14 bp基因型者顯著增加,CD4+T細胞數目較低,死亡率相對較高[9]?;及滩≡袐D中+ 14 bp/+14 bp基因型與圍產期HIV病毒垂直傳播風險無關,HLA-G? 01:03等位基因在圍產期將HIV-1病毒垂直傳播至胎兒的幾率很低[10],而HLA-G?01:01:02等位基因和+3187G SNP位點在圍產期將HIV-1病毒垂直傳播至胎兒的幾率顯著升高[11]。另有研究顯示,單獨+3010C SNP位點與HIV病毒垂直傳播風險無關,但與14 bp缺失等位基因連鎖后,表現出對HIV病毒垂直傳播有保護作用[12]。

HLA-G基因型對不同種病毒易感性也存在差異。Martinetti等[13]研究指出-14 bp/-14 bp基因型和HLA-G?01:04:01(該等位基因14 bp缺失)孕婦在圍產期易發(fā)生HCV垂直傳播,而HLA-G?01:05N(該等位基因14 bp插入)則降低HCV垂直傳播風險。HLA-G多態(tài)性也影響鐮狀細胞癥患者對HCV病毒的感染風險,+3142C/C基因型可降低HCV感染率,由于+3142C等位基因可增加HLA-G分子表達,從而降低了病毒感染。HLA-G 3′UTR 14 bp多態(tài)性在韓國慢性HBV感染者和肝癌患者之間的基因頻率無顯著差異[14];但與病毒DNA拷貝數密切相關[15-17]。研究發(fā)現,慢性肝炎患者中 +14 bp/+14 bp基因型感染者血清中HBV病毒DNA拷貝數顯著高于-14 bp/-14 bp、+14 bp/-14 bp基因型[15];但在hCMV感染者中的基因型分布卻剛好相反,中國兒童-14 bp/-14 bp基因型感染者尿液中hCMV病毒DNA拷貝數顯著高于+14 bp/+14 bp基因型;14 bp缺失等位基因對hCMV病毒易感[17]。

加拿大蒙特利爾人群中研究發(fā)現,HLA-G?01:01:02和HLA-G?01:01:08等位基因女性對致癌型HPV16易感,而HLA-G?01:01:02和HLA-G?01:03等位基因則增強了 HPV16持續(xù)性感染狀態(tài)[18];除了性伴侶數目,HLA-G?01:01:03和HLAG?01:01:05等位基因易使加拿大女性處于長期的HPV多重感染[19]。另有研究發(fā)現14 bp插入,+ 1537C,HLA-G?01:01,HLA-G?01:04和HLA-G ?01:06等位基因與高度宮頸鱗狀上皮內病變和宮頸癌有關;而HLA-G 14 bp缺失和+3142C等位基因是具有保護功能的遺傳因子[20,21]。

3 病毒感染與HLA-G表達及其機制

3.1人類免疫缺陷病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus,HIV) HIV-1感染者外周單核細胞、T淋巴細胞均誘導HLA-G分子表達;HLA-G+調節(jié)性T細胞數目增加,該細胞具有免疫抑制功能,與艾滋病疾病進程相關[22]。同時,HIV-1感染者血漿中可溶性HLA-G(sHLA-G)含量較健康對照組顯著升高,sHLA-G通過ILT4受體抑制髓系樹突狀細胞的抗原提呈能力,并刺激炎性細胞因子的分泌[23]。AIDS患者通過高效抗逆轉錄病毒治療(high1y active antiretrovira1 therapy,HAART)后,表達HLA-G的單核細胞數量明顯上升,停止治療后此類單核細胞數量逐漸減少[24];而患者血清中sHLA-G含量經抗病毒治療后卻顯著下降[25]。Rivero等[26]指出,AIDS患者經 HAART治療后,核苷逆轉錄酶抑制劑(NRTIs)參與了單核細胞膜結合型HLA-G1抗原的表達調控,而病毒感染微環(huán)境因素(如蛋白酶大量分泌等)可導致HLA-G1抗原從細胞膜脫落形成可溶性HLA-G1(sHLA-G1),增加了可溶性HLA-G含量[25]。上述研究指出,sHLA-G血清學水平可作為檢測AIDS患者的病毒學應答和免疫學重建的分子指標。

HIV病毒編碼的Nef蛋白可選擇性與HLAI類抗原的胞漿尾結合,下調HLAI類分子在細胞膜表面表達;由于HLA-G短的胞漿尾,Nef蛋白不直接參與HLA-G蛋白表達[27]。但是,Nef蛋白可通過上調單核細胞表達IL-10,從而間接調控HLA-G表達,同時增加了血清sHLA-G分泌水平[28]。MicroRNA(如hsa-miR-148a、-148b、-152等)與 HLA-G基因的3′非翻譯區(qū)結合,形成沉默復合體并降解 HLA-G mRNA。分析HIV-1感染者miRNA表達譜的變化,找尋與HLA-G基因序列相結合的多態(tài)性位點,可控制艾滋病疾病進程[29]。

3.2甲型流感病毒(influenza A viruses,IAV)在體外,通過多種IAV病毒感染肺泡上皮細胞系,首次發(fā)現HLA-G蛋白誘導性表達在肺泡細胞[30]。在體內,sHLA-G在IAV感染者外周血清中的含量未見明顯變化;而HLA-G在甲型H1N1或季節(jié)性甲型H1N1感染者外周單核細胞、T細胞均誘導性表達上調;進一步分析后發(fā)現,甲型H1N1感染者外周的CD4+CD25+FoxP3+T(Treg)細胞中HLA-G表達上調[31]。因此,深入研究膜結合型HLA-G分子在Treg細胞中誘導表達的免疫學機制,對進一步了解HLA-G在IAV病毒感染的生物學作用,具有重要意義。

3.3人巨細胞病毒(Human Cytomegalovirus,hCMV) 急性hCMV感染者外周單核細胞表面HLA-G蛋白以及血漿中sHLA-G、IL-10和IFN-γ表達水平均顯著增加[32]。病毒感染者體內蛋白酶大量分泌,易使膜結合型 HLA-G1分子脫落形成sHLA-G1,而HLA-G1在IL-10細胞因子刺激下可誘導性表達,其表達水平與IL-10含量相關[33]。病毒感染上調細胞內HLA-G表達,進而遞呈hCMV pp65蛋白(UL83)抗原肽至細胞膜,誘導機體產生pp65抗原特異性的CTL反應,但由于HLA-G抗原的免疫耐受特性,致使CTL溶胞能力受限。由于HLA-G較短的胞漿尾,hCMV編碼的US2蛋白可下調膜結合型HLA-G表達,但不影響sHLA-G含量;US11蛋白不參與HLA-G表達調控。US3蛋白影響細胞內HLA-G重鏈折疊,US6阻斷抗原提呈相關轉運蛋白(TAP)的抗原轉運過程,從而抑制HLA-G抗原遞呈過程[34]。

3.4乙型和丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV;hepatitis C virus,HCV) 乙型肝炎患者外周血單核細胞和調節(jié)性T細胞[35]、肝臟組織的肝細胞和膽管上皮細胞[36]均誘導表達HLA-G蛋白;同時,患者血漿中sHLA-G含量較正常對照組顯著升高。進一步分析后發(fā)現,慢性乙型肝炎患者較急性患者外周血sHLA-G分泌水平高,但在疾病恢復期sHLA-G濃度可回到正常生理水平[37,38]。

丙型肝炎患者HCV感染的肝臟微環(huán)境中HLAG也誘導表達上調[39],患者血漿中sHLA-G含量較正常對照組顯著升高,與血清中IL-10和IFN-γ分泌水平成正相關[40,41];患者的肥大細胞具有表達HLA-G和分泌IL-10或I型干擾素的功能,且HLAG+肥大細胞的數目與肝臟組織的纖維化面積相關[42]。HLA-G、IL-10等免疫調節(jié)分子釋放使Th1/ Th2平衡向Th2偏移,機體細胞免疫功能受抑制;通過Pegα-2α-IFN聯合利巴韋林治療慢性丙型肝炎,無應答組患者血漿中sHLA-G、IL-10含量較應答組和正常對照組顯著升高;結果顯示HLA-G和IL-10細胞因子在抗病毒治療過程發(fā)揮重要作用[41]。

3.5人乳頭瘤病毒(Human Papillomavirus,HPV) 持續(xù)性感染HPV病毒是引起宮頸上皮內瘤變(CIN)和宮頸癌的主要病因,病毒感染誘導HLA-G表達上調可能是HPV病毒逃避宿主免疫監(jiān)視的有效機制。研究發(fā)現在宮頸組織中HLA-G表達量從宮頸癌前病變發(fā)展到癌變是循序漸進的過程[43,44]。上述研究提示,宮頸癌前病變組織中的HLA-G可作為預測宮頸癌發(fā)生的一項診斷指標。

巴西庫里提巴地區(qū)人群中研究HLA-G基因啟動子的甲基化修飾與HPV病毒易感性以及宮頸組織病變進程的關系,結果顯示HLA-G啟動子區(qū)去甲基化在重度宮頸上皮內瘤變CIN2/3組與輕度CIN1組差異不明顯。提示在宮頸癌發(fā)生過程HLA-G并非通過啟動子去甲基化發(fā)揮免疫監(jiān)視[45]。

3.6腸病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71) 腸道病毒71型(EV71),常引起兒童手足口病、病毒性咽峽炎、腦干腦炎(brain stem encepha1itis,BE)和肺水腫(pu1monary edema,PE)等疾病。研究發(fā)現,在EV71型病毒引起肺水腫患者外周血單核細胞上調表達HLA-G分子,血漿中sHLA-G、IL-10及IL-6分泌水平增加[46]。在EV71型病毒引起嚴重手足口病兒童中研究發(fā)現,患者外周血血漿中sHLA-G含量顯著增加[47]。

3.7其他病毒 通過病毒感染人神經元細胞系后,發(fā)現狂犬病病毒(RABV)感染的細胞主要誘導HLA-G1分子表達,而單純皰疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-1)感染者主要誘導HLA-G3和HLA-G5表達,兩者均上調了培養(yǎng)液中IFN-β和IFN-γ細胞因子分泌增加,并誘導了鄰近未感染病毒的細胞激活了HLA-G蛋白的表達[48]。病毒感染機體可通過多種機制誘導免疫耐受分子HLA-G表達或sHLA-G分泌,并改變感染微環(huán)境細胞因子表達譜,是病毒逃逸宿主免疫監(jiān)視的有效手段。因此,監(jiān)測HLA-G分子的表達情況有助于制定有效的抗病毒治療方案。

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[47] 陳曉晴,王慧燕,高艷,等.HLA-G14 bp基因多態(tài)性及血血漿sHLA-G水平與兒童EV71感染的關系研究.中華實驗和臨床病毒學雜志,2012,26:429-436.doi:10.3760/cm.j.issm. 1003-9279.2012.06.009

[48] Lafon M,Prehaud C,Megret F,et a1.Modu1ation of HLA-G expressioninhumanneura1ce11safterneurotropicvira1 infections.J Viro1,2005,79:15226-15237.doi:10.1128/ JVI.79.24.15226-15237.

Human 1eukocyte antigen-G(HLA-G)is a non-c1assica1 HLA c1ass I mo1ecu1e,characterized by 1ow DNA po1ymorphism and by its 1imited tissue distribution under norma1 physio1ogica1 conditions.Recent1y,HLA-G po1ymorphisms have now been reported to be invo1ved in vira1 infectious diseases;and the interference of vira1 proteins with HLA-G intrace11u1ar trafficking or IL-10,interferon secretion have been described to modu1ate HLA-G expression during infections.In this review,we summarize the features of HLA-G expression by type of infections detai1ing the state of know1edge for each pathogenic agent.

國家自然科學基金(31370920);浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計劃項目(2015KYB438)

顏衛(wèi)華,E-mai1:yanwhcom@yahoo.com

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9279.2016.02.033

2015-01-13)

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