王亞周,李晉虎,苗旺,范益民?
山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,山西太原 030001
*綜述*
CEACAM1參與調(diào)控腫瘤免疫的研究進(jìn)展
王亞周,李晉虎,苗旺,范益民?
山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,山西太原 030001
癌胚抗原相關(guān)黏附分子1(CEACAM1)是一種Ig樣跨膜蛋白,屬于免疫球蛋白超家族,廣泛表達(dá)于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞、粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞和腫瘤細(xì)胞。近年來(lái),隨著腫瘤免疫學(xué)的快速發(fā)展,目前認(rèn)為CEACAM1在包括非小細(xì)胞肺癌、黑色素瘤、結(jié)直腸癌和胰腺癌等在內(nèi)的多種惡性腫瘤中扮演著重要角色,其能調(diào)控機(jī)體對(duì)腫瘤的免疫殺傷能力,參與腫瘤的免疫逃逸。因此,了解CEACAM1分子在免疫系統(tǒng)中的作用,揭示它參與腫瘤免疫的分子機(jī)制,探索其作為腫瘤免疫治療靶點(diǎn)的可能性。
CEACAM1;腫瘤免疫
自從50多年前首次發(fā)現(xiàn)癌胚抗原(CEA)可作為結(jié)直腸癌的標(biāo)記性分子后,現(xiàn)已陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了12種癌胚抗原相關(guān)細(xì)胞粘附分子(CEACAMs),它們屬于免疫超蛋白家族,在細(xì)胞粘附、細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路以及復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)進(jìn)程如血管生成、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、炎癥反應(yīng)、腫瘤進(jìn)展中起著不同的作用[1]。其中,CEACAM1在人體中分布最廣泛[2],大量表達(dá)在上皮細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞和髓源性細(xì)胞上。近年來(lái)隨著腫瘤免疫學(xué)的快速發(fā)展,目前認(rèn)為CEACAM1在包括非小細(xì)胞肺癌[3]、黑色素瘤[4]、結(jié)直腸癌[5]和胰腺癌[6]等在內(nèi)的多種惡性腫瘤中扮演著重要角色,其不僅可作為疾病的有效診斷標(biāo)記,還可參與腫瘤的免疫逃逸,調(diào)控機(jī)體對(duì)腫瘤的免疫殺傷能力。因此,了解CEACAM1分子在免疫系統(tǒng)中的作用,揭示它參與腫瘤免疫的分子機(jī)制,可為進(jìn)一步探索其作為腫瘤免疫治療靶點(diǎn)的可能性提供理論依據(jù)。本文中將重點(diǎn)對(duì)CEACAM1參與腫瘤免疫的分子機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述。
CEACAM家族蛋白(CEACAMs)屬于免疫蛋白超家族,普遍存在V-樣可變區(qū),即N結(jié)構(gòu)域。在N結(jié)構(gòu)域之后可有0~6個(gè)不等的恒定C2樣Ig結(jié)構(gòu)域,在細(xì)胞間的粘附中起著重要的作用。由于原始CEACAM1的mRNA存在復(fù)雜可變剪切,這使得CEACAM1蛋白成為了其家族中種類最多的一類蛋白。它們共同的特征是含有跨膜的胞質(zhì)尾區(qū),即或含有免疫受體酪氨酸抑制基序(ITIM)的長(zhǎng)(-L)胞質(zhì)尾區(qū),或不含 ITIM 的短(-S)的胞質(zhì)尾區(qū)[7]。CEACAM1-L含有多個(gè)磷酸化位點(diǎn),參與信號(hào)的轉(zhuǎn)錄及蛋白間的相互作用,從而傳導(dǎo)抑制信號(hào)。而CEACAM1-S缺乏磷酸化位點(diǎn),但含有能直接結(jié)合原肌球蛋白、肌動(dòng)蛋白和肌鈣蛋白的序列[8-9]。細(xì)胞中CEACAM1-L與CEACAM1-S的比例是動(dòng)態(tài)變化的,其轉(zhuǎn)錄可根據(jù)細(xì)胞的功能和所受的刺激的不同而改變[10]。在信號(hào)通路的調(diào)節(jié)中,CEACAM1的ITIMs中的酪氨酸磷酸化位點(diǎn)可與Src同源區(qū)2的酪氨酸酶SHP-1/SHP-2及Src激酶結(jié)合,從而通過(guò)磷酸化作用和去磷酸化作用來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)[11]。
CEACAM1作為一種Ig樣跨膜蛋白,表達(dá)廣泛,功能復(fù)雜多變,可以通過(guò)多種方式參與調(diào)控機(jī)體的免疫功能。如已通過(guò)T細(xì)胞受體交鏈結(jié)合[12]和奈瑟球菌不透光蛋白實(shí)驗(yàn)[13],證實(shí) CEACAM1可以抑制 T細(xì)胞的活性,并且CEACAM1還可不依賴MHCⅠ類分子的識(shí)別作用而通過(guò)其親同種抗原的相互作用來(lái)抑制NK細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的殺傷作用[14]。此外,CEACAM1還能抑制腫瘤浸潤(rùn)淋巴細(xì)胞(TILs)的效應(yīng)功能,如減少細(xì)胞毒性和IFN-γ的分泌[15]。因此,CEACAM1可能通過(guò)多種途徑來(lái)抑制機(jī)體免疫能力從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
①T淋巴細(xì)胞:人和鼠的 T淋巴細(xì)胞都普遍表達(dá)ITIM,且含有CEACAM1-L亞型及少量的CEACAM1-S亞型[16]。T細(xì)胞上表達(dá)的CEACAM1-L可通過(guò)磷酸化及去磷酸化的作用來(lái)抑制TCR信號(hào)通路中最近的靶目標(biāo),進(jìn)而能介導(dǎo)淋巴細(xì)胞間粘附、T細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞的粘附、及介導(dǎo)溶細(xì)胞作用[12],應(yīng)用抗CEACAM1特異性抗體能夠抑制這些功能。CEACAM1-L能在生理作用下通過(guò)MAPK通路抑制T細(xì)胞活化的信號(hào)發(fā)放,減少IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-2等細(xì)胞因子的分泌[9,17]。因此,從這方面說(shuō)CEACAM1-L是一種共抑制分子受體參與調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)。通過(guò)shRNA敲除SHP-1以及CEACAM1抗體阻滯后,發(fā)現(xiàn)TCR引起的細(xì)胞毒性功能得到了增強(qiáng),證實(shí)了這些功能要依賴CEACAM1-L與SHP-1的相互作用[18]。在體內(nèi)動(dòng)物模型中,與Ceacam1-/-小鼠相比,使轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠的T細(xì)胞過(guò)表達(dá)CEACAM1-L時(shí),可觀察到T細(xì)胞增殖、移植物排異反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞因子的分泌、遲發(fā)型超敏反應(yīng)及炎癥性腸病等都有所減弱[19]。相反,CEACAM1-S能增加IL-2啟動(dòng)子的活性、MAPK通路的信號(hào)發(fā)送以及細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生[17]。Müller等認(rèn)為CEACAM1-S可能減少了CEACAM1-L的同源二聚體組成,并隨之招募SHP1/SHP2或c-Src。在腸固有T細(xì)胞或者腸相關(guān)淋巴組織暴露于相關(guān)的粘膜因子和致病菌中時(shí),機(jī)體可通過(guò)調(diào)控hnRNA的水平來(lái)影響CEACAM1的可變剪切,使CEACAM1-S的表達(dá)水平升高,促進(jìn)IgA的分泌,維護(hù)腸粘膜屏障功能,防御機(jī)體受到病原菌的攻擊[16]。這些數(shù)據(jù)有力的證明了細(xì)胞中的CEACAM1-L和CEACAM1-S的表達(dá)比例決定了它們對(duì)于機(jī)體免疫的反應(yīng)程度[20]。因此,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞上 CEACAM1亞型CEACAM1-L/CEACAM1-S的比例,改變CEACAM1同源二聚體的相互作用,可能會(huì)調(diào)整腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答,影響腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
除此之外,Huang[21]等證實(shí)T細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白(T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3,Tim-3)是CEACAM1的一種異源二聚體,且兩者在T細(xì)胞上共表達(dá)。通過(guò)生物化學(xué)、生物物理學(xué)及X射線晶體學(xué)等實(shí)驗(yàn)證明兩者存在相互作用,而且當(dāng)Tim-3或CEACAM1內(nèi)部若干氨基酸殘基的突變會(huì)減弱這種相互作用。在活化的T細(xì)胞上,CEACAM1可與Tim-3相互作用并促進(jìn)其成熟。然后,CEACAM1與Tim-3通過(guò)順式或者反式作用介導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞免疫耐受,抑制T細(xì)胞功能。在Ceacam1-/-小鼠移植瘤模型中,CEACAM1缺失的T細(xì)胞在炎癥區(qū)聚集,同時(shí)還觀察到這些T細(xì)胞上的Tim-3表達(dá)減少、調(diào)節(jié)性細(xì)胞因子分泌減少。但當(dāng)導(dǎo)入特異性表達(dá)CEACAM1的T細(xì)胞時(shí),就改變了這種情況。而在野生型小鼠結(jié)直腸癌模型中,共同阻斷CEACAM1和Tim-3可以提高抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng),減小腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。因此,CEACAM1可作為Tim-3的異源二聚體配體抑制T細(xì)胞功能,在抗腫瘤免疫中起著重要的作用。
②自然殺傷細(xì)胞:除了在T細(xì)胞上表達(dá)外,CEACAM1也在NK細(xì)胞上表達(dá),以利于NK細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞毒性效應(yīng)細(xì)胞相互作用。CEACAM1在不依賴MHCⅠ類分子的NK細(xì)胞(CD16 CD56+)上高表達(dá),介導(dǎo)NK和腫瘤細(xì)胞間的粘附作用,從而抑制NK細(xì)胞的增殖、細(xì)胞因子的分泌和溶細(xì)胞性[14]。因此,大量高表達(dá)CEACAM1的腫瘤細(xì)胞能通過(guò)這一途徑逃避機(jī)體的免疫攻擊。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)黑色素瘤患者外周血中異常高表達(dá)CEACAM1-L+NK細(xì)胞,且這些患者不僅腫瘤發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)移且生存期較短[22-23]。在腎細(xì)胞癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),腎癌細(xì)胞株中含有完整的CEACAM1基因,但只短暫的表達(dá)CEACAM1,當(dāng)與NK細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)時(shí),可發(fā)現(xiàn)其CEACAM1表達(dá)上調(diào),并與NK細(xì)胞相互作用而抑制NK細(xì)胞的功能[24]。深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn),活化的 NK細(xì)胞上表達(dá)的CEACAM1-L能夠抑制NK基因2成員D(NKG2D)介導(dǎo)的溶細(xì)胞活性[25]。在腫瘤細(xì)胞上,CEACAM1-L還能通過(guò)下游表達(dá)的NKG2D的受體NKG2DLs促進(jìn)免疫監(jiān)視逃逸[26]。因此,CEACAM1能減弱NKG2D介導(dǎo)的NK細(xì)胞溶解腫瘤細(xì)胞的敏感性,進(jìn)而削弱了機(jī)體的抗腫瘤免疫能力。
③B淋巴細(xì)胞:CEACAM1在B細(xì)胞上的作用一直存在爭(zhēng)議,即抑制或激活信號(hào)通路,因?yàn)樵贐細(xì)胞上CEACAM1可依據(jù)與所結(jié)合的抗體不同而發(fā)揮不同的作用。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在B淋巴細(xì)胞上,CEACAM1作為BCR的共受體負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)B淋巴細(xì)胞的免疫功能。在人胚胎樣Burkitt’s B淋巴瘤細(xì)胞株中,在酪氨酸磷酸化作用及與相關(guān)的SHP-1作用下,CEACAM1作為BCR的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)的共受體參與調(diào)節(jié)抗sIgM介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[11];并且在B細(xì)胞初始聚集在淋巴結(jié)時(shí),少量CEACAM1不會(huì)抑制CD19介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞聚集,而當(dāng)大量的CEACAM1存在時(shí)就會(huì)抑制B細(xì)胞的聚集。此外,在86%的骨髓瘤患者樣本中檢測(cè)出CEACAM1的表達(dá)與其標(biāo)記分子 (PCA-1,CD38和CD56)呈正相關(guān)[27]。
④髓源性細(xì)胞:已知CEACAM1是介導(dǎo)中性粒細(xì)胞活化的抗原,可被趨化肽FMLP、鈣離子載體A23187、TPA和維甲酸上調(diào)[28-29]。在粒細(xì)胞生成過(guò)程中,CEACAM1可通過(guò)與SHP-1結(jié)合介導(dǎo)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子(STAT3)抑制粒細(xì)胞-集落刺激因子受體(G-CSFR)下游信號(hào)通路,從而調(diào)節(jié)粒細(xì)胞的生成[5]。當(dāng)應(yīng)用大量的抗CEACAM1抗體或者可溶性的CEACAM1-Fc片段時(shí)能夠引起依賴Erk1/2或Fas介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[30]。而且,在單核細(xì)胞中也有類似的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這表明,在這一細(xì)胞類型中,細(xì)胞的存活主要由 PI3K依賴途徑和 AKT依賴途徑調(diào)控,但不由Erk1/2依賴的生長(zhǎng)信號(hào)調(diào)控[31]。鼠DCs表達(dá)的CEACAM1的主要亞型是通過(guò)抗體間接組織分泌化學(xué)因子而活化的,如巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥蛋白1α(MIP-1α),巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥蛋白2α(MIP-2α)和單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1(MCP-1),這些因子能促使粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞和未成熟的DC細(xì)胞遷移。許多共刺激分子也能被誘導(dǎo),這說(shuō)明CEACAM1信號(hào)通路能介導(dǎo)早期的DC細(xì)胞成熟、活化,并誘導(dǎo)Th1樣CD4+T細(xì)胞極化。另外,DC的成熟要依賴暴露于中性粒細(xì)胞的CEACAM1 Lewis X抗原決定簇與DCs上表達(dá)的DC-SIGN結(jié)合[32]。結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞就含有Lewis多聚糖,能與DCs結(jié)合,因此能影響DCs的分化和功能,這也許就是呈遞抗腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答失敗的原因。
總之,免疫細(xì)胞上表達(dá)的CEACAM1在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,同時(shí)CEACAM1可能成為腫瘤治療新的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn)。
針對(duì)CEACAM1的治療已經(jīng)取得了令人鼓舞的成果,尤其是在黑色素瘤[33]患者中,CEACAM1也可能在將來(lái)成為重要的免疫治療靶點(diǎn)。
如前所述,CEACAM1是一種免疫相關(guān)分子,在共抑制受體或免疫調(diào)節(jié)中,與細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞抗原4(CTLA4)、程序性死亡分子1(PD-1)有許多相同的特征,如表達(dá)模式,免疫受體酪氨酸抑制基序(ITIM)模式,可與酪氨酸磷酸酶SHP-1結(jié)合,抑制T淋巴細(xì)胞的過(guò)渡活化(CTLA-4)或者作為一個(gè) “關(guān)卡”衰減免疫應(yīng)答(PD-1)。在轉(zhuǎn)移的黑色素瘤患者中已經(jīng)有CTLA-4和PD-1的單克隆抗體用于治療[34]。同時(shí),聯(lián)合這兩種抗體治療腫瘤已經(jīng)被批準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入Ⅰ期臨床試驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示,有50%的晚期黑色素瘤患者在治療12周后能觀察到腫瘤明顯地減小[35]。鑒于CEACAM1能夠抑制細(xì)胞的增殖及T細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性,并且它在黑色素瘤上表達(dá)能阻止T細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞早期和后期的攻擊,所以應(yīng)用一個(gè)新的抗CEACAM1抗體(MRG1)與CEACAM1的N結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合,使得黑色素瘤細(xì)胞易于被T細(xì)胞攻擊[33],因此能提高效應(yīng)淋巴細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤效應(yīng)。其它表達(dá)CEACAM1的腫瘤如結(jié)直腸癌,也能應(yīng)用抗CEACAM1特異抗體靶向治療,例如Huang等在結(jié)直腸癌移植瘤小鼠模型中,應(yīng)用抗體阻斷了CEACAM1與Tim-3,觀察到實(shí)驗(yàn)組腫瘤生長(zhǎng)明顯受到抑制。另外,WL5抗體可以優(yōu)先與結(jié)直腸癌上的CEACAM1結(jié)合,并介導(dǎo)ADCC的抗腫瘤活性[36]。CC4最初是用于針對(duì)CEA的抗體,后來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)它能阻止結(jié)直腸癌的上皮細(xì)胞的CEA與NK細(xì)胞特有的CEACAM1的相互作用,從而可以增強(qiáng)NK細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性[37]。因此,針對(duì)CEACAM1的特異性抗體可能將成為一種強(qiáng)大的武器,在不同的腫瘤中,它能靶向抑制CEACAM1來(lái)恢復(fù)機(jī)體的抗腫瘤免疫功能,從而殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞,抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,最終達(dá)到治療腫瘤的目的??傊?,針對(duì)CEACAM1的免疫治療可能成為一種前景很好的治療方法,雖然該研究的臨床試驗(yàn)尚未進(jìn)行,但是其他免疫共抑制分子如CTLA-4和PD-1這兩種抗體所取得的成功將會(huì)激勵(lì)人們?cè)贑EACAM1抗腫瘤的應(yīng)用中去做更加深入的探索。
CEACAM1在自身的進(jìn)化中保留了自身的調(diào)控元件,其顯著的特征就是通過(guò)可變剪切而動(dòng)態(tài)表達(dá)的眾多分子亞型,尤其是L、S和sCEACAM1在抗腫瘤免疫中起著重要的作用。除了L/S亞型的比例,CEACAM1調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)的功能還有賴于眾多分子的參與和調(diào)節(jié),如細(xì)胞間糖基化的調(diào)節(jié)、CEACAM1的量和密度、及其受體Tim-3的含量,還有細(xì)胞間的信號(hào)如周圍腫瘤細(xì)胞或者基質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌的生長(zhǎng)因子和微環(huán)境中的其他CEACAM分子。CEACAM1表達(dá)在不同類型、不同分化階段的細(xì)胞上,參與了固有免疫、適應(yīng)性免疫的調(diào)節(jié)、免疫耐受的形成和維持、以及腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,但是如何去需找一種有效的方法及合理的指標(biāo)來(lái)檢測(cè)與疾病相關(guān)的CEACAM1的表達(dá)情況 如何尋找一種特異的抗體能有效地阻斷在腫瘤的疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展中CEACAM1對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的免疫監(jiān)視和免疫應(yīng)答的抑制作用 這一系列問(wèn)題都亟待解決。
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CEACAM1 in the Regulation of Tumor Immunity
WANG Ya-zhou,LI Jin-hu,MIAO Wang,FAN Yi-min
Neurosurgery department of First hospital of Shanxi medical university,Taiyuan,Shanxi Province,030001 China
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1(CEACAM1)is a kind of Ig-like membrane protein,which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and can be widely detected on endothelia,epithelia,granulocytes,lymphocytes and tumor cells.Over the years,with the rapid development of tumor immunology,it is now recognized that CEACAM1 plays an important role in multiple malignant tumors,includes non-small cell lung cancer,melanoma,colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer.This protein can mediate anti-tumor immune ability of the body and assist the immune escape of the tumors.Thus,we need to get a full understand of the functions of CEACAM1 in immunology,to reveal the mechanism of its role and to explore its possibility as a target of tumor immunotherapy.
CEACAM1;Tumor immunology
R730.3
A doi 10.11966/j.issn.2095-994X.2016.02.01.17
2016-02-18;
2016-03-04
山西省衛(wèi)計(jì)委科研課題(2015025);山西省基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃(青年科技研究基金)項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2012021035-4)。
王亞周,山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)碩士研究生在讀,研究方向:神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤。
范益民,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:膠質(zhì)瘤的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究。 Email:fanyimin5678@126.com
王亞周,李晉虎,苗旺,等.CEACAM1參與調(diào)控腫瘤免疫的研究進(jìn)展[J].世界復(fù)合醫(yī)學(xué),2016,2(1):58-62.