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HA轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF HepG2疫苗對(duì)IL-6誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞EMT的影響及機(jī)制

2016-03-03 06:58朱全杰段曉明劉海濤
關(guān)鍵詞:質(zhì)粒肝癌疫苗

朱全杰,段曉明,何 蜜,劉海濤

(1.湖南師范大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)沙醫(yī)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410006;2.長(zhǎng)沙市第四醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,長(zhǎng)沙 410006;3.湘潭市中心醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,湘潭 411100;4.湖南師范大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)沙醫(yī)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410006)

HA轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF HepG2疫苗對(duì)IL-6誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞EMT的影響及機(jī)制

朱全杰1,段曉明2,何 蜜3,劉海濤4

(1.湖南師范大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)沙醫(yī)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410006;2.長(zhǎng)沙市第四醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,長(zhǎng)沙 410006;3.湘潭市中心醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,湘潭 411100;4.湖南師范大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)沙醫(yī)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410006)

目的:探討HA轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF HepG2疫苗逆轉(zhuǎn)IL-6誘導(dǎo)HepG2肝癌細(xì)胞上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)的機(jī)制。方法:體外用HA轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF HepG2疫苗共培養(yǎng)受IL-6刺激的HepG2細(xì)胞,采用Traswell遷移實(shí)驗(yàn),Westernblot、RT-PCR方法分別檢測(cè)疫苗處理前后HepG2細(xì)胞的增殖及侵襲能力的變化、EMT標(biāo)志物E-cadherin、調(diào)控因子(p-Stat3、Twist)蛋白及E-cadherin mRNA、Twist mRNA表達(dá)變化情況。結(jié)果:①I(mǎi)L-6組較陰性對(duì)照組穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯增多,侵襲能力明顯增強(qiáng),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。②IL-6組較陰性對(duì)照組E-cadherin的表達(dá)水平降低,p-Stat3、Twist蛋白表達(dá)升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。③疫苗組的穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)較其他三組明顯減少,侵襲能力下降,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。④轉(zhuǎn)染后的疫苗組較其他三組E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)升高,而p-Stat3、Twist蛋白表達(dá)下降,且差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。⑤疫苗組較其他三組E-cadherin mRNA表達(dá)上調(diào)、Twist mRNA表達(dá)下調(diào),且差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:①I(mǎi)L-6能誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生EMT現(xiàn)象。②60Co處理的轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF基因HepG2疫苗可能通過(guò)下調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist 及Stat3的表達(dá)進(jìn)而逆轉(zhuǎn)IL-6誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞EMT。

肝癌;hGM-CSF 基因;上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化;腫瘤疫苗;IL-6

肝癌是我國(guó)常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,位居我國(guó)腫瘤死亡率第三位[1],盡管當(dāng)前肝臟外科的診療技術(shù)不斷提高,但有機(jī)會(huì)手術(shù)治療的患者仍不到30%;即使手術(shù),3年復(fù)發(fā)率仍高達(dá)75%,究其原因主要是肝癌起病隱匿,轉(zhuǎn)移率高,多數(shù)患者就診時(shí)已是中晚期,且目前認(rèn)為肝癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展是一個(gè)多基因,多途徑和多階段的復(fù)雜過(guò)程,發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不完全明確,這個(gè)肝癌綜合治療帶來(lái)了一定難度[2,3]。研究顯示在腫瘤細(xì)胞中JAK/STAT3 信號(hào)通路持續(xù)激活可促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展;白細(xì)胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)通過(guò)激活STAT3,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT),增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的侵襲作用[4-6]。腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT后twist基因表達(dá)上調(diào),E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)表達(dá)下調(diào),p-stat3上調(diào),使細(xì)胞黏附能力下降,侵襲和遷移能力增強(qiáng)[7]。在我們前期的研究中已證實(shí)HA納米載體轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF基因的HepG2 疫苗具有增強(qiáng)機(jī)體抗腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答,降低免疫耐受,抗腫瘤的作用[8]。但具體機(jī)制仍不十分清楚,本研究主要通過(guò)將hGM-CSF基因轉(zhuǎn)染HepG2細(xì)胞,并制備成腫瘤疫苗,然后觀察其對(duì)IL-6誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞EMT的影響及其可能的機(jī)制。

1 資料與方法

1.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與試劑HepG2細(xì)胞株由中南大學(xué)湘雅細(xì)胞庫(kù)饋贈(zèng)。人IL-6購(gòu)于Peprotech公司;羥基磷灰石購(gòu)買(mǎi)于上海源葉生物公司;(Human)GM-CSF質(zhì)粒購(gòu)自于上海吉?jiǎng)P基因;一抗試劑:?jiǎn)慰寺ˇ?actin抗體購(gòu)自于美國(guó)proteintech公司、單克隆抗體(E-cadherin、twist、p-stat3)均購(gòu)自于美國(guó)abcam公司;二抗試劑均購(gòu)自于美國(guó)proteintech公司;ranswell板(8 μm)購(gòu)自Corning公司;ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)于 Pierce公司;RNaseA購(gòu)于中國(guó)上海碧云天生物公司;逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒、qRTPCR試劑盒購(gòu)買(mǎi)于北京康為世紀(jì)公司。

1.2 IL-6誘導(dǎo)HepG2 EMT參照文獻(xiàn)[9]方法;將人肝細(xì)胞癌HepG2細(xì)胞用含10%小牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液常規(guī)培養(yǎng),用PBS重懸細(xì)胞并調(diào)細(xì)胞密度為1×107/mL,在37℃、5%CO2孵箱中培養(yǎng),胰酶消化、傳代,取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)。IL-6組用含50 ng/mL IL-6孵育HepG2細(xì)胞24 h(IL-6組),陰性對(duì)照組則采用單純培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)24 h(陰性對(duì)照組),于倒置顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化。

1.3 基因轉(zhuǎn)染及疫苗制備參照文獻(xiàn)[10]方法;將課題組構(gòu)建的GV230-hGM-CSF 真核表達(dá)載體轉(zhuǎn)染至HepG2細(xì)胞株(重組質(zhì)粒組),用含10%小牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)液常規(guī)培養(yǎng),PBS重懸細(xì)胞并調(diào)細(xì)胞密度為1×107/mL;取體外培養(yǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)入hGM-CSF基因的HepG2細(xì)胞,經(jīng)亞致死劑量(10 Gy)的放射線(xiàn)間斷照射后制備成轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF基因的HepG2疫苗(疫苗組);采用Western-blot和RT-PCR方法驗(yàn)證兩種細(xì)胞hGMCSF基因的表達(dá);篩選穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染的細(xì)胞并擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng);以轉(zhuǎn)染空載質(zhì)粒(空質(zhì)粒組)及未經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)染的HepG2細(xì)胞(空白對(duì)照組)作為對(duì)照。

1.4 Transwell 試驗(yàn)HepG2細(xì)胞的體外侵襲能力:在侵襲小室的上、下室之間鋪有用基質(zhì)膠(matrigel)制備好的侵襲膜,取各組對(duì)數(shù)期細(xì)胞懸液用(0 ng/mL、50 ng/ mL,IL-6作用24 h),按100 μL每孔,接種于侵襲膜上,37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)24 h,擦去膜上細(xì)胞及基質(zhì)膠,取膜、固定、結(jié)晶紫染色,顯微鏡下計(jì)算穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)。每組細(xì)胞設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔,重復(fù)3次實(shí)驗(yàn)。

1.5 Western blot 法檢測(cè)Twist、E-cadherin 和Stat3蛋白的表達(dá)提取各組細(xì)胞蛋白,BCA 法測(cè)定蛋白濃度。按照每孔50 μg總蛋白進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜,用5%脫脂奶粉的TBST封閉1h,一抗(β-actin 1:4000、E-cadherin 1:10000、twist 1:500、p-stat3 1:200000)4℃孵育過(guò)夜,TBST漂洗,二抗(1:3000),室溫孵育1h,TBST 漂洗3次,每次15min,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光,采集圖像,每組實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。

1.6 qRT-PCR 法檢測(cè)E-cadherin 和Twist mRNA的表達(dá)用PBS 洗滌各組細(xì)胞3次,向各孔加入1 mL RNAiso Plus,按說(shuō)明書(shū)方法提取總RNA,吸取2 μL RNA溶液于石英比色皿中,用無(wú)酶水定容至100 μ L,紫外分光光度儀測(cè)A260 /A280的比值,重復(fù)3次,計(jì)算RNA 濃度(RNA濃度(ng/μL)=A260×稀釋倍數(shù)×40),以mRNA為模板將其逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA。以β-actin為內(nèi)參基因,使用2-△△Ct法計(jì)算基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平,引物序列見(jiàn)(表1),引物由南京金斯瑞公司合成。

表1 PCR 引物序列

1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理。計(jì)量資料以“mean±SD”表示,兩組數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組數(shù)據(jù)間比較用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較滿(mǎn)足方差齊性要求時(shí)用LSD,如不滿(mǎn)足方差齊性要求時(shí)采用Tambane,s T2,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 IL-6誘導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)染hGM-CSF基因后HepG2細(xì)胞侵襲能力的變化Transwell 顯示,IL-6組較陰性對(duì)照組侵襲能力明顯增強(qiáng),IL-6組穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)為(174.4± 6.3)個(gè),而陰性對(duì)照組穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)為(112.5±3.1)個(gè),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(見(jiàn)圖1)。轉(zhuǎn)染hGM-CSF基因后疫苗組較其他三組侵襲能力下降,疫苗組的穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)為(61.4±3.6)個(gè),分別與重組質(zhì)粒組(83.6±6.0)個(gè)、空質(zhì)粒組(169.4±5.2)個(gè)、空白對(duì)照組(171.4±5.6)個(gè)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(見(jiàn)圖2)。

圖1 IL-6誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞后侵襲能力的變化(100×):A IL-6組B.陰性對(duì)照組

圖2 轉(zhuǎn)染hGM-CSF基因?qū)L-6誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞侵襲能力影響的變化(100×):C.空白對(duì)照組D.重組質(zhì)粒組E.空質(zhì)粒組F.疫苗組

2.2 IL-6誘導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)染hGM-CSF基因后HepG2細(xì)胞EMT標(biāo)志物表達(dá)的變化

2.2.1 IL-6誘導(dǎo)后HepG2細(xì)胞EMT標(biāo)志物表達(dá)的變化(表2)

表2 各組細(xì)胞p-STAT3、Twist 及E-cadherin 蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量比較

2.2.2 轉(zhuǎn)染hGM-CSF基因后HepG2細(xì)胞EMT標(biāo)志物及相關(guān)調(diào)控因子的變化(表3)

表3 各組細(xì)胞p-STAT3、Twist 及E-cadherin 蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量比較

圖3 Western-blot法檢測(cè)IL-6誘導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)染hGM-CSF基因后HepG2細(xì)胞EMT標(biāo)志物表達(dá)的變化:1.陰性對(duì)照組 2.IL-6組 3.空白對(duì)照組 4.空質(zhì)粒組 5.疫苗組 6.重組質(zhì)粒組

2.3 轉(zhuǎn)染hGM-CSF基因后HepG2細(xì)胞Twist、E-cadherin mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)的影響

表4 各組細(xì)胞Twist、E-cadherin mRNA 表達(dá)比較

圖4 qRT-PCR法檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)染hGM-CSF基因后HepG2細(xì)胞后E-cadherin、Twist mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)

3 討論

越來(lái)越多的研究證實(shí)EMT可促進(jìn)多種腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移,如膀胱癌、原發(fā)性肝癌、結(jié)腸癌和惡性黑色素瘤等[11-13]。EMT最主要的分子標(biāo)志是上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物E-Cadherin的表達(dá)下調(diào),且E-Cadherin蛋白的表達(dá)缺少是上皮性腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲的前提條件[9]。相關(guān)報(bào)道,IL-6可持續(xù)激活JAK/STAT3 信號(hào)通路,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞EMT,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲[14-15]。我們的研究顯示用IL-6處理HepG2細(xì)胞后,HepG2細(xì)胞間隙增寬,呈紡錘狀或長(zhǎng)梭形,細(xì)胞核顏色變深,誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞向間質(zhì)表型轉(zhuǎn)變,這與吳暢等[9]的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致。Traswell侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)的HepG2細(xì)胞侵襲能力明顯增強(qiáng);在蛋白及基因表達(dá)水平,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),用IL-6處理HepG2細(xì)胞后,STAT3磷酸化水平升高,并使相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist蛋白及基因表達(dá)上調(diào),EMT相關(guān)標(biāo)志蛋白E-cadherin蛋白及基因表達(dá)下調(diào),這與宋瑩等[16]肝細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子誘導(dǎo)人肝癌細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化作用機(jī)制研究結(jié)果相似。以上結(jié)果表明IL-6確實(shí)具有誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT的作用,且使HepG2細(xì)胞侵襲能力明顯增強(qiáng)。

本實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步的研究顯示將60Co處理的轉(zhuǎn)hGMCSF基因HepG2疫苗與經(jīng)50 ng/ml IL-6處理的實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)24 h后,Traswell侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示疫苗組較CON組、重組質(zhì)粒組及空白對(duì)照組相比,其穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)減少,提示轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞侵襲能力下降;Western-blot實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示疫苗組較CON組、重組質(zhì)粒組及空白對(duì)照組E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)升高,而p-Stat3、Twist蛋白表達(dá)下降,且RT-PCR實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示疫苗組較另外三組E-cadherin mRNA表達(dá)上調(diào)、Twist mRNA表達(dá)下調(diào),這與隋強(qiáng)君等[17]在阻斷肝癌細(xì)胞STAT3信號(hào)通路激發(fā)機(jī)體抗腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答作用機(jī)制研究結(jié)果相似。還有研究顯示活化的STAT3 信號(hào)參與Twist、E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá),調(diào)控EMT過(guò)程,并介導(dǎo)肝癌的侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移,p-STAT3/Twist/ E-cadherin 信號(hào)軸異??赡軐?dǎo)致肝癌病人預(yù)后差[18-20]。相關(guān)研究證實(shí)Th1/Th2細(xì)胞的偏移在EMT中發(fā)揮重要作用[21,22]。本課題組前期已證實(shí)該疫苗能通過(guò)增加HepG2 細(xì)胞免疫原性,誘導(dǎo)Th1 漂移,促進(jìn)PBMC增殖、分化,干擾Th2類(lèi)細(xì)胞因子如lL-6等對(duì)CD4+T 細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié),增加INF-γ的分泌,提高其對(duì)HepG2 細(xì)胞的殺傷作用[8]。而我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF基因HepG2疫苗與IL-6共培養(yǎng)的HepG2細(xì)胞后p-Stat3、Twist蛋白表達(dá)下降,Twist mRNA表達(dá)下調(diào),提示IL-6/ p-STAT3/Twist信號(hào)軸被抑制。因此我們認(rèn)為HA轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF的HepG2細(xì)胞疫苗可能通過(guò)增強(qiáng)免疫應(yīng)答,誘導(dǎo)Th1漂移,阻斷JAK/STAT3信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),下調(diào)Twist的表達(dá),逆轉(zhuǎn)IL-6誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞EMT,抑制肝癌的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。

綜上所述,IL-6能促進(jìn)HepG2細(xì)胞向間質(zhì)細(xì)胞表型轉(zhuǎn)變,而轉(zhuǎn)hGM-CSF的HepG2細(xì)胞疫苗可通過(guò)阻斷JAK/STAT3信號(hào)通路逆轉(zhuǎn)肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞EMT,為肝癌的免疫治療提供新思路,但其具體機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

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The effect of HepG2 tumor vaccine transfected hGM-CSF gene mediated by HA nanoparticles on inducing HepG2 cells epithelial-mesenchymal transition through IL-6

Zhu Quan-jie1, Duan Xiao-ming2, He Mi3, Liu Hai-tao4

(1. The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China; 2. Department of Gastroenterology, Fouth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410006, China; 3. Department of oncology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan 411100, China; 4. The Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, 410006, China)

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of HepG2 tumor vaccine transfected hGM-CSF gene mediated by HA nanoparticles on inducing HepG2 cells epithelial-mesenchymal transition through interleukin-6(IL-6).MethodsHepG2 cells transfected with GM-CSF Gene after60Co irradiation vaccine were co-cultured with IL-6 stimulated HepG2 cells in vitro. The vaccine group and other group cells migration and invasion were detected by transwell chamber assays; the expression of E-cadherin, p-Stat3, Twist proteins was evaluated by Western blot; the expressions of EMT-associated genes: E-cadherin, Twist in HepG2 cells were analyzed with real-time fluorescence quantitative (q RT-PCR).Results①By pretreatment with IL-6, the ability of cell migration and invasion was significantly increased; IL-6 group cells passing through the reconstituted basement membrane higher than negative control group. ②The expression level of E-cadherin in IL-6 group was lower than that in negative control group, the expression of Twist and p-Stat3 protein was increased. ③Vaccine group cells passing through the reconstituted basement membrane less than other three groups. ④vaccine group than the other three groups of E-cadherin protein expression increased, whereas the expression of p-STAT3 and twist proteins decreased . ⑤In Vaccine group the expression of E-cadherin mRNA up-regulated compared with other groups, while Twist mRNA down-regulated.Conclusion①I(mǎi)L-6 has the ability to induce HepG2 cells to produce EMT. ②HepG2 cells transfected with GM-CSF Gene after60Co irradiation vaccine may reverse IL-6 induced HepG2 cell EMT by down-regulated the expression of transcription factor Twist and Stat3.

hepatoma carcinoma; GM-CSF gene; epithelial-mesenchymal transition; tumor vaccine; IL-6

R73-36+2;R735.7

A

1673-016X(2016)06-0004-04

2016-08-28

湖南省衛(wèi)生廳科研基金資助項(xiàng)目(NO.2005-178)

段曉明,E-mail:xiaomingduan@21cn.com

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