朱韻甜 張潤(rùn)澤▲ 周大春
1.浙江省腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科,浙江杭州310000;2.浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬邵逸夫醫(yī)院麻醉科,浙江杭州310000
不同麻醉方法及藥物對(duì)惡性腫瘤患者術(shù)后免疫及腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的影響研究進(jìn)展
朱韻甜1張潤(rùn)澤1▲周大春2
1.浙江省腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科,浙江杭州310000;2.浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬邵逸夫醫(yī)院麻醉科,浙江杭州310000
麻醉及其相關(guān)藥物可直接或間接作用于機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng),對(duì)患者的免疫功能產(chǎn)生影響,而不同的麻醉方式和不同的麻醉藥物可對(duì)機(jī)體免疫產(chǎn)生不同影響。機(jī)體的免疫功能很大程度上影響著惡性腫瘤患者的治療和預(yù)后,而對(duì)這一類患者來說,手術(shù)是最為直接有效的治療方式。因此,探討采用不同的麻醉方式及藥物對(duì)惡性腫瘤患者術(shù)后免疫的影響,具有十分重要的意義。
麻醉方式;麻醉藥物;免疫功能;腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移;鎮(zhèn)痛
[Abstract]Anesthesia and related drugs can affect the body's immune system and patient's immune function directly or indirectly.Meanwhile,different anesthesia methods and anesthetic drugs can have different effects on the body's immunity.The treatment and prognosis of patients with malignant tumors are strongly influenced by the immune system.For cancer patients,surgery is often the most effective treatment,anesthesia and surgery are often imperative.Therefore,the study is to explore different ways of anesthesia and different anesthetics affect cancer patients’immunization,which has a very important significance.
[Key words]Anesthesia methods;Anesthetics;Immune function;Tumor metastasis;Analgesia
惡性腫瘤是全球常見疾病之一,其治療方法有手術(shù)切除、化療、放療等,而手術(shù)仍是主要方法。據(jù)以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同的麻醉藥物或方式均可對(duì)機(jī)體免疫造成顯著影響。主要表現(xiàn)在兩方面:一方面,麻醉可作用于機(jī)體的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng),間接調(diào)節(jié)免疫;另一方面,麻醉及其相關(guān)藥物也可對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)和免疫活性細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生直接作用。惡性腫瘤患者的免疫功能已經(jīng)低下,因此麻醉對(duì)其免疫系統(tǒng)及腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的影響不容忽視。
人體的免疫細(xì)胞主要包括B淋巴細(xì)胞和T淋巴細(xì)胞。B淋巴細(xì)胞起到體液免疫的作用,T淋巴細(xì)胞直接殺傷靶細(xì)胞起到細(xì)胞免疫的作用,機(jī)體免疫功能的改變往往由這些細(xì)胞數(shù)量或功能的改變?cè)斐伞6?xì)胞免疫在機(jī)體抗腫瘤免疫過程中發(fā)揮了主要作用。其中,T淋巴細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞(自然殺傷細(xì)胞)、巨噬細(xì)胞是主力細(xì)胞。
1.1不同麻醉方法對(duì)患者術(shù)后免疫功能的影響
有多位學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),全麻復(fù)合硬膜外麻醉或單純椎管內(nèi)麻醉,相比單純?nèi)椋墒够颊咝g(shù)后的免疫抑制情況有不同程度的減輕[1,2]。Ahlers等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),硬膜外麻醉的患者其血液中兒茶酚胺和皮質(zhì)醇水平的降低和淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量的增加相比靜脈全麻均更為明顯。研究[4-6]也發(fā)現(xiàn),肺癌患者在硬膜外麻醉下行腔鏡手術(shù),其NK細(xì)胞的數(shù)量可基本維持,這一情況明顯優(yōu)于在靜脈全麻下行開放手術(shù)的同類患者。也有研究[7]專門對(duì)T細(xì)胞亞群的變化進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)行全麻復(fù)合硬膜外麻醉的患者,對(duì)其在術(shù)中及術(shù)后于硬膜外腔注入適宜濃度的利多卡因,相比全憑靜脈麻醉的同類手術(shù)患者,更有效抑制手術(shù)刺激引起的炎癥反應(yīng),且對(duì)T細(xì)胞的抑制程度較輕。
靜脈麻醉與吸入麻醉對(duì)免疫功能不同影響的研究似乎更早,結(jié)論也更確定。Guptill等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼靜脈全麻與靜吸復(fù)合全麻相比,前者對(duì)免疫功能的抑制比后者輕,說明吸入麻藥對(duì)免疫細(xì)胞抑制作用較靜脈麻醉藥物大。
術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方式的選擇,也會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體術(shù)后免疫功能的恢復(fù)產(chǎn)生不同影響。Beilin等[9]觀察術(shù)后患者機(jī)體淋巴細(xì)胞對(duì)有絲分裂原誘導(dǎo)的增殖反應(yīng)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛組明顯優(yōu)于靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛組。Mrakovcic等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)直腸癌術(shù)后予硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛的患者對(duì)于NK細(xì)胞的抑制作用比靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛組弱。Gu等[11]也證實(shí)了在靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛組CD4+/CD8+比值下降幅度更大。
1.2不同麻醉藥物對(duì)患者術(shù)后免疫的影響
1.2.1阿片類藥物阿片類藥物在圍術(shù)期鎮(zhèn)痛和癌癥鎮(zhèn)痛上的應(yīng)用均非常廣泛。Weinert等[12]研究了感染小鼠模型的病死率,證實(shí)阿片類藥物抗免疫作用的存在。在離體實(shí)驗(yàn)中,臨床常用的阿片類藥物嗎啡可以抑制過氧化物的形成及細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),還可抑制巨噬細(xì)胞的功能,且對(duì)NK細(xì)胞的活性也具有抑制作用[13]。另一種常用阿片類藥物芬太尼,對(duì)NK細(xì)胞的殺傷活性具有抑制作用,且具有劑量相關(guān)性[14]。舒芬太尼是一種強(qiáng)效阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥,但是否對(duì)免疫功能產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,目前仍存在爭(zhēng)議。近年來越來越多的研究表明,舒芬太尼對(duì)于機(jī)體的細(xì)胞免疫功能具有一定的保護(hù)作用[15,16]。
曲馬多是一類弱阿片受體激動(dòng)劑,在目前臨床“多模式鎮(zhèn)痛”概念中扮演了重要角色,在一些研究中表現(xiàn)出對(duì)細(xì)胞免疫的保護(hù)作用。在一項(xiàng)研究中,宮頸癌手術(shù)術(shù)后患者給予曲馬多和嗎啡來進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)痛,兩組術(shù)后T細(xì)胞均受到抑制,但曲馬多的抑制持續(xù)時(shí)間明顯短于嗎啡,且曲馬多可增加NK細(xì)胞的活性[17]。
1.2.2α2腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑α2腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑具有鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜、抑制交感的作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,刺激中樞α2腎上腺素受體可誘發(fā)抗炎反應(yīng),刺激周圍α2腎上腺素受體可誘發(fā)促炎反應(yīng)[18,19],而刺激α2腎上腺素受體可使炎癥本身由促炎反應(yīng)向抗炎反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)變[20]。在這一理論支持下,我們可以得出結(jié)論,近年來臨床上頗受歡迎的右美托咪定其抗炎作用強(qiáng)于促炎作用。還有針對(duì)炎癥因子的相關(guān)研究[21,22]得出了兩種不同結(jié)論:一是α2腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑通過增加血漿中炎癥因子的釋放促進(jìn)了炎性反應(yīng);二是這一藥物可以降低某些炎癥因子(主要是TNF-α和IL-6)的水平,從而抑制炎性反應(yīng)[22]。這些不同的結(jié)果可能由實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和檢測(cè)指標(biāo)的不同而造成,但是均體現(xiàn)了α2腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑在免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮了不小的作用。而我們還需要進(jìn)行更多的研究來揭示其在機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)中的確切作用與機(jī)制。
1.2.3其他靜脈麻醉藥丙泊酚是目前臨床上常用的靜脈全麻藥物。有學(xué)者做了相關(guān)的比較研究,提出在術(shù)后機(jī)體免疫保護(hù)方面,丙泊酚明顯優(yōu)于吸入麻醉藥。也有人提出丙泊酚可以降低巨噬細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞的趨化能力。同樣,也有丙泊酚對(duì)于機(jī)體炎癥因子的影響研究[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),這一靜脈藥物可抑制小鼠給予內(nèi)毒素后血漿中TNF-α和IL-6升高的水平,并且呈劑量相關(guān)性。
咪達(dá)唑侖的應(yīng)用可降低機(jī)體免疫功能,而這一作用主要是通過抑制血漿中IL-8水平而導(dǎo)致的中性粒細(xì)胞黏附及趨化作用減弱來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[24]。有對(duì)于兒科手術(shù)常用的氯胺酮的相關(guān)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),這一藥物可抑制單核細(xì)胞的趨化作用,抑制氧自由基的形成和中性粒細(xì)胞表面黏附分子的表達(dá),還可通過線粒體途徑誘導(dǎo)T淋巴細(xì)胞的凋亡[25]。
1.2.4吸入麻醉藥吸入麻醉藥對(duì)免疫功能的抑制作用已被許多研究所證實(shí)。離體實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),氟烷、恩氟烷和異氟烷均可抑制NK細(xì)胞的殺傷活性,異氟烷還可降低人肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬功能,并抑制相關(guān)炎癥因子的釋放[13]。有相關(guān)研究提示,七氟烷和異氟烷可能對(duì)DCs的抗原遞呈作用存在負(fù)面影響,從而使患者術(shù)后CD80表達(dá)較術(shù)前明顯下降[26]。而這里所提到的DCs,其功能低下或缺陷、數(shù)量減少、耐受性DCs的產(chǎn)生,均可影響T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的抗腫瘤免疫作用,體現(xiàn)了這一免疫刺激因子在腫瘤免疫中所起的重要作用[27]。
1.2.5局部麻醉藥局部麻醉藥常用于手術(shù)部位的局部麻醉和術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛。雖然之前我們提到了需要應(yīng)用局麻藥物的相關(guān)麻醉方式相對(duì)于全麻來說,對(duì)機(jī)體的免疫抑制作用較輕。因?yàn)榫致樗幙梢宰铚魅肷窠?jīng)的傳遞,減輕機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng),還可減少阿片類藥物的用量,從而降低這類藥物對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的抑制。但在離體實(shí)驗(yàn)中,局麻藥對(duì)于多種免疫活性細(xì)胞功能的抑制作用仍不可忽視。臨床濃度的布比卡因、利多卡因及丁卡因可抑制離體內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞分泌IL-8。羅哌卡因、利多卡因可抑制NK細(xì)胞活性[28]。
惡性腫瘤的病理分級(jí)、臨床分期、手術(shù)清掃情況、術(shù)后殘余病灶大小等均可影響腫瘤術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移及患者的生存率。而圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用不同的麻醉方式及麻醉藥物,可能對(duì)腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移有不同的影響,直接影響患者的預(yù)后。
一項(xiàng)對(duì)前列腺癌術(shù)后患者采用不同麻醉方法的試驗(yàn)中[29],患者被分成硬膜外麻醉組和非硬膜外麻醉組,2年隨訪期內(nèi)硬膜外組復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率為6%,而非硬膜外組為10%。同類研究[30]將原發(fā)性乳腺癌患者隨機(jī)分為全麻聯(lián)合硬膜外麻醉及單純?nèi)?,隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn)后者的復(fù)發(fā)率更高。這些研究都說明臨床上應(yīng)用區(qū)域麻醉可明顯降低腫瘤的短期復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率,但這一結(jié)論的具體機(jī)制仍不清楚,可能與區(qū)域麻醉對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)[31]。
嗎啡可增加COX-2的表達(dá),促進(jìn)前列腺素的釋放,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移[32]。在多項(xiàng)研究中,非甾體類抗炎鎮(zhèn)痛藥表現(xiàn)出了免疫保護(hù)作用,并可抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移[33]。但非選擇性的非甾體類抗炎鎮(zhèn)痛藥吲哚美辛顯然并不包括在內(nèi),它同時(shí)抑制COX-1和COX-2,降低了機(jī)體的免疫功能,促進(jìn)了腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移[34]。
大鼠離體實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),氟烷及氯胺酮可降低NK細(xì)胞的活性及數(shù)量,促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移[35]。而阿片類藥物同樣在腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移方面不具有正面作用,可抑制一些免疫細(xì)胞的活性,不利于機(jī)體對(duì)腫瘤的免疫監(jiān)視[36]。相反,關(guān)于靜脈麻醉藥丙泊酚的兩項(xiàng)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)[1,37]表明,臨床濃度的丙泊酚可抑制多種腫瘤細(xì)胞株的侵襲性,抑制細(xì)胞的黏附、轉(zhuǎn)移和促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,從而降低腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移。
從現(xiàn)有的研究結(jié)果中我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn),從麻醉方法來看,脊神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉與單純?nèi)橄啾?,術(shù)后的免疫指標(biāo)和腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移情況均優(yōu)于后者。從麻醉藥物來看,大多數(shù)的吸入麻醉藥、阿片類藥物和局麻藥等靜脈麻醉藥均在一定程度上降低免疫,有時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致惡性腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率的增高。而曲馬多、選擇性非甾體類抗炎鎮(zhèn)痛藥和丙泊酚則對(duì)機(jī)體的免疫功能具有不同程度的保護(hù)作用,可以降低腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率。因此,對(duì)于惡性腫瘤患者,周密的麻醉方案的制定和合適的麻醉藥物的選擇,這兩個(gè)方面對(duì)治療效果及預(yù)后都有著至關(guān)重要的影響,我們可以據(jù)此進(jìn)行更多更深入的相關(guān)研究,以指導(dǎo)臨床應(yīng)用。
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Progress in effects of different methods of anesthesia and anesthetics on immunization and tumor metastasis of cancer patients after surgery
ZHU Yuntian1ZHANG Runze1ZHOU Dachun2
1.Anesthesiology Department,Zhejiang Cancer Hospital,Hangzhou310000,China;2.Anesthesiology Department,Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Medical Univerity,Hangzhou310000,China
R614
A
1673-9701(2016)21-0165-04
2016-03-24)
浙江省自然科學(xué)基金(Y2110421)▲