范忠偉綜述,譚美云審校
(西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院骨與關(guān)節(jié)外科,四川瀘州 646000)
調(diào)控SDF-1/CXCR4軸在骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向心肌梗死部位歸巢中的研究現(xiàn)狀*
范忠偉綜述,譚美云審校
(西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院骨與關(guān)節(jié)外科,四川瀘州 646000)
骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;SDF-1/CXCR4軸;心肌梗死;細(xì)胞遷移
據(jù)統(tǒng)計,我國每10萬人中有近50人死于急性心肌梗死、近100人死于冠心病,傳統(tǒng)治療均不能撤底改善心功能,雖然異體心臟移植能夠徹底改善心功能,但供體來源非常有限而不能臨床廣泛應(yīng)用。心肌細(xì)胞具有不可再生性,缺血后心肌細(xì)胞的大量減少是導(dǎo)致心肌梗死后發(fā)生心衰的主要原因。利用骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞 (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)修復(fù)受損心肌或者能夠促進心肌細(xì)胞再生為心肌梗死的治療帶來了新希望。研究表明,BMSCs被動員到并遷移到缺血的心肌后能夠通過釋放多種促進缺血心肌組織再血管化的生長因子和細(xì)胞因子,自身分化成為心肌樣細(xì)胞等多種途徑改善心功能。然而,心梗后能夠被動員并最終順利歸巢到缺血心肌的BMSCs數(shù)量非常稀少,以至于對心功能的損害不能起到很好的彌補作用。基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子1(stromal cell derived factor-1,SDF-1)及其受體CXC趨化因子受體4(CXC chemokine receptor 4,CXCR4)所開啟的信號傳導(dǎo)途徑成為了促進BMSCs有效歸巢到缺血心肌的關(guān)鍵信號軸,大量研究顯示,BMSCs表面CXCR4表達的越多,SDF-1引導(dǎo)BMSCs向心肌梗死部位遷移的就越多,并且BMSCs可以隨SDF-1的濃度梯度向心肌梗死部位遷移[1-6]。
因此,對SDF-1/CXCR4信號軸的有效調(diào)控可能是促進BMSCs大量歸巢到缺血心肌,進而更有效改善心臟重構(gòu)和心功能的一個新的充滿希望的治療方法。
趨化因子是細(xì)胞分泌的具有趨化作用的一種小分子蛋白物質(zhì),是現(xiàn)今了解最細(xì)的細(xì)胞因子家族。根據(jù)其N端在前兩個半胱氨酸殘基中的位置,趨化因子被分為四種亞型,分別是 C,CC,CXC,和 CX3C?;|(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子 1-α((stromal cell derived factor-1α,SDF-1α),也被稱為趨化因子配體12(CXCL12),是唯一已知G蛋白受體的配體,該種G蛋白受體被稱為七次跨膜的趨化因子受體4(CXCR4),CXCR4含352個氨基酸殘基,編碼基因位于人染色體2q21,主要表達于單核細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞和激活的T細(xì)胞[7]。與其他可結(jié)合多種趨化因子的受體不同,CXCR4專一性地與SDF-1結(jié)合,介導(dǎo)許多的生理功能,包括細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移、血管生成、胚胎發(fā)育以及細(xì)胞免疫等[8]。在成人骨髓中,SDF-1α/CXCR4信號軸還控制著造血干細(xì)胞歸巢的趨化性,腫瘤的侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移也發(fā)揮著重要的作用[9]。最近研究顯示,SDF-1還可以同CXC趨化因子受體7(CXC chemokine receptor 7,CXCR7)結(jié)合,然而CXCR7被SDF-1激活后卻并未表現(xiàn)出對細(xì)胞的趨化作用[4]。
SDF-1作為C–X–C趨化因子亞科中的一員,于1996年首先從小鼠的骨髓間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞中分離出來,已被報道有許多種組織表達有這種物質(zhì),包括骨髓、心臟、肝臟、腎臟、胸腺、脾臟、骨骼肌,大腦以及血小板[8,10]。通過對人和老鼠的SDF-1基因結(jié)構(gòu)分析,由于通過單個基因編碼以及由于可變剪接,導(dǎo)致了SDF-1α和SDF-1β兩種形式。后來Gleichmann等在成年大鼠的大腦、心臟及肺中發(fā)現(xiàn)了另一種剪接變體,被命名為SDF-1γ,并且該亞型在心臟中表達量最高。然而,SDF-1γ在心肌梗死的過程中的表達卻是保持不變的,反之,另外1種SDF-1α在心肌梗死的病理過程中卻扮演著極其重要的角色。后來又有研究者經(jīng)過RT-PCR分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類還存在另外3種亞型,分別是SDF-1ε,SDF-1δ,SDF-1ζ,通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這些不同亞型的SDF-1在刺激細(xì)胞遷移的能力上是不同的[10,11]。
BMSCs是一種具有多項分化潛能的細(xì)胞,它于1976年被Friedenstein等人首次提出來,自那時起,BMSCs便成為了用于研究組織再生被研究得最為詳細(xì)的細(xì)胞[12]。比如將它用于研究心肌梗死、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的損傷、肺損傷、膀胱損傷、肝臟損傷、陰道損傷等。可以通過全骨髓貼壁培養(yǎng)法、密度梯度離心法、流式細(xì)胞儀分選法和免疫磁珠分選法而獲得BMSCs。由于全骨髓貼壁培養(yǎng)法較易掌握,并且培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞污染機會少,細(xì)胞增殖快,因此是一種目前大多數(shù)人使用的方法[13]。目前主要是通過流式細(xì)胞計數(shù)儀檢測細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志物來確定是否是BMSCs,由于BMSCs表達多種表面標(biāo)志物,比如CD29,CD71,CD44,CD90,CDl20A等,現(xiàn)在大多采用鑒定抗體CD29,CD44,CD90來鑒定擴增的BMSCs[14]。
越來越多的證據(jù)表明,BMSCs在用于疾病心肌梗死以及之后的心力衰竭的細(xì)胞療法上是一種非常有前景的細(xì)胞,通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BMSCs主要是通過分化為心肌細(xì)胞、心肌血管再生、釋放出旁分泌因子、抗心律失常及增強心臟神經(jīng)等作用來達到細(xì)胞治療的效果[6]。
通過以往的研究,現(xiàn)在業(yè)界普遍認(rèn)為SDF-1通過與CXCR4結(jié)合介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的遷移,因此,通過提高受損部位SDF-1的表達就可以促進CXCR4陽性細(xì)胞向受損部位的歸巢。經(jīng)過研究顯示有30種不同表達的基因參與了被SDF-1刺激的BMSCs,其中有11種參與了細(xì)胞的移動[2]。另一個趨化因子受體CXCR7也顯示出對SDF-1有非常高的親和力,然而當(dāng)CXCR7被SDF-1激活后,并非有助于細(xì)胞的遷移[4]。許多證據(jù)表明,在動物損傷模型上SDF-1α/CXCR4軸在BMSCs的歸巢上扮演著重要的角色[5,6],體內(nèi)高表達的CXCR4不僅有利于BMSCs的遷移,還有助于提高BMSCs的營養(yǎng)作用效果。在小鼠急性心肌梗死模型上,通過局部灌注BMSCs,心肌細(xì)胞缺乏表達CXCR4組同心肌細(xì)胞高表達CXCR4組相比,前者心臟功能明顯沒有后者心臟功能恢復(fù)好,盡管二者平均增加的血管密度無明顯差異[1]。雖然受損局部表達的SDF-1與它的受體CXCR4對遷移細(xì)胞的歸巢起著關(guān)鍵性的作用,但是通過體外培養(yǎng)擴增的BMSCs表達的CXCR4水平卻很低[15]。
3.1 提高CXCR4的表達
經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CXCR4的表達受多種因素的調(diào)節(jié),包括細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子、基質(zhì)細(xì)胞、粘附分子和蛋白水解酶。組織損傷和缺氧或應(yīng)激的相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子會提高CXCR4的表達,比如核因子-kB(nuclear factor-kB,NF-kB)[16]、缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α(hypoxia–inducible facter-1α,HIF-1α)[17]、糖皮質(zhì)激素、溶血卵磷脂[18]、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(transforming growth factor-? 1,TGF-β1)[19]、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)[16]、干擾素α和幾種白介素(白介素2、白介素4和白介素7)[20]。因此在心臟處于應(yīng)激的條件下可能會上調(diào)CXCR4在干細(xì)胞中的表達。研究者們已經(jīng)采取了許多方法提高CXCR4的表達從而提高心肌梗死的治療效果。比如,在動物損傷模型中,用腺病毒、逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒和慢病毒來轉(zhuǎn)染CXCR4都提高了BMSCs的動員和遷移[21]。陽離子脂質(zhì)體可以作為另一種轉(zhuǎn)染基因的方式,用于代替用病毒作為載體的轉(zhuǎn)染方式,因為陽離子脂質(zhì)體作為載體具有低毒、低免疫原性、費用低以及相對較容易建立起核酸/脂質(zhì)體復(fù)合體,因此有利于大規(guī)模的臨床使用[22]。在小鼠急性心肌梗死模型中,通過丹參酮IIA和黃氏甲苷IV預(yù)處理的BMSCs,提高了BMSCs的歸巢能力,在體外實驗中證實提高了CXCR4的表達[23]。在缺氧的條件下,高表達CXCR4的BMSCs釋放基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2和matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9),該酶可以提高BMSCs穿過基底膜,提高干細(xì)胞到達受損心肌部位,減少受損后的瘢痕,從而提高心臟功能[24]。通過胰島素生長因子 1(Insulin growth factor-1,IGF-1)預(yù)處理的BMSCs用于治療急性心肌梗死后,提高了BMSCs的遷移能力,心肌得到了明顯的修復(fù),其中主要參與的機制就是提高了CXCR4的表達[25]。通過加入糖原合酶激酶3β阻滯劑也能提高CXCR4的表達,進而提高BMSCs的遷移能力[26]。通過脂質(zhì)聚乙二醇將CXCR4合并重組到BMSCs的細(xì)胞膜上,也能提高BMSCs的遷移能力[5]。
3.2 提高SDF-1α的表達
心肌梗死后SDF-1α分泌的水平會增加,但這種高水平的SDF-1α卻是短暫的,維持的水平不會超過7 d[5,6],這是因為SDF-1α?xí)欢幕拿窱V (dipeptidyl peptidase-IV,DDP-IV)滅活[27]。因此,通過使用DDP-IV阻止劑可以提高SDF-1α的水平,從而提高干細(xì)胞遷移到受損心肌的能力[28]。同樣還可以直接向受損區(qū)域注射SDF-1α以提高BMSCs的遷移,就如同通過腺病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)或通過生物材料可控性的釋放提高SDF-1α的表達一樣,然而,通過加入CXCR4阻滯劑AMD3100后卻會阻止這種功效[4]。沖擊波或是超聲波治療也被證實可以提高SDF-1α的表達進而提高BMSCs的遷移[29]。低剪切應(yīng)力也被證實可以提高BMSCs的遷移能力,其中的作用機制就是提高SDF-1的分泌和提高CXCR4的表達[30]。通過皮膚張力的機械牽拉也可以暫時的提高SDF-1α從而提高BMSCs在體內(nèi)或是體外的遷移能力,但是這種遷移能力會被AMD3100明顯阻斷,因此證實CXCR4受體在這個過程中起著重要的作用[31]。Qin Jiang等研究認(rèn)為,通過遠(yuǎn)程缺血處理后可以提高SDF-1α的表達,進而提高通過靜脈注射BMSCs在心肌的儲存量[2]。MacArthur等通過在心肌梗死部位直接注射SDF-1α的類似物后提高了梗死心臟的機械性能[32]。
3.3 SDF-1α/CXCR4與相關(guān)信號通路的關(guān)系
SDF-1α通過激活磷脂酰肌醇三激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信號通路增加BMSCs的遷移[3],通過加入蛋白激酶C激動劑后被證實是通過PI3K/Akt信號通路增加BMSCs的遷移[33]。低氧條件下也被證明可以通過PI3K/Akt信號通路增加BMSCs的遷移,并且這種遷移效果會被PI3K/Akt信號通路阻滯劑LY294002所阻斷[31]。Lin等認(rèn)為在心肌梗死之后,激活蛋白2α(protein kinase-2α,AP2α)通過Akt信號通路對一氧化碳(carbonic oxide,CO)引導(dǎo)SDF-1α的表達起著至關(guān)重要的作用[34]。在CXCR4基因改進型的BMSCs中含磷的Akt以及激活的磷酸基變位酶蛋白激酶(phosphomitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)的水平達到最大值后會被加入的AMD3100恢復(fù)到基礎(chǔ)水平,經(jīng)過PI3K特殊阻滯劑LY294002和MAPK阻滯劑PD98059預(yù)處理的BMSCs后,表達CXCR4的BMSCs的遷移會顯著的減弱[35]。這有可能是 PI3K/Akt和MAPK/ERK(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶)兩個轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)路徑都參與了通過引導(dǎo)CXCR4的表達來提高BMSCs的遷移。
大量的研究表明,趨化因子是BMSCs用于治療心肌梗死的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)因素,其中,SDF-1是最重要的因子之一,SDF-1/CXCR4在調(diào)節(jié)BMSCs的移植、動員、血管重建以及新生血管的形成方面是被廣泛接受的。本文總結(jié)了SDF-1與它的受體CXCR4一起構(gòu)成SDF-1/CXCR4系統(tǒng)并參與到BMSCs治療心肌梗死的修復(fù)過程中,并且SDF-1/CXCR4可以作為一個潛在的調(diào)控靶點來提高BMSCs治療心肌梗死的效果。雖然有大量的研究證明通過高表達或持續(xù)釋放SDF-1/CXCR4在BMSCs治療心肌梗死過程中,對BMSCs遷移到心肌以及對心臟血管的生成上和對心臟的保護方面表現(xiàn)出了積極的作用,但也有人研究證實SDF-1/CXCR4在心肌修復(fù)上的負(fù)面影響,比如,Chen等認(rèn)為通過腺病毒轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)提高CXCR4表達后,心肌的梗死面積有所擴大,減弱了心臟功能,其原因是提高了炎性細(xì)胞的歸巢、增加了腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)α的表達進而提高了心肌細(xì)胞的壞死[36]。目前關(guān)于提高SDF-1/CXCR4表達來引導(dǎo)BMSCs的遷移大多處于離體研究中,因此還需要額外的大規(guī)模的臨床前試驗來闡明SDF-1/CXCR4軸在BMSCs治療心肌梗死中的病理生理學(xué)。
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(2015-11-17收稿)
R394.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-2669.2016.03.027
*國家自然科學(xué)基金(31271049)
范忠偉(1989-),男,碩士研究生。
譚美云(1974-),男,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,副教授,E-mail:drtmy@126.com