□楊進(jìn)山
被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)
□楊進(jìn)山
同學(xué)們都知道,“be+過去分詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)既可能是被動(dòng)語態(tài),也可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu),盡管二者形式相同,但意義卻不一樣。被動(dòng)語態(tài)是就動(dòng)作而言的,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。但有時(shí)be后面的過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞時(shí),在句中作表語,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),表示主語的特點(diǎn)或所處的某種狀態(tài)。那么大家該如何辨別它們呢?
英語中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者一般由介詞by引導(dǎo)的短語來表示。因此,當(dāng)句中含有“be+過去分詞+by短語”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),通常作為被動(dòng)語態(tài)看待;而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞則說明主語的特征或狀態(tài)。試比較:
The door was closed by my brother.門被我弟弟關(guān)上了。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The door was closed.門關(guān)著。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
一般地,被動(dòng)語態(tài)可以有多種時(shí)態(tài)以表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的不同時(shí)間,可用于一般時(shí),將來時(shí),進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成時(shí)等8種時(shí)態(tài)。如:
It’s said that the long bridge will be built up in two months.據(jù)說那座長橋?qū)⒃趦蓚€(gè)月后建成。
而系表結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)或一般過去時(shí),說明主語現(xiàn)在、將來或過去某時(shí)刻所處的狀態(tài)。如:
I’m not quite used to the weather here yet.我還不太習(xí)慣這里的天氣。
再比較:
New products are being made.新產(chǎn)品正在制造中。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The book has already been translated into many languages.這本書已被翻譯成多種語言。(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The meeting will be put off.會議將延期。(一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
John and a singer were married.約翰和一位歌唱家結(jié)婚了。(一般過去時(shí)的系表結(jié)構(gòu))
I am interested in that story book.我對那本故事書感興趣。(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的系表結(jié)構(gòu))
若“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí),我們可以根據(jù)句子的狀語來區(qū)別是被動(dòng)語態(tài)還是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
1.“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),且句子中有usually,always,often等表示頻度的副詞說明動(dòng)作反復(fù)發(fā)生,則為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:
He’s often asked to come here.他經(jīng)常被請到這兒來。
All questions were always answered in English by Mary.瑪麗一直用英語回答所有的問題。
2.當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)是一般過去時(shí),且句中有表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式的狀語,多為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:
The factory was built in 1980’s.這家工廠是20世紀(jì)80年代建的。
有些由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成的過去分詞在運(yùn)用中實(shí)際上已變成了形容詞,在句中用作表語,且后面往往還有固定的介詞搭配或構(gòu)成固定的動(dòng)詞短語形式。如:
Anna’s father is worried about her lessons.安娜的父親擔(dān)心她的課程。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
英語中類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有:be supposed to do sth.表示“應(yīng)該做某事”,be filled with...表示“用……裝滿……”,be interested in...表示“對……感興趣”,be surprised to∕at...表示“……使驚奇∕使驚訝”,be known as∕to表示“為……所知”等。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的過去分詞必須是由及物動(dòng)詞或用作及物動(dòng)詞的短語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成;而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的由過去分詞演變成的形容詞可以由不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的,如:gone,retired,covered,broken,married等。如:
The small boy was taken to the hospital by him.小男孩被他送到了醫(yī)院。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
When I came back,I found my book was gone.當(dāng)我返回時(shí),我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的書不見了。
His house was fallen down because of the earthquake.由于地震,他的房子倒塌了。
一、判斷下列句子是“被動(dòng)語態(tài)”還是“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”。
1.The window was broken.
2.The book is written in English.
3.English is the most widely spoken language in the world.
4.All of the students are supposed to hand in their homework on time.
5.Mary was married to a driver last Saturday.
6.The new teacher was given a warm welcome by the students.
7.The beautiful days are gone.
8.An old machine is being mended by the workers.
二、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
9.It is(know)to all that Guilin is famous for its beautiful scenery.
10.The bowl was(fill)with hot water.
11.they(see)to get off the bus by their teacher yesterday?
12.The PRC(found)on October 1,1949.
13.The supermarketusually(open)at seven o’clock.
14.—Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?—No,I(not invite).
15.She(not use)to staying up late.
16.Some of my classmates are(interest)in Bill Gates.
一、1.系表結(jié)構(gòu)2.被動(dòng)語態(tài)3.被動(dòng)語態(tài)4.系表結(jié)構(gòu)5.系表結(jié)構(gòu)6.被動(dòng)語態(tài)7.系表結(jié)構(gòu)8.被動(dòng)語態(tài)
二、9.known10.filled11.Were,seen12.was founded13.is, opened14.wasn’t invited15.isn’t used16.interested