周洪龍 張學(xué)軍 張茂營 閆中杰 徐智敏 徐如祥
移植人羊膜間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞促進(jìn)脊髓損傷大鼠神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)
周洪龍1張學(xué)軍2張茂營1閆中杰3徐智敏1徐如祥1
目的研究移植人羊膜間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(hAMSCs)是否促進(jìn)脊髓損傷大鼠神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù),探索其可能作用機(jī)制。方法60只雌性SD大鼠按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)治療組(30只)和hAMSCs治療組(30只)。脊髓損傷采用脊髓撞擊損傷模型,hAMSCs或PBS立刻移植到離脊髓損傷中心2 mm的頭尾兩端。免疫熒光檢測(cè)細(xì)胞分化,血管再生和軸突再生。酶聯(lián)免疫吸附劑測(cè)定試劑盒檢測(cè)腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)含量,BBB運(yùn)動(dòng)功能評(píng)分檢測(cè)行為學(xué)。結(jié)果在脊髓損傷后14 d、21 d和28 d,hAMSCs治療組BBB評(píng)分分別為(8.75±0.701)、(10.375±0.532)和(12.125±0.350),高于 PBS組(6.0±0.463)、(7.25±0.412)和(9.125± 0.440),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。在第7天和第14天,hAMSCs治療組BDNF表達(dá)水平分別為(75.138±4.367)pg/mg和 (66.483±4.099)pg/mg,高于PBS組 (43.901±3.607)pg/mg和 (41.108± 3.848)pg/mg,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。在第7天,第14天和第28天,hAMSCs治療組VEGF表達(dá)水平分別為(23.328±2.463)pg/mg,(22.301±2.223)pg/mg和(14.855±1.282)pg/mg,高于PBS組(9.978±1.572)pg/mg,(9.271±1.496)pg/mg和(7.113±1.123)pg/mg,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。hAMSCs治療組血管數(shù)目(17.5±2.102)高于PBS組(6.25±1.750),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。hAMSCs治療組小鼠抗5羥色胺陽性神經(jīng)纖維面積 (3486±203.643)和GAP43陽性神經(jīng)纖維面積(4568.25±253.881)高于PBS組(2070.25±156.344)和(2455.725±314.475),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論移植hAMSCs能促進(jìn)脊髓損傷大鼠神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù),其作用機(jī)制可能是通過增加神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子表達(dá),促進(jìn)血管再生和軸突再生。因此hAMSCs移植是治療脊髓損傷的理想方法。
間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;羊膜;脊髓損傷;移植;神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)
創(chuàng)傷性脊髓損傷(spinal cord injury,SCI)是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的嚴(yán)重疾病,常常導(dǎo)致患者嚴(yán)重的運(yùn)動(dòng)感覺功能障礙,也給家庭和社會(huì)帶來沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。脊髓損傷病理機(jī)制復(fù)雜,脊髓創(chuàng)傷引起損傷點(diǎn)急性細(xì)胞死亡,血管破壞和軸突損傷,接踵而至的是二次脊髓損傷,包括炎癥,水腫,自由基產(chǎn)生,組織缺血,興奮性毒性,細(xì)胞凋亡和軸突變性等[1]。盡管對(duì)其進(jìn)行了大量的研究,然而目前沒有滿意的治療SCI方法。
干細(xì)胞移植治療是脊髓損傷修復(fù)的理想方法。到目前為止,各種類型的干細(xì)胞已用為SCI治療,這些細(xì)胞包括胚胎干細(xì)胞(embryonic stem cell,ESCs),神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(neural stemcells,NSCs)和間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)[2-4]。在各種候選種子細(xì)胞中,MSCs由于其無倫理學(xué)、致瘤性和免疫排斥等問題或許是最優(yōu)的。在最近幾年,來源于人羊膜的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells,hAMSCs)由于具有非侵入性提取過程、來源豐富和低免疫原性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)特別被認(rèn)為是一種理想的候選干細(xì)胞。他們能向成骨、軟骨、脂肪、肝細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)系列細(xì)胞分化,也具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)特性,例如抑制T淋巴細(xì)胞增殖,阻斷樹突細(xì)胞分化和成熟[5]。此外,hAMSCs移植能提高心肌缺血大鼠心臟功能[6],促進(jìn)糖尿病小鼠傷口愈合[7],抑制四氯化碳誘導(dǎo)肝損傷小鼠肝纖維化[8],提高阿爾茨海默病小鼠記憶功能[9]。這些研究在hAMSCs移植對(duì)組織修復(fù)和再生方面提供了令人鼓舞的結(jié)果。然而關(guān)于hAMSCs移植對(duì)SCI的治療效應(yīng)及作用機(jī)制研究鮮有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。
因此,本研究的目的是調(diào)查hAMSCs移植對(duì)SCI的治療效應(yīng)及可能的作用機(jī)制。
一、分離hAMSCs和細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
胎盤取自6位剖宮產(chǎn)健康孕婦。后續(xù)處理過程經(jīng)中國人民解放軍陸軍總醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)知情同意。參照文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道分離hAMSCs的方法加以改進(jìn)[8]。簡短的,把羊膜從絨毛膜上鈍性分離下來后,用含有1%青霉素/鏈霉素的磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)反復(fù)沖洗去除血液和污物后,用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化30 min后,在顯微鏡下用細(xì)胞刮輕輕刮去羊膜上皮層,剩下的組織用眼科剪剪成碎片后用1%Ⅱ型膠原酶37℃消化60 min。獲取的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)在添加10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素/鏈霉素的DMEM培養(yǎng)基中。
二、動(dòng)物和實(shí)驗(yàn)分組
成年雌性SD大鼠(230~260 g)購自北京維通利華公司。所有的操作程序遵循相關(guān)動(dòng)物管理?xiàng)l例。SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為兩組:hAMSCs組(n=30)和對(duì)照組(n=30)。
三、脊髓損傷模型制作和細(xì)胞移植
大鼠用3.6%的水合氯醛經(jīng)腹腔麻醉后,切除T8~T10之間的部分椎板,暴露脊髓,用10 g的擊錘從25 mm高度自由落體擊打在T9段脊髓以制作脊髓損傷模型。損傷后即刻,5×105P4代hAMSCs重懸在5 μl PBS中,分為2個(gè)劑量,分別移植到以損傷點(diǎn)為中心的頭尾兩端,對(duì)照組注射等量的PBS。
四、免疫熒光
在SCI后28 d,大鼠(4只/組)經(jīng)灌注固定后,立刻取出脊髓后固定,脫水后切成片厚20 μm的冰凍切片。對(duì)于免疫熒光染色,切片用下列一抗:小鼠抗中心點(diǎn)生長相關(guān)蛋白 43(growth associated protein-43,GAP-43),兔抗GFAP,兔抗髓鞘堿性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP),兔抗 βIII微管蛋白(Tuj1),小鼠抗人核蛋白 (hNu),小鼠抗5羥色胺(mouse 5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT),兔抗vWF,兔抗S100。一抗4℃孵育過夜后,用PBS沖洗后,加相應(yīng)的熒光二抗室溫孵育2 h,圖片用共聚焦熒光顯微鏡拍攝,用Image J軟件進(jìn)行分析。
五、酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測(cè)定
在SCI后7 d、14 d和28 d,提取hAMSCs或PBS(在每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)每組取6只大鼠)注射的長約1 cm環(huán)繞損傷點(diǎn)的脊髓段,勻漿,離心。收集上清液,用 酶 聯(lián) 免 疫 吸 附 劑 測(cè) 定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)試劑盒定量分析腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子 (brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子 (vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)含量。
六、大鼠后肢功能的評(píng)定
在SCI后1 d、7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d,由兩位不知道實(shí)驗(yàn)分組的實(shí)驗(yàn)人員對(duì)大鼠 (8只/組)進(jìn)行BBB運(yùn)動(dòng)功能評(píng)分。后肢全癱為0分,完全正常為21分,兩者之間根據(jù)功能分別定為0~21分。
七、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析由SPSS13.0完成。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示。行為學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)比較使用重復(fù)測(cè)量的方差分析。血管數(shù)據(jù)比較使用曼-惠特尼 U檢驗(yàn)方法分析,其它數(shù)據(jù)則使用t檢驗(yàn)分析。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
一、hAMSCs在體內(nèi)分化
雙標(biāo)染色 hNu和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞特定標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)hAMSCs在體內(nèi)向神經(jīng)分化潛能。結(jié)果顯示在移植后28 d,hAMSCs不能向神經(jīng)元、星型膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和雪旺細(xì)胞分化(圖1)。
二、移植hAMSCs促進(jìn)血管再生
為了評(píng)估移植的hAMSCs是否能促進(jìn)血管再生,脊髓切片用vWF抗體染色并分析損傷中心點(diǎn)血管數(shù)目。結(jié)果顯示hAMSCs治療組血管數(shù)目17.5± 2.102高于PBS組6.25±1.750,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖2A~2C)。
三、移植hAMSCs促進(jìn)軸突再生
為了評(píng)估移植hAMSCs是否能促進(jìn)脊髓軸突再生,本研究檢測(cè)損傷GAP-43蛋白表達(dá)和離損傷點(diǎn)尾側(cè)5~7 mm腹側(cè)區(qū)5-HT蛋白的表達(dá)。結(jié)果顯示hAMSCs治療組 GAP-43陽性神經(jīng)纖維面積4568.25±253.881高于PBS組2070.25±156.344,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖2D~2F)。hAMSCs治療組5-HT陽性神經(jīng)纖維面積3486±203.643高于PBS組2455.725±314.475,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖2G~2I)。
四、移植hAMSCs提高損傷脊髓BDNF和VEGF表達(dá)水平
本研究用ELISA試劑盒檢測(cè)SCI后7 d、14 d和28 d損傷脊髓BDNF和VEGF表達(dá)水平。在第7天和第14天,hAMSCs治療組BDNF表達(dá)水平分別為(75.138±4.367)pg/mg和(66.483±4.099)pg/mg,高于PBS治療組(43.901±3.607)pg/mg和(41.108± 3.848)pg/mg,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)(圖3A)。在第7天、第14天和第28天,hAMSCs治療組VEGF表達(dá)水平分別為(23.328±2.463)pg/mg,(22.301±2.223)pg/mg和 (14.855±1.282)pg/mg,高于PBS治療組 (9.978±1.572)pg/mg,(9.271±1.496)pg/mg和(7.113±1.123)pg/mg,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖3B)。
五、移植hAMSCs促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)
本研究用BBB評(píng)分表評(píng)估脊髓損傷大鼠后肢運(yùn)動(dòng)功能,結(jié)果顯示在脊髓損傷后14 d、21 d和28 d,hAMSCs治療組BBB評(píng)分分別為8.75±0.701、10.375±0.532和 12.125±0.350,高于 PBS組評(píng)分6.0±0.463、7.25±0.412和9.125±0.440,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖3C)。
本研究目前的數(shù)據(jù)顯示移植hAMSCs到損傷脊髓能增加營養(yǎng)因子BDNF和VEGF的表達(dá)水平,促進(jìn)軸突再生和血管再生,促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中并沒有應(yīng)用免疫抑制劑,然而移植的hAMSCs在體內(nèi)存活至少28 d,說明hAMSCs具有良好的免疫耐受能力。免疫雙標(biāo)染色結(jié)果表明hAMSCs移植到損傷脊髓28 d后并不能向神經(jīng)元、星型膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和雪旺氏細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化。因此,筆者認(rèn)為移植hAMSCs到損傷脊髓導(dǎo)致的治療效應(yīng)是通過旁分泌作用而不是細(xì)胞替代作用。這些結(jié)果與其他的研究組的結(jié)果是一致的,支持MSCs導(dǎo)致功能恢復(fù)并不是通過細(xì)胞替代[10,11]。
圖1 在移植后28 d人羊膜間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞保持未分化狀態(tài)
BDNF是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)常見的神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子,能保護(hù)神經(jīng)元,促進(jìn)軸突再生,突觸可塑性和髓鞘再生[12]。應(yīng)用BDNF能減少空洞面積,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元存活,提高SCI大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)功能[13]。移植BDNF過表達(dá)MSCs能促進(jìn)SCI大鼠軸突再生和功能恢復(fù)[14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示移植hAMSCs能提高損傷脊髓BDNF表達(dá)水平,與BDNF上調(diào)結(jié)果一致的是,免疫熒光結(jié)果顯示與對(duì)照組相比,hAMSCs組損傷中心GAP-43+神經(jīng)纖維面積更大。相似的,移植hAMSCs促進(jìn)5-HT+神經(jīng)纖維再生。這些結(jié)果表明移植hAMSCs促進(jìn)功能恢復(fù)部分是通過上調(diào)BDNF從而促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生。
血管再生,是在原有血管的基礎(chǔ)上生成新血管的過程,在脊髓損傷后組織修復(fù)過程中起重要作用[15]。因此,脊髓損傷后增強(qiáng)血管再生是治療SCI的一個(gè)重要目的。hAMSCs具有強(qiáng)大的促血管再生能力,能分泌多種促血管再生因子,移植hAMSCs能促進(jìn)包括心肌缺血在內(nèi)的多種缺血性疾病血管再生[6]。在各種促血管生成因子中,VEGF對(duì)血管再生起關(guān)鍵作用,也呈現(xiàn)神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[16]。應(yīng)用VEGF能夠增加血管密度,減少細(xì)胞凋亡,提高SCI大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)功能[17]。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)與對(duì)照組相比,hAMSCs組VEGF表達(dá)水平和vWF+血管數(shù)目更高。因此,hAMSCs移植促進(jìn)SCI大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)作用機(jī)制之一是通過上調(diào)VEGF表達(dá)水平從而促進(jìn)血管再生。
圖2 人羊膜間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞移植促進(jìn)軸突再生和血管再生
圖3 hAMSCs移植提高脊髓腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子含量和大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)功能
總之,hAMSCs移植促進(jìn)SCI大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)。其可能是通過提高營養(yǎng)因子BDNF和VEGF表達(dá),促進(jìn)血管再生和神經(jīng)再生起作用。因此,hAMSCs是治療SCI的理想干細(xì)胞。
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Transplantation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional recovery in a rat model of traumatic spinal cord injury
Zhou Honglong1,Zhang Xuejun2,Zhang Maoying1,Yan Zhongjie3,Xu Zhimin1,Xu Ruxiang1.1Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital,The PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700,China;2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,The PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700,China;3Department of Neurosurgery,The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiazhuang 050000,China
ObjectiveTo assess whether hAMSCs transplantation promotes neurological functional recovery in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI).In addition,the potential mechanisms underlying the possible benefits of this therapy were investigated.MethodsA total of 60 Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into PBS group and hAMSCs group (n=30).The SCI models were induced by a weight Drop device and then hAMSCs,or phosphate buffered saline(PBS)were immediately injected into the contused dorsal spinal cord at 2 mm rostral and 2 mm caudal to the injury site.Immunohistochemistry were performed to assay differentiation,angiogenesis and axonal regeneration. The expressions of BDNF and VEGF were analyzed by ELISA.Hind limb motor function was assessedwith Basso,Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB)locomotor rating scale.ResultsAt 14,21 and 28 d after SCI,BBB scores(8.75±0.701,10.375±0.532,12.125±0.350)of the hAMSCs group were significantly higher than that of PBS group(6.0±0.463,7.25±0.412,9.125±0.440)(P<0.05).At 7 and 14 d after SCI, the levels of BDNF(75.138±4.367 pg/mg,66.483±4.099 pg/mg)of the hAMSCs group were significantly higher than that of PBS group(43.901±3.607 pg/mg,41.108±3.848 pg/mg)(P<0.05).At 7,14 and 28 d after SCI,the levels of VEGF (23.328±2.463 pg/mg,22.301±2.223 pg/mg,14.855±1.282 pg/mg)were significantly higher than that of PBS group(9.978±1.572 pg/mg,9.271±1.496 pg/mg,7.113±1.123 pg/mg) (P<0.05).The number of vWF+blood vessels 17.5±2.102 in the hAMSCs group was significantly higher than that in PBS group 6.25±1.750(P<0.05).The 5HT+fiber area 3486±203.643 and GAP43+fiber area 4568.25±253.881 in the hAMSCs group were significantly higher than that in PBS group (2070.25± 156.344,2455.725±314.475)(P<0.05).ConclusionhAMSCs transplantation significantly enhanced neurological function in rats after SCI.This enhanced neurological function may be due to increased expression of neurotrophic factors and both angiogenesis and axonal regeneration.Thus,hAMSCs transplantation appears to be promising in the treatment of SCI.
Mesenchymalstem cells;Human amnion;Spinal cord injury;Transplantation; Functional recovery
2016-08-18)
(本文編輯:張麗)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9141.2016.06.008
全軍醫(yī)藥科技“十二五”重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(BWS11J002);全軍醫(yī)藥科技“十二五”重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(BWS12J010);國家自然科學(xué)基金(81401032)
100700北京,解放軍陸軍總醫(yī)院附屬八一腦科醫(yī)院1;100700 北京,解放軍陸軍總醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科2;050000 石家莊,河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科3
徐如祥,Email:zjxuruxiang@163.com
周洪龍,張學(xué)軍,張茂營,等.移植人羊膜間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞促進(jìn)脊髓損傷大鼠神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)[J/CD].中華神經(jīng)創(chuàng)傷外科電子雜志,2016,2(6):355-360.