孫 遠(yuǎn),張 婷,劉 泉
(中山大學(xué)中山眼科中心,眼科學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣東廣州 510060)
近視眼防治的研究進(jìn)展*
孫 遠(yuǎn),張 婷,劉 泉
(中山大學(xué)中山眼科中心,眼科學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣東廣州 510060)
眼球在調(diào)節(jié)放松的狀態(tài)下,平行光線經(jīng)過(guò)眼屈光系統(tǒng)折射后聚焦在視網(wǎng)膜之前,稱(chēng)為近視眼(myopia)。近視眼是最常見(jiàn)的眼病之一,在亞洲一些地區(qū),近視眼尤其高發(fā),如中國(guó)大陸、中國(guó)臺(tái)灣、新加坡等地區(qū),近視眼發(fā)病率高達(dá)80%,其中中高度近視眼發(fā)病率可達(dá)20%[1-3],在美國(guó)也至少影響25%的成年人群[4-5]。屈光手術(shù)、眼鏡、角膜接觸鏡等可以矯正近視眼患者的屈光不正,但是卻無(wú)法控制近視的加深及治療高度近視眼相關(guān)的異常病理狀態(tài)和并發(fā)癥,如后鞏膜葡萄腫、視網(wǎng)膜脫離、黃斑變性、青光眼、白內(nèi)障等[6-9]。近視眼已經(jīng)成為影響公眾健康的主要疾病之一,但是目前仍然缺乏可以廣泛推廣的治療方案,本文就目前主要的治療方法綜合論述。
毒蕈堿受體拮抗劑可以控制近視眼進(jìn)展,以阿托品和哌侖西平的相關(guān)研究較多,其中阿托品用于控制近視可以追溯到上世紀(jì)二十年代。起初認(rèn)為其通過(guò)松弛睫狀肌來(lái)控制近視,但是在無(wú)睫狀肌眼阿托品仍然有作用[10],提示其通過(guò)抑制眼內(nèi)其他部位的M受體(muscarinic receptor)來(lái)調(diào)控鞏膜生長(zhǎng)以控制近視[11]。毒蕈堿受體拮抗劑很可能是通過(guò)拮抗M1和M4型受體來(lái)發(fā)揮抑制近視的作用[12-13],其作用效果呈濃度依賴(lài)性,實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)雙眼離焦誘導(dǎo)的小雞,單眼注射阿托品,對(duì)側(cè)眼近視進(jìn)展同樣得到延緩,推測(cè)阿托品的抑制近視效果與中樞神經(jīng)反饋也存在一定關(guān)系[14]。但是具體作用位置在視網(wǎng)膜或是直接作用于鞏膜目前仍存在一定爭(zhēng)議[15]。雖然具體作用機(jī)制未十分明了,但是已有Meta分析顯示毒蕈堿受體拮抗劑單從控制效果來(lái)講是目前最佳的方法[16-17]。
ATOM1試驗(yàn)納入400名6~12歲兒童,隨機(jī)分為1%阿托品組和安慰劑組,用藥2年之后,阿托品組度數(shù)進(jìn)展0.28±0.92 D,眼軸增長(zhǎng)0.02±0.35 mm,而安慰劑組進(jìn)展為1.20±0.69 D,眼軸增長(zhǎng)0.38± 0.38 mm,1%阿托品效果顯著[18],未觀察到對(duì)視網(wǎng)膜有毒副作用[19]。但是高濃度的阿托品停藥后卻會(huì)出現(xiàn)近視進(jìn)展加速的現(xiàn)象,使近視控制效果大打折扣[20],Shih等人研究了0.5%、0.25%、0.1%濃度的阿托品滴眼液,納入186名6~13歲青少年,隨機(jī)入組,用藥兩年,發(fā)現(xiàn)3種濃度的阿托品都可以顯著抑制近視進(jìn)展(0.5%,0.04±0.63 D/年;0.25%,0.45±0.55 D/年;0.1%,0.47±0.91 D/年;空白對(duì)照組,1.06±0.61 D/年),阿托品的常見(jiàn)不良反應(yīng)包括畏光、視近不清、過(guò)敏性結(jié)膜炎等,高發(fā)的不良反應(yīng)及停藥回退效應(yīng)限制了高濃度的阿托品的廣泛應(yīng)用。最近有試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)低濃度阿托品依然可以抑制近視眼進(jìn)展,ATOM2試驗(yàn)納入400例 6~12歲兒童,隨機(jī)分為0.5%、0.1%、0.01%阿托品組,試驗(yàn)報(bào)道了用藥2年及5年的結(jié)果,顯示0.01%低濃度阿托品也有控制近視眼的效果,停藥后無(wú)明顯近視回退現(xiàn)象,整體控制效果優(yōu)于高濃度組,且不良反應(yīng)更少[21-22]。本課題組進(jìn)行臨床試驗(yàn)納入快速進(jìn)展期的中低度近視眼兒童 (前一年的近視進(jìn)展大于0.5 D),中期分析顯示0.01%治療組近視進(jìn)展0.06 D±0.065 D/月,對(duì)照組進(jìn)展0.10 D± 0.079 D/月(P=0.01),表明低濃度阿托品對(duì)近視快速進(jìn)展期的兒童也有作用,用藥后暗室瞳孔約增大0.5 mm左右,無(wú)嚴(yán)重的畏光和視近不清。
選擇性M受體拮抗劑哌侖西平可以選擇拮抗眼內(nèi)組織的M1和M4受體[13,23]。美國(guó)Siatkowski等人發(fā)現(xiàn),2年后用藥組近視進(jìn)展0.58±0.53 D,安慰劑組進(jìn)展0.99±0.68 D,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.008)[24];新加坡Tan等人研究結(jié)果顯示用藥1年后用藥組進(jìn)展0.47 D,對(duì)照組進(jìn)展0.84 D,哌侖西平可以抑制近視進(jìn)展(P<0.001)[25]。雖然以M1和M4受體為主,但是哌侖西平對(duì)其他型M受體仍有微弱親和力,由于有效劑量相對(duì)較高,仍然會(huì)引起一定程度瞳孔散大和調(diào)節(jié)麻痹等不良反應(yīng)[24-25]。另外,托品酰胺和環(huán)戊通并未發(fā)現(xiàn)有明顯的控制近視效果[26-27]。
光學(xué)矯正不僅可以糾正眼睛的屈光缺陷,以獲得清晰的中心視力,同時(shí)光學(xué)矯正的視覺(jué)效果對(duì)眼球的發(fā)育也起到至關(guān)重要的作用。目前,許多家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)為近視眼兒童早期配鏡會(huì)加速近視發(fā)展,不接受配鏡或者要求佩戴欠矯的眼鏡,使很多兒童長(zhǎng)期處于視物朦朧狀態(tài),不利于眼球的正常發(fā)育。雖然動(dòng)物研究證明人為造成近視離焦,使圖像聚焦于視網(wǎng)膜之前可以抑制近視的進(jìn)展[28-30],但是臨床試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于配鏡欠矯造成的近視離焦并不能減緩近視眼發(fā)展,反而造成進(jìn)展加速[31-32]。整個(gè)視網(wǎng)膜區(qū)域的視覺(jué)體驗(yàn)都會(huì)影響到眼球的發(fā)育,而不僅僅是黃斑中心凹,即使保持良好的中心視力,對(duì)周邊視網(wǎng)膜的形覺(jué)剝奪或是光學(xué)離焦都可以影響到眼軸的發(fā)育[33-34]。流行病學(xué)研究也證明近視眼的發(fā)生和周邊視網(wǎng)膜的相對(duì)遠(yuǎn)視離焦有一定關(guān)聯(lián)[35]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)提供了一種控制近視的新的思路,通過(guò)特殊光學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的眼鏡來(lái)使周邊視網(wǎng)膜呈近視離焦的狀態(tài),從而抑制近視眼的進(jìn)展,同時(shí)保持良好的中心視力。
目前應(yīng)用最廣的是角膜塑形鏡,又稱(chēng)OK鏡,通過(guò)壓平角膜中央?yún)^(qū)上皮,達(dá)到降低角膜曲率的效果,同時(shí)周邊區(qū)域的角膜上皮增厚,曲率變陡。Kang等人分析了戴鏡14 d后的角膜及屈光度數(shù)據(jù),驗(yàn)證了OK鏡的確可以改變周邊角膜曲率,使周邊視野屈光度呈近視方向漂移[36]。Meta分析顯示佩戴OK鏡可以減緩約45%的近視進(jìn)展[37]。Cho等人納入102名低中度近視眼的兒童,隨機(jī)分配,一組佩戴OK鏡,一組戴框架眼鏡,2年后,OK鏡組眼軸增長(zhǎng)小于對(duì)照組(0.36± 0.24 mm vs 0.63±0.26 mm,P<0.01),年齡越小的近視眼兒童OK鏡控制效果越好[38]。HM-PRO試驗(yàn)納入 52例高度近視眼的兒童,隨機(jī)分組,治療鏡組佩戴4.00 D的OK鏡部分矯正近視,剩余度數(shù)用框架眼鏡矯正,2年后OK鏡組眼軸增長(zhǎng)顯著小于對(duì)照組(0.19±0.21 mm vs 0.51±0.32 mm,P=0.005),說(shuō)明OK鏡對(duì)高度近視眼也有控制效果,不過(guò)此試驗(yàn)失訪率較高,需要進(jìn)一步的臨床試驗(yàn)來(lái)證實(shí)[39]。近視度數(shù)越高、瞳孔越大,OK鏡的控制效果越好[40-41]。OK鏡使用中的安全問(wèn)題也日益引起重視,2001~2008年期間,共有100余例OK鏡相關(guān)角膜炎報(bào)道見(jiàn)諸國(guó)際期刊,包括革蘭氏陽(yáng)性及陰性細(xì)菌感染,以及棘阿米巴角膜炎[42],護(hù)理不當(dāng)造成的感染可能會(huì)造成永久的視力損失,雖然OK鏡控制近視的效果目前較明確,但是依然要保持警惕的態(tài)度,整個(gè)過(guò)程需在專(zhuān)業(yè)醫(yī)師的指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)護(hù)之下。OK鏡在停用后是否會(huì)有屈光回退尚未有答案,仍需更大樣本量、更長(zhǎng)隨訪時(shí)間的臨床試驗(yàn)來(lái)驗(yàn)證。
不止OK鏡,一些特殊設(shè)計(jì)的框架眼鏡和角膜接觸鏡都有控制近視的效果,Lam等人進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲試驗(yàn),納入221名低中度近視眼兒童,佩戴周邊離焦的軟性角膜接觸鏡(peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses,PDMCL),試驗(yàn)持續(xù)2年,發(fā)現(xiàn)試驗(yàn)組屈光度同眼軸進(jìn)展均小于對(duì)照組 (0.59±0.49 D vs 0.79±0.56 D,P=0.031;0.25±0.23 mm vs 0.37±0.24 mm,P=0.009),相較于OK鏡,PDMCL的控制效果較弱。另外Lam指出PDMCL的控制效果同佩戴時(shí)間有關(guān),在每日佩戴超過(guò)5 h的兒童中,近視進(jìn)展減緩46%[43]。在另一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)交叉試驗(yàn)中,40例近視眼兒童,一只眼佩戴PDMCL,提供2.00 D的周邊近視離焦,另一眼佩戴普通軟性接觸眼,試驗(yàn)持續(xù)20個(gè)月,結(jié)果指出PDMCL可以達(dá)到和普通軟性接觸鏡相同的對(duì)比敏感度,持續(xù)的視網(wǎng)膜周邊離焦使得治療眼近視進(jìn)展得到減緩[44]。多焦框架眼鏡較接觸鏡佩戴更加方便,試驗(yàn)表明其可以延緩近視的發(fā)展,但是控制效果較弱,Yang等人納入178例無(wú)中高度近視家族史的近視眼兒童,觀察兩年,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨機(jī)分配至多焦框架眼鏡組的兒童近視進(jìn)展得以減緩18%左右,與對(duì)照組有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[45]。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)戶(hù)外活動(dòng)時(shí)間與近視眼進(jìn)展程度呈負(fù)相關(guān)[46-47]。研究顯示戶(hù)外活動(dòng)中與近視控制相關(guān)的是在戶(hù)外的總時(shí)間而非單純的體育運(yùn)動(dòng),因?yàn)槭覂?nèi)的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)并沒(méi)有控制近視眼的效果[47]。何明光同易軍暉等人分別用臨床試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了人為增加戶(hù)外活動(dòng)時(shí)間可以降低近視眼發(fā)病率,減緩近視進(jìn)展[48-49]。其中的機(jī)制目前認(rèn)為可能是陽(yáng)光中的紫外線使鞏膜纖維發(fā)生交聯(lián),加固鞏膜,減慢近視過(guò)程中鞏膜的重建[50]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鞏膜的重建受晝夜節(jié)律的影響[51],也可能是接觸更多的日光影響了眼球的生物節(jié)律,從而干涉近視眼的發(fā)展過(guò)程[52]。多巴胺是近視眼發(fā)展調(diào)控中的關(guān)鍵分子,更多光照影響多巴胺的分泌,從而抑制近視的發(fā)展,多巴胺拮抗劑可以減弱這種抑制近視的作用[53]。
原理是通過(guò)加強(qiáng)鞏膜的生物力學(xué)強(qiáng)度來(lái)限制眼軸的增長(zhǎng),可以分為后鞏膜加固術(shù)和鞏膜交聯(lián)術(shù)。后鞏膜加固術(shù)通過(guò)植入自體闊筋膜、異體鞏膜或合成材料于鞏膜后極部,植入物與后鞏膜粘連融合,使薄弱的鞏膜增厚[54],生物力學(xué)得以加強(qiáng)[55]。目前主要應(yīng)用于中國(guó)、俄羅斯和東歐等地區(qū),其療效和安全性仍存在爭(zhēng)議,雖然有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,手術(shù)可以控制高度近視眼眼軸的增長(zhǎng)[56],但是缺乏設(shè)計(jì)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)拈L(zhǎng)期的隨訪資料,不同術(shù)式設(shè)計(jì)或同一術(shù)式不同術(shù)者的術(shù)后效果差異較大。另外,手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥仍難以完全避免,如視網(wǎng)膜脫離、出血、睫狀視網(wǎng)膜動(dòng)脈阻塞、渦狀靜脈損失、眼球穿破等[57-58]。鞏膜交聯(lián)術(shù)通過(guò)物理或化學(xué)的方法使鞏膜膠原分子間產(chǎn)生交聯(lián)反應(yīng),使鞏膜變硬,力學(xué)抗性增加。Wollensak等人首先提出利用鞏膜交聯(lián)治療進(jìn)行性近視[59],有實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)兔眼及離體人眼進(jìn)行核黃素加紫外光照射,結(jié)果顯示此方法可以減緩眼軸增長(zhǎng),使鞏膜生物力學(xué)得以加強(qiáng)[60-61]。Wollensak指出能量為 3 mW/cm2的紫外光鞏膜照射30 min安全有效,長(zhǎng)期觀察未發(fā)現(xiàn)有對(duì)兔視網(wǎng)膜及RPE細(xì)胞造成損傷[62]。一些化學(xué)制劑,如戊二醛、甘油醛和京尼平等,也可以用于鞏膜交聯(lián),通過(guò)Tenon's囊下注射達(dá)到治療效果,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證明對(duì)視網(wǎng)膜無(wú)明顯毒副作用[63-64],但是甘油醛會(huì)造成篩板處?kù)柲ぷ冇?,成為青光眼的危險(xiǎn)因素[65]。鞏膜交聯(lián)術(shù)較后鞏膜加固術(shù)創(chuàng)傷更小,是未來(lái)治療近視的可行的備選方案,但是目前研究多集中在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,其真實(shí)效果仍需等待臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)驗(yàn)證。
如今,近視眼的治療主要目的在于如何延緩近視的進(jìn)展,降低高度近視眼的發(fā)病率,從而減少相關(guān)致盲性并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。雖然人們嘗試了各種各樣的方法,但還沒(méi)有一種能讓所有人接受的理想的方案,沒(méi)有一種方案不存在爭(zhēng)議。關(guān)于近視眼的發(fā)病機(jī)理和干預(yù)方式仍有太多的未知,需要進(jìn)一步的探索有效的、副作用小的治療方案。
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(2016-04-20收稿)
R771
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-2669.2016.03.002
*廣東省科教計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013B021800126);廣州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(12S202060079)
劉 泉,男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:drliuquan@163.com