□高德勝
透析中考英語中動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)
□高德勝
動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)在各地的中考題中是重要的考點(diǎn)。英語的語態(tài)分成兩種:主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài),在這里我們主要探討被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法。中考都考查了哪些時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),讓我們一看究竟吧。
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(am∕is∕are+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞)
The classroom is always kept clean.教室總是保持得很干凈。
2.一般過去時(shí)(was∕were+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞)
The story was told by her.這個(gè)故事是她講的。
3.一般將來時(shí)(shall∕will+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞)
The problem will be discussed tomorrow.這個(gè)問題將在明天討論。
4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞)
These books can’t be taken out of the reading room.這些書不能被帶出閱覽室。
5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have∕has+been+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞)
The novel has been read.這本小說已經(jīng)被讀過了。
【例1】Students do less homework now.Usually itbefore 9 o’clock in the evening.
A.finishesB.finished
C.is finishedD.was finished(2016·重慶A卷)
【解析】根據(jù)句意“現(xiàn)在學(xué)生的家庭作業(yè)少了,通常在晚上九點(diǎn)前就能做完”。在這個(gè)句子中,主語it是動(dòng)作finish的承受者,故選用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。又由于做作業(yè)是經(jīng)常性的情況,故要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。故選C。
【例2】Some students in this schoolabroad as exchange students every year.
A.sentB.sendC.are sent(2015·四川自貢)
【解析】考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法。句意:每年這所學(xué)校的有些學(xué)生被派往國外做交換生。主語students與謂語動(dòng)詞send之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故選C。
【例3】Paperfirstabout 2,000 years ago in China.
A.is,creatingB.is,created
C.has,createdD.was,created(2016·天津)
【解析】根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語about 2,000 years ago可知要用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),故選D。
【例4】—I want to borrow the book,but I don’t know how long it may.
—For two weeks.
A.borrowB.be borrowed
C.keepD.be kept(2016·青海西寧)
【解析】本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主語it和謂語動(dòng)詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài),并且此處應(yīng)填一個(gè)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,故選D。
【例5】A new roadnear my school next year.
A.buildsB.will build
C.is builtD.will be built(2016·北京)
【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)辨析。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語next year可知要用將來時(shí)。由于本句的主語a new road與謂語動(dòng)詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故要用一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。故選D。
1.把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致,其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與變換后的主語保持一致。如:
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought.(正確)
A new computer have been bought.(錯(cuò)誤)
2.某些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng)語態(tài),但含有被動(dòng)的意思。如:
This kind of dictionary sells well.這種詞典很好銷。
The bike needs repairing.=The bike needs to be repaired.那輛自行車需要修理了。
3.主動(dòng)語態(tài)中有些動(dòng)詞,如:make,see,listen,watch,feel后常跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)要加上to。如:
He made the man work 14 hours a day.→The man was made to work 14 hours a day.
4.含有雙賓語的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí),可將其中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個(gè)不變,通常將間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。如:
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.→I was given a present on my birthday.我的叔叔在我生日時(shí)送給我一個(gè)禮物。
如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語,則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~,如上句還可以說:A present was given to me yesterday.
注意:1.一般在下列動(dòng)詞后,間接賓語前用介詞to,如:bring,give, hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。如:
The book was showed to the class.這本書向全班同學(xué)展示了。
My bike was lent to her.我的自行車借給她了。
5.一般在下列動(dòng)詞后,間接賓語前用介詞for,如:
build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order, paint,play,sing等。如:
A new skirt was made for me.我做了一件新裙子。
Some country music was played for us.我們彈奏了一些鄉(xiāng)村音樂。
6.由“動(dòng)詞+介詞”或“動(dòng)詞+副詞”構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞,要把它們作為整體來看,即把它們看成及物動(dòng)詞,介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動(dòng)詞有:
(1)不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞,如:
agree to,ask for,laugh at,operate on,listen to,look after,think of, talk about等。如:
The patient is being operated on.這個(gè)病人正在做手術(shù)。
It needn’t be talked about.這個(gè)不需要被討論。
(2)及物動(dòng)詞+副詞,如:
bring about,cary out,find out,give up,hand in,make out,pass on, point out,put away,put off,think over,turn down,work out,turn out等。如:
His request was turned down.他的要求被拒絕了。
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.由于惡劣的天氣,運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將延期舉行。