葉劍雄,戰(zhàn)培榮,黃曉麗,劉 偉,王 臣
(1.中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院黑龍江水產(chǎn)研究所,哈爾濱 150001;2.上海海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,上海 201306)
大慶原油水溶物對(duì)方正銀鯽胚胎及仔魚的影響
葉劍雄1,2,戰(zhàn)培榮1,黃曉麗1,劉 偉1,王 臣1,2
(1.中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院黑龍江水產(chǎn)研究所,哈爾濱 150001;2.上海海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,上海 201306)
為了評(píng)價(jià)原油水溶物對(duì)水環(huán)境及魚類的影響,以方正銀鯽(Carassius auratus gibelio)為研究對(duì)象,研究了大慶原油水溶物對(duì)方正銀鯽胚胎與仔魚的影響。將以人工授精獲得的方正銀鯽受精卵(受精2 h)暴露于15%、33%、50%的大慶原油水溶物和對(duì)照溶液中培養(yǎng),研究其孵化率、出膜時(shí)間及仔魚發(fā)育狀況等。結(jié)果表明,原油水溶物對(duì)仔魚的影響大于對(duì)胚胎的影響。各濃度組之間胚胎死亡率總體上無明顯差異,原油水溶性成分并不直接造成胚胎死亡;試驗(yàn)組仔魚出膜時(shí)間相對(duì)于對(duì)照組有提前趨勢(shì);暴露在原油水溶物條件下,仔魚出現(xiàn)發(fā)育缺陷、畸形、心率減緩、體色著色減弱、活動(dòng)能力下降等問題,甚至造成死亡,且隨著原油水溶物濃度的提高,上述現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生及死亡率逐漸增加。
原油水溶物;方正銀鯽;胚胎;仔魚
石油是一種重要的工業(yè)原料,成分復(fù)雜,包含有脂肪烴、單環(huán)芳烴、多環(huán)芳烴、苯酚、雜環(huán)化合物以及氮、硫和重金屬元素。在其開采、運(yùn)輸、提煉的過程中進(jìn)入環(huán)境的幾率較大,歷史上的石油污染事件層出不窮,對(duì)水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成了嚴(yán)重的影響[1-5]。蔣閏蘭等[6]就多環(huán)芳烴對(duì)水生動(dòng)物的影響進(jìn)行了總結(jié),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者關(guān)于石油污染對(duì)水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的污染也進(jìn)行了多種研究[7-11],結(jié)果表明,石油成分對(duì)水生生物抗氧化系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生影響,嚴(yán)重者鰓、肝臟、腎臟的器官會(huì)受到損傷。此外,在石油成分脅迫下,水生生物的基因也會(huì)出現(xiàn)損傷[8],導(dǎo)致營(yíng)養(yǎng)行為和繁殖的改變[9]。研究證明生物化學(xué)、生理學(xué)和組織學(xué)等生物標(biāo)志物可以用來確定石油中碳?xì)浠衔飳?duì)水生生物群落的影響[10-11]。
胚胎和仔魚是魚類生命發(fā)育的早期階段,魚體發(fā)育不完善,免疫和其它生理功能有待發(fā)育健全,這個(gè)時(shí)期對(duì)于各種污染物是最敏感的。黃辨非等[12]的研究表明,用硫酸銅與硫酸亞鐵合劑(5∶2)、硫酸鋅和重鉻酸鉀藥物處理紅龍睛金魚(Carassius auratus)胚胎和受精卵,會(huì)導(dǎo)致金魚受精卵孵化率降低,仔魚畸形。田麗粉等[13]就勝利原油對(duì)褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)仔稚魚的影響進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果表明勝利原油會(huì)導(dǎo)致褐牙鲆仔魚乏力、身體失去平衡、打旋和下沉死亡。陳民山等[14]研究了勝利原油對(duì)海洋魚類胚胎和仔魚的影響,結(jié)果表明勝利原油在魚類胚胎發(fā)育過程中引起各種畸形,如彎體、脊柱扭曲、尾部彎曲呈“V”或“S”等。
方正銀鯽(Carassius auratus gibelio)頭小體大、背厚、出肉率高、耐寒冷、抗病力強(qiáng)、生長(zhǎng)快,養(yǎng)殖經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀十分優(yōu)良[15]。國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)銀鯽的研究較多,此魚種幾乎可以認(rèn)為是模式種[16-19]。中俄原油管道經(jīng)過黑龍江省,原油對(duì)方正銀鯽的影響研究因此更有意義。本研究選用方正銀鯽胚胎和仔魚作為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,以期為評(píng)價(jià)石油對(duì)水生生物的影響研究提供借鑒。
1.1 原油水溶物的制備
實(shí)驗(yàn)所用原油來自大慶油田,飽和烴含量為55%~72%,芳香烴含量為13%~23%,非烴化合物含量為10%~30%,瀝青質(zhì)含量為0.5%~2.0%[20]。參照ANDERSON等[21]方法配制原油水溶液,并以此作為100%飽和液,用全自動(dòng)紅外測(cè)油儀(EP3000,北京博海星源科技有限公司)測(cè)定其石油濃度,石油濃度值為8.6 mg·L-1。配制足量原油水溶液比例分別為15%、33%、50%的實(shí)驗(yàn)溶液,置于低溫、陰暗條件下保存待用。
1.2 受精卵的獲得
實(shí)驗(yàn)用方正銀鯽取自黑龍江水產(chǎn)研究所,采用人工催產(chǎn)的方式獲得方正銀鯽的精子和卵子。具體操作如下:選擇性腺發(fā)育成熟、健康活潑的方正銀鯽雌性鯽魚[平均體質(zhì)量(105.14±10.59)g]與雄性鯽魚[平均體質(zhì)量(92.46±6.32)g],注射促黃體素釋放激素(LRH-A2)與地歐酮(DOM)進(jìn)行人工催產(chǎn),將所獲精子、卵子除去雜質(zhì)后進(jìn)行人工授精,并在受精2 h后進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
實(shí)驗(yàn)用原油水溶液比例參照AKAISHI等[22]的濃度設(shè)置,把受精2 h后充分吸水膨脹的受精卵置于原油水溶液比例分別為0%、15%、33%、50%的實(shí)驗(yàn)溶液中,每組設(shè)置3個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)放受精卵200 cell。濃度0%組為對(duì)照組,其余為試驗(yàn)組,孵化溫度25~26℃,pH 7.0左右,溶解氧6~8mg·L-1。實(shí)驗(yàn)方法是半靜水式,每24 h更換一次原油水溶液。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中不投喂飼料。
實(shí)驗(yàn)期間保持觀察,在仔魚孵出前,每6 h清理一次死亡胚胎并計(jì)數(shù);記錄各組仔魚孵出時(shí)間、孵化率;觀察各組孵出仔魚體色、眼睛發(fā)育狀況、色素沉著狀況,并記錄尾部具有缺陷仔魚數(shù)、畸形率;測(cè)定各組孵出仔魚心率與活動(dòng)能力。其中色素沉著的評(píng)定以對(duì)照組為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),色素沉著弱于對(duì)照組者記為著色減弱;測(cè)定對(duì)照組的心率,得到心率范圍是107~115次·min-1,平均值為110次·min-1,試驗(yàn)組心率小于110次·min-1且P<0.05則認(rèn)為心率減緩;孵出仔魚活動(dòng)能力的測(cè)定參考KOCHHANN等[7]的研究方法,在燒杯底部畫兩條相互垂直的直徑線,計(jì)算穿過直徑線的仔魚次數(shù),然后算出100 ind仔魚5 min的穿越次數(shù),并以此評(píng)定各濃度組孵出仔魚的活動(dòng)能力。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理
實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,采用SPSS 19.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行單因素方差分析及Duncan多重比較。P<0.05為具有顯著性差異。
2.1 死卵數(shù)與死亡仔魚數(shù)
孵出前0%、15%、33%、50%濃度組死亡胚胎依次為(33.2±1.4)ind、(43.8±3.5)ind、(37.6±1.6)ind、(38.1±6.1)ind,其中15%濃度組與0%濃度組死亡胚胎數(shù)目間呈顯著性差異(P<0.05),其它組之間無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。各濃度組仔魚孵出后每24 h死亡數(shù)如圖1所示。由圖1可知,對(duì)照組(0%濃度組)孵出仔魚死亡率一直處于極低水平,無死亡高峰;而試驗(yàn)組均存在各自的死亡高峰,且50%濃度組死亡高峰出現(xiàn)時(shí)間早于15%、33%濃度組,出現(xiàn)于孵出后96~120 h時(shí)段,而15%、33%濃度組的孵出仔魚死亡高峰均出現(xiàn)于孵出后120~144 h時(shí)段。就各組累計(jì)死亡仔魚數(shù)而言,孵出144 h后,0%、15%、33%、50%濃度組累計(jì)死亡仔魚依次為(2.0±1.0)ind、(22.5±2.1)ind、(50.4±4.4)ind、(96.3±3.8)ind,各組孵出仔魚死亡率之間均呈顯著性差異(P<0.05)。
圖1 孵出后各濃度組每24 h死亡仔魚數(shù)Fig.1 Death number of larvae every 24 h with different experimental concentrations after incubation
2.2 出膜時(shí)間
各濃度組首個(gè)仔魚出膜均發(fā)生在受精53 h時(shí),故在首個(gè)出膜時(shí)間點(diǎn)上各濃度組間無區(qū)別。受精后53~60 h間每小時(shí)出膜仔魚數(shù)如圖2所示。由圖2可見,各濃度組均是在首個(gè)仔魚出膜的第2~3小時(shí)出現(xiàn)孵出高峰,但試驗(yàn)組孵出仔魚的絕對(duì)數(shù)量大于對(duì)照組;根據(jù)觀察,在首個(gè)仔魚出膜的第16小時(shí),0%、15%、33%、50%依次孵出約70、90、87、84 ind,試驗(yàn)組均已孵出過半,而對(duì)照組尚未孵出過半??傮w來看,試驗(yàn)組有比對(duì)照組孵化提前的趨勢(shì)。
圖2 受精后53~60 h的出膜數(shù)量Fig2 Number of hatched larvae from 53 h to 60 h after fertilization
2.3 仔魚發(fā)育狀況
各濃度組孵出仔魚發(fā)育狀況見表1。結(jié)果顯示,隨著原油水溶物濃度的升高,孵出仔魚的心率、體色著色程度均表現(xiàn)出減弱趨勢(shì),各濃度組間呈顯著性差異(P<0.05);尾部缺陷仔魚數(shù)、畸形率隨著原油水溶物濃度的增加而增加,各濃度組間呈顯著性差異(P<0.05);但各濃度組均沒有出現(xiàn)眼睛缺陷仔魚。
對(duì)孵出仔魚形態(tài)進(jìn)行觀察,對(duì)照組形態(tài)正常,而試驗(yàn)組仔魚多畸形(圖3),主要表現(xiàn)為脊柱扭曲、肢體彎曲、尾部彎曲,其中尾部彎曲多呈現(xiàn)“S”、“V”形;早期畸形仔魚主要表現(xiàn)為心包囊和卵黃囊水腫(圖3)。
表1 不同原油水溶物濃度下孵出仔魚發(fā)育狀況Tab.1 Development state of larvae in crude oil water-soluble content with different concentrations(%)
圖3 大慶原油水溶物對(duì)方正銀鯽仔魚的影響Fig.3 Effects of exposure to oil water-soluble content on fry of Carassius auratus gibelio
2.4 仔魚活動(dòng)能力
根據(jù)觀察,試驗(yàn)組仔魚有上下翻滾、沖撞跳躍、倒立、狂游、側(cè)臥于燒杯底部等現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn),而對(duì)照組仔魚相對(duì)于試驗(yàn)組則活動(dòng)平穩(wěn),較為舒緩。各組孵出仔魚24、48、72、96、120 h活動(dòng)能力如圖4。結(jié)果顯示,50%濃度組一開始表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,但隨著時(shí)間的推移,其活動(dòng)能力逐漸下降;15%、33%濃度組活動(dòng)能力呈現(xiàn)為先上升后下降的特點(diǎn),均是在孵出72 h后達(dá)到最大活動(dòng)能力;而對(duì)照組仔魚活動(dòng)能力隨著時(shí)間推移而逐漸增強(qiáng)。
圖4 仔魚活動(dòng)能力Fig.4 Mobility of larvae
石油對(duì)魚類的毒性效應(yīng)主要有滯緩發(fā)育、抑制孵化、生理功能衰退及畸形與死亡[14]。YASUNORI等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)重油可導(dǎo)致圓斑星鰈(Verasper variegatus)胚胎早期階段在體節(jié)的形成、頭部發(fā)育、細(xì)胞增殖、胚胎分化、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)形成等發(fā)面出現(xiàn)異常,嚴(yán)重者直接死亡。而王振等[24]通過原油水溶性成分對(duì)斜帶髭鯛(Hapalogenys nitens)受精卵毒性效應(yīng)的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)原油水溶性成分對(duì)斜帶髭鯛受精卵的孵化存在明顯的抑制、致畸甚至致死效應(yīng),且具有含量依賴性。本研究中,原油水溶物試驗(yàn)組胚胎死亡率與對(duì)照組間總體上無顯著性差異,而孵出仔魚的死亡率上表現(xiàn)出差異??梢?,原油水溶物對(duì)胚胎的死亡并沒有顯著影響,但會(huì)顯著降低孵出仔魚的成活率;原油水溶物對(duì)仔魚的損傷大于對(duì)胚胎的損傷。這與陳民山等[14]、王振等[24]的研究結(jié)果是一致的,仔魚對(duì)于石油水溶性成分的敏感度高于胚胎,這可能是因?yàn)槁涯ぞ哂斜Wo(hù)作用,出膜之后,仔魚失去卵膜保護(hù),直接接觸石油水溶液,導(dǎo)致仔魚死亡率隨著濃度升高顯著升高;石油水溶性成分雖未造成胚胎大量死亡,但是隨著其濃度的升高孵出仔魚發(fā)育缺陷、畸形、心率減緩、體色減弱等愈發(fā)明顯,說明石油水溶性成分雖不會(huì)造成胚胎死亡,但會(huì)造成胚胎非正常發(fā)育,進(jìn)而影響了孵出仔魚的健康與存活。但劉在平等[25]以斑馬魚(Brachydanio rerio)為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,用氯苯對(duì)其進(jìn)行脅迫的研究結(jié)果表明,氯苯會(huì)造成其尾部缺陷、心跳減緩、色素沉著減弱等現(xiàn)象,仔魚受到脅迫時(shí)產(chǎn)生明顯的毒性效應(yīng),部分器官的功能受到不同程度的影響。所以,孵出仔魚的不良發(fā)育狀況起源于兩個(gè)階段,即原油水溶性成分對(duì)胚胎發(fā)育造成損害的階段以及仔魚孵出后原油水溶性成分對(duì)仔魚直接損害的階段。
PAUKA等[26]的研究顯示,2%乙醇試驗(yàn)組的斑馬魚仔魚出膜時(shí)間推后,甚至不能出膜;陳文利等[27]的研究中,2.16 mg·L-1二甲基聯(lián)苯胺處理后,斑馬魚受精卵發(fā)育時(shí)間較對(duì)照組提前24 h。而本研究中原油水溶物造成了仔魚出膜時(shí)間提前。樓允東[28]認(rèn)為胚體運(yùn)動(dòng)并不是導(dǎo)致卵膜破裂唯一或主要因素,胚體在卵膜內(nèi)的運(yùn)動(dòng),只是促進(jìn)已被變?nèi)醯哪さ钠屏眩狗醭黾铀?;至于卵膜的變?nèi)酰趸傅幕顒?dòng)具有首要的作用。另外,張奇等[29]的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,孵化酶的影響因子主要有溫度、溶解氧、光照及其它因子等,提前出膜的仔魚失去卵膜的保護(hù),容易死亡和畸形,影響生產(chǎn)。總的來看,仔魚出膜時(shí)間提前的主要原因可能是原油水溶性成分改變了孵化酶與卵膜之間原有的作用機(jī)理,如提前激發(fā)或增強(qiáng)了孵化酶活性,改變了卵膜(孵化酶底物)結(jié)構(gòu),造成酶促反應(yīng)提前、加速等。
對(duì)于孵出仔魚的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力而言,試驗(yàn)組仔魚有上下翻滾、沖撞跳躍、倒立、狂游、側(cè)臥于燒杯底部等現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn),而對(duì)照組仔魚相對(duì)于試驗(yàn)組活動(dòng)平穩(wěn)、較為舒緩,這與劉在平等[25]、田麗粉等[13]的觀察結(jié)果一致。另一方面,試驗(yàn)組仔魚的活動(dòng)能力總體上呈隨著時(shí)間推移而逐漸下降趨勢(shì),仔魚的活力在逐漸減弱。其中,15%及33%濃度組仔魚活力呈現(xiàn)先上升后下降趨勢(shì),且起始運(yùn)動(dòng)能力與對(duì)照組接近;而50%濃度組仔魚起始運(yùn)動(dòng)能力很高,而后呈逐步下降趨勢(shì)。原因可能是50%濃度過高,對(duì)仔魚形成強(qiáng)刺激,仔魚表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),而仔魚短時(shí)間內(nèi)可以承受15%與33%濃度原油水溶物的刺激,爾后才表現(xiàn)出應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。對(duì)照組仔魚活力隨時(shí)間的推移逐漸增加,符合其正常發(fā)育狀況。自然環(huán)境下,仔魚攝食之前的營(yíng)養(yǎng)由卵黃提供,開口后逐步由外源營(yíng)養(yǎng)替代卵黃。本研究表明,原油水溶性成分會(huì)對(duì)仔魚形成刺激,造成仔魚運(yùn)動(dòng)異常頻繁,仔魚既缺乏良好的水環(huán)境,又不能正常攝食,最終在毒性物質(zhì)侵害下,畸形發(fā)育,營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,衰竭而死。
綜上所述,原油水溶性成分對(duì)方正銀鯽受精卵的影響主要是致其不正常發(fā)育,進(jìn)而造成孵化異常。主要表現(xiàn)為出膜時(shí)間提前,孵出仔魚心率減緩、體色著色減弱、發(fā)育缺陷及畸形。同時(shí),孵出仔魚受到原油水溶性成分刺激,產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激反應(yīng),活動(dòng)異常,正常的生命活動(dòng)受到影響,最終死亡。原油水溶性成分濃度越大,對(duì)水生動(dòng)物的危害越大。
[1]KATSUMITI A,DOMINGOS F,AZEVEDO M,et al.An assessment of acute biomarker responses in the demersal catfish Cathorops spixii after the Vicu?a Oil Spill in a harbour estuarine area in Southern Brazil[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,152(1):209-222.
[3]THEODORAKIS C,BICKHAM J,DONNELLY K,et al.DNA damage in cichlids from an oil production facility in Guatemala[J].Ecotoxicology,2012,21(2):496-511.
[4]BARBOUR E,SHAIB H,YAGHI R,et al.Regression of the level of different heavy metals to size of marine organisms harvested from the“Jiyeh”oil spill zone of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2009,83(2):219-222.
[5]BIRPINAR M,TALU G,G?NEN?GIL B,et al.Environmental effects of maritime traffic on thestanbul Strait[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,152(1):13-23.
[6]蔣閏蘭,肖佰財(cái),禹 娜,等.多環(huán)芳烴對(duì)水生動(dòng)物毒性效應(yīng)的研究進(jìn)展[J].海洋漁業(yè),2014,36(4):372-384.
JIANG R L,XIAO B C,YU N,et al.Research advance in toxic effects of PAHs on aquatic animals[J].Marine Fisheries,2014,36(4):372-384.
[7]KOCHHANN D,AZEVEDO BRUST S,DOMMINGOS F,et al.Linking hematological,biochemical,genotoxic,and behavioral responses to crude oil in the Amazon fish Colossoma Macropomum(Cuvier,1816)[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2013,65(2):266-275.
[8]AMAT A,BURGEOT T,CASTEGNARO M,et al.DNA adducts in fish following an oil spill exposure[J].Environmental Chemistry Letters,2006,4(2):93-99.
[9]BILLIARD S,TIMME-LARAGY A,WASSENBERG D,et al.The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in mediating synergistic development toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to zebrafish[J].Toxicological Sciences,2006,92(2):526-536.
[10]SIMONATO J,GUEDES C,MARTINEZ C.Biochemical,physiological and histological changes in the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus exposed to diesel oil[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2008,69(2):112-120.
[11]SILVA C,OLIVEIRA RIBEIRO C,KATSUMITIA,et al.Evaluation of waterborne exposure to oil spill 5 years after an accident in Southern Brazil[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2009,72(2):400-409.
[12]黃辨非,王曉娟,羅靜波,等.3種重金屬藥物對(duì)金魚胚胎—仔魚的毒性試驗(yàn)[J].水利漁業(yè),2006,26(1):92-94.
HUANG B F,WANG X J,LUO J B,et al.The toxicity test of 3 kinds of heavy metals on the embryos and larvae of goldfish[J].Reservoir Fisheries,2006,26(1):92-94.
[13]田麗粉,任 仲,崔 毅,等.勝利原油對(duì)褐牙鲆仔稚魚的急性毒性和幼魚堿性磷酸酶的影響[J].海洋水產(chǎn)研究,2008,29(6):95-100.
TIAN L F,REN Z,CUIY,et al.Acute toxicity of Shengli crude oil and its impact on AKP activity of Paralichthys olivaceus[J].Marine Fisheries Research,2008,29(6):95-100.
[14]陳民山,范貴旗.勝利原油對(duì)海洋魚類胚胎及仔魚的毒性效應(yīng)[J].海洋環(huán)境科學(xué),1991,10(2):1-5.
CHEN M S,F(xiàn)AN G Q.The toxic effect of Shengli crude oil on embryos and larvae of marine fish[J].Marine Environmental Science,1991,10(2):1-5.
[15]曹頂臣,賈智英,魯翠云,等.同源與異源精子對(duì)方正銀鯽子代存活、生長(zhǎng)及性別的影響[J].水產(chǎn)學(xué)雜志,2012,25(3):11-14.
CAO D C,JIA Z Y,LU C Y,et al.Effects of spermatozoa of different species on survival and growth of offsprings in fangzheng silver crucian carp(Carassius auratus gibelio)[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2012,25(3):11-14.
[16]陳家林,韓 冬,朱曉鳴,等.不同脂肪源對(duì)異育銀鯽的生長(zhǎng)、體組成和肌肉脂肪酸的影響[J].水生生物學(xué)報(bào),2011,35(6):988-997.
CHEN JL,HAN D,ZHU X M,et al.Dietary lipid sources for gibel carpcarassius auratus gibelio:growth performance,tissue composition and muscle fatty acid profiles[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2011,35(6):988-997.
[17]張媛媛,劉 波,戈賢平,等.不同脂肪源對(duì)異育銀鯽生長(zhǎng)性能、機(jī)體成分、血清生化指標(biāo)、體組織脂肪酸組成及脂質(zhì)代謝的影響[J].水產(chǎn)學(xué)報(bào),2012,36(7):1111-1118.
ZHANG Y Y,LIU B,GE X P,et al.Effect of dietary oil sources on growth performance,body composition,the serum biochemical indices,fatty acids composition and lipid metabolism ofCarassius auratus gibelio[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(7):1111-1118.
[18]繆凌鴻、劉 波,戈賢平,等.高碳水化合物水平日糧對(duì)異育銀鯽生長(zhǎng)、生理、免疫和肝臟超微結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[J].水產(chǎn)學(xué)報(bào),2011,35(2):221-230.
MIAO L H,LIU B,GE X P,et al.Effcet of high carbohydrate levels in the dietary on growth performance,immunity and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)on hepatic cell ofallogynogenetic crucian carp(Carassius auratus gibelio)[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(2):221-230.
[19]王愛民,呂 富,楊文平,等.飼料脂肪水平對(duì)異育銀鯽生長(zhǎng)性能、體脂沉積、肌肉成分及消化酶活性的影響[J].動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)報(bào),2010,22(3):625-633.
WANG A M,LV F,YANG W P,et al.Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance,dody fat deposition,muscle composition and activities of digestive enzymes of gibel carp(Carassius auratus gibelio)[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2010,22(3):625-633.
[20]黃福堂.大慶油田原油的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)、組成與特征[J].大慶石油學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),1983(2):54-66.
HUANG F T.Physical,chemical properties,composition and characteristics of Daqing crude oil[J].Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute,1983(2):54-66.
[21]ANDERSON J,NEFF J,COX B,et al.Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish[J].Marine Biology Research,1974,27(1):75-88.
[22]AKAISHIF,SILVA A,JAKOBIS,et al.Morphological and neurotoxicological findings in tropical freshwater fish(Astyanaxsp.)after waterborne and acute exposure to water soluble fraction(WSF)of crude oil[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2004,46(2):244-253.
[23]YASUNORI M,SHIN-ICHIK,KEIN,et al.Effects of heavy oil in the developing spotted halibut,Verasper variegates[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,57(6):524-528.
[24]王 振,鄭森林,劉文華,等.原油水溶性成分對(duì)斜帶髭鯛受精卵及仔魚的急性毒性效應(yīng)[J].臺(tái)灣海峽,2010,29(3):367-372.
WANG Z,ZHENG SL,LIUW H,et al.Acute toxic effects of the water accommodated fraction of crude oil on hapalogenys nitens zygotes and larvae.[J].Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan strait,2010,29(3):367-372.
[25]劉在平,張松林,楊敬輝,等.氯苯對(duì)斑馬魚胚胎發(fā)育和仔魚的毒性效應(yīng)研究[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)與技術(shù),2012,35(7):25-28.
LIU Z P,ZHANG S L,YANG J H,et al.Toxic effects of chlorobenzene on embryonic development and larva of zebrafish[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,35(7):25-28.
[26]PAUKA L,MACENO M,ROSSI S,et al.Embryotoxicity and biotransformation responses in zebrafish exposed to water-soluble fraction of crude oil[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2011,86(4):389-393.
[27]陳文利,趙 梅,楊麗莉,等.二甲基聯(lián)苯胺對(duì)斑馬魚胚胎發(fā)育及成活率的影響[J].河北醫(yī)藥,2011,33(17):2610-2612
CHENW L,ZHAOM,YANG L L,et al.The effect of dimethyl benzidine on embryonic development and the survival rate of zebrafish[J].Hebei MedicalJournal,2011,33(17):2610-2612
[28]樓允東.魚類的孵化酶[J].動(dòng)物學(xué)雜志,1965,7(3):97-101.
LOU Y D.Hatching enzyme of fish[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,1965,7(3):97-101.
[29]張 奇,趙紅雪,吳旭東,等.魚類孵化酶及魚類人工孵化提前脫膜問題探討[J].內(nèi)陸水產(chǎn),2005,30(5):19-20.
ZHANG Q,ZHAO H X,WU X D,et al.Exploration of hatching enzyme and why artificial hatched eggs out of the membrane earlier[J].Inland Fisheries,2005,30(5):19-20.
Effects of water-soluble content of Daqing crude oil on Carassius auratus gibelio embryo and larvae
YE Jian-xiong1,2,ZHAN Pei-rong1,HUANG Xiao-li1,LIU Wei1,WANG Chen1,2
(1.Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Science,Heilongjiang150001,China;2.College of Fisheries and Life,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai201306,China)
As an important complex raw material for chemical industry,oil is mainly composed by alkane,arene,phenol,heterocyclic compound,nitrogen,sulphur and heavy metals,which will considerably go into the environment and cause pollution in oil exploration,transportation and refining processes.Oil pollution events can cause serious influences on the local ecological system,especially for water environment and aquatic organisms.To assess the effects of water soluble content of crude oil on the aquatic environment and fish,Carassius auratus gibeliowas chosen as a test animal,and the embryo and larvae damage after exposure to water soluble content of crude oil was studied.The conclusion can provide scientific basis for the study of fish culture environmental toxicology and the monitoring of spilled oil pollution.The oil used was from Daqing oil field.The crude oil contained 13%-23%of aromatic hydrocarbons,55%-72%of saturated hydrocarbons,10%-30%of non-hydrocarbons and 0.5%-2%of asphaltene.The water-soluble content of Daqing crude oil was prepared by 1 part of oil plus 9 parts of water in a Pyrex bottle and stirred by ultrasound wave for 4 h at(20.0±2.0)℃.The bottle was capped by plastic foil,and then covered with black plastic to avoid the interference of light.After mixing,the water-soluble content of crude oil was separated,which was designated as the 100%soluble content.The gained 100%soluble content was as the stock solution,and different concentrations(15%,33%,and 50%)of soluble content were prepared.Carassius auratus gibelio used was from Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute.Healthy and motivatedCarassius auratus gibeliowere selected.The average weight of the female was(105.14±10.59)g,and the average weight of the male was(92.64±6.32)g.Drugs(Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone A2 and domperidone)were injected into the fishes to get eggs and sperms.After removing the impurities in eggs and sperm,the artificial insemination process was performed.The eggs fertilized after 2 h and full swell were utilized for tests.The group without any petroleum was used as the control group.The experimental temperature range was from 25 to 26℃and the pH of solution was kept around 7.The dissolved oxygen range was from 6 to 8 mg·L-1.The water-soluble content of different concentrations(0.15%,33%and 50%)was replaced every 24 h,there was no feed through the experiment.The main items were egg death number(recorded every 6 hours),number of hatched larvae(recorded every hour),pigmentation,tail deformities,eye defects,physical abnormality,heart rate variation and athletic ability.Results showed that the effect of water-soluble content of crude oil on larvae was more significant thanembryo.It did not cause the death of embryos directly,and embryos cultured in different concentrations of oil water-soluble content showed no significant difference in death rates.The number of dead embryos in different concentrations of oil water-soluble content(0%,15%,33%and 50%)was33.2±1.4,43.8±3.5,37.6 ±1.6,38.1±6.1 respectively,whereas the number of dead larvae was 2.0±1.0,22.5±2.1,50.4± 4.4,96.3±3.8 respectively.The incubation time of experimental groups was shorter than the control group.Pigmentation was inversely related to the concentrations of oil water soluble content.At 15%concentration,approximately 57%of embryos showed weak pigmentation.However,at 33%and 50%concentrations,the percentages of embryos showing weak pigmentation were 77%and 93%,respectively.Tail deformities were positively related to concentration of oil water soluble content.At15%concentration,approximately 7.5%of embryos showed tail deformities.At 33%and 50%concentrations,it increased to 16.4%and 25.4%,respectively.At high concentration(50%),the embryos showed significant physical abnormality and low heart rates,but no eye defects.The mobility of larvae was also affected by the oil water-soluble content.The mobility of larvae was steadily worse with time passing.At 50%concentration,larvae showed strong activity at the first 48 hours,and then the mobility weakened.However,at 15%and 33%concentrations,the mobility enhanced before 72 h,and gradually weakened subsequently.In the control group,the mobility enhanced in the entire experiment period.Results showed that water-soluble content of crude oil caused damage,malformation and even death on the embryo and larvae ofCarassius auratus gibelio.The oil spill would affect the reproduction and growth of fish and destroy the population structure.Consequently,to study the fish culture environmental toxicology and find methods in pollution control and spilled oil pollution monitoring is significant.
water-soluble constituents of crude oil;Carassius auratus gibelio;embryo;larvae
S 917.4
A
1004-2490(2016)02-0182-08
2015-09-10
農(nóng)業(yè)部應(yīng)對(duì)溢油關(guān)鍵技術(shù)專項(xiàng)(2013-2015)
葉劍雄(1989-),男,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)樯鷳B(tài)毒理。E-mail:15180603499@163.com
戰(zhàn)培榮,男,研究員,zhanpr@163.com;劉偉,女,研究員,liuwei_1020@aliyun.com