浙江 范秀琴
C-L-E-A-R,五步消除完形填空解題障礙
浙江 范秀琴
高考英語完形填空題是學(xué)生較難把握的常見題型。它其實是一種高難度的障礙性閱讀理解題,檢測的是學(xué)生結(jié)合上下文的語境對英語語篇的整體感知能力、分析判斷能力、邏輯推理能力和連貫性思維能力,同時也客觀地考查學(xué)生的語言水平和實際綜合運用語言的能力。
毫無疑問,要做好完形填空題,學(xué)生首先得具備較強(qiáng)的快速閱讀和對語篇的整體理解能力,能夠在特定的語境中根據(jù)上下文線索統(tǒng)攬全局,瞻前顧后,順藤摸瓜,做出正確的判斷和最佳的選擇。此外,學(xué)生還要掌握牢固的語言基礎(chǔ)知識,尤其是詞匯的掌握程度(一詞一義,一詞多義,固定搭配,詞匯辨析等),須得積極調(diào)遣個人所具備的各方面常識(包括話題及功能等方面的文化背景知識和基本的生活常識等)以及正確把握行文邏輯、合理進(jìn)行邏輯推理、隱含信息捕捉、作者態(tài)度揣摩和語篇情感體悟等與語言運用相關(guān)的經(jīng)驗來克服英語完形填空解題時的種種障礙,從而還原語篇,終而完“形”更完“意”。
C - L - E - A - R,五步消除完形填空解題障礙!
高考英語完形填空中交織滲透著各類相關(guān)的文化背景、科學(xué)知識和生活常識。高中生已經(jīng)具備了一定的跨文化交際意識和判斷能力,做題時,若積極調(diào)動自己的跨文化背景、社會知識和科普常識,便可大大簡化復(fù)雜的分析與判斷過程,順理成章地選出正確的答案。如:
【例1】(2016全國卷Ⅲ)Just before September,Miller was struck by a car and lost his right arm.I went to see him after he came back from 44.He looked very 45,but he didn’t cry.
44.A.school B.vacation
C.hospital D.training
45.A.pale B.calm
C.relaxed D.ashamed
【解析】C;A。Miller遭遇車禍?zhǔn)チ擞冶?。根?jù)常識可知,我去看望Miller應(yīng)是在他出院之后,那時他臉色蒼白,但(堅強(qiáng)的)他沒有哭。
【例2】(2016北京卷) How could the medicine get to Nome? The town’s 39 was already full of ice,so it couldn’t come by ship.
39.A.airport B.station
C.harbor D.border
【解析】C。由常識及題干中的“by ship”可判斷,既然藥物不能用船只運行,那冰封的肯定是港口,harbor意為“海港,港口”,故選C項。
【例3】(2016全國卷Ⅰ)Once fire and emergency people arrived,Larry and the other man backed off and let them go to work.Then,Larry asked the 57 if he was needed or free to go.
57.A.woman B.police
C.man D.driver
【解析】B。生活常識告訴我們:發(fā)生交通事故,警察應(yīng)該到場。消防人員和急救人員已介入處理,Larry問警察他需要留下來還是自由離開。
高考完形填空所選短文一般是故事性較強(qiáng)的記敘文或夾敘夾議的文體,間或也有說明文或議論文。選文題材廣泛,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),層次分明,行文邏輯性強(qiáng)。
那如何梳理好上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,補(bǔ)全殘缺的語境呢?關(guān)鍵在于要具備由一個或幾個已知的判斷前提,推導(dǎo)出未知的結(jié)論的邏輯思維能力。更重要的是要熟知那些體現(xiàn)文章起承轉(zhuǎn)合、上下連貫的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞。常見的表示邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞有:and,not only...but also...,neither...nor...,that is to say,also,then,even,still,besides,in addition,furthermore,what’s more等表示并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系;but,yet,however,on the contrary,on the other hand,although,even if,nevertheless,despite,in spite of,regardless of,anyway,anyhow等表示轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關(guān)系;because,for,so that,such...that...,in order that...,due to,thanks to,in response to,considering that等表示因果關(guān)系;if,only if,unless,once,as soon as,in case等表示條件關(guān)系;as...as...,not as/so...as...,than,by contrast,while等表示比較或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系。如:
【例1】(2016浙江卷) What brought about this astonishing change in me? The desert hadnt’ changed, 37 I had.I had changed my attitude.
37.A.as B.but
C.for D.or
【解析】B。父親的回信令“我”茅塞頓開:世界的美在于自己看待世界的態(tài)度。沙漠沒變,但是我的人生態(tài)度不一樣了。上下文之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故選B項。
【例2】(2016天津卷)Cathy has inspired us with her will and enthusiasm.33 skills and talents bring great success,the most valuable asse(t財富) one can hold is the heart.
33.A.Although B.Since
C.Once D.Because
【解析】A。盡管技巧和天賦能帶來巨大的成功,然而一個人擁有的最有價值的財富是內(nèi)心(的強(qiáng)大)。前后兩部分之間為讓步關(guān)系,故選A項。
【例3】(2016全國卷Ⅰ)They told her to stay still until the emergency personnel arrived, 53 she thought the car was going to explode.Larry told her that he had already put out the fire and she should not move 55 she injured her neck.
53.A.for B.so
C.and D.but
55.A.as if B.unless
C.in case D.after
【解析】D;C。句意為:他們告訴她保持不動的狀態(tài),直到救護(hù)人員到達(dá),但是她認(rèn)為車子即將爆炸了。Larry告訴她他已經(jīng)將火撲滅了,叫她不要動,以免傷到脖子。前一空存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系;后一空則表示目的,意為“以免,以防”。
高考完形填空雖然注重考查語境理解、語篇銜接,但同時也會涉及一些詞組、短語、句型、慣用法等固定搭配知識。掌握豐富的英語習(xí)語、句型和慣用法表達(dá),無疑多擁有了一個破解完形填空的秘密武器。如:
【例1】(2016浙江卷)I watched for the desert sunsets,and 34 for seashells that had been left there millions of years ago when the sands of the desert had been an ocean 35.
34.A.asked B.hunted
C.waited D.headed
35. A.floor B.surface
C.rock D.level
【解析】B;A。固定詞組“hunt for”表示“尋找,追尋”,符合語境含義。短語“an ocean floor/bed”,指“海床,洋底”。此處意為“數(shù)百萬年前,沙漠還是洋底”。
【例2】(2016江蘇卷)And that’s when it 45 me.I wasn’t doing anything 46 to make myself better.
45.A.confused B.informed
C.pleased D.hit
46.A.on loan B.on purpose
C.on sale D.on balance
【解析】D;B。常見句型It hits/strikes sb.(that...)意為“某人突然明白/想起……”。此處指作者領(lǐng)悟到了Kurt所說的話:成長不是一個自發(fā)的過程,而是需要計劃安排的。然而作者以前一直沒有有目的地去讓自己更好地成長。固定詞組on purpose,在此處表示“有意地”,也有“故意地,有目的地,成心地”等意思。
【例3】(2016天津卷)Last summer,she wanted to 18 our local swim team.She practiced hard and finally 19 it...Hearing her coughing bitterly one night,I decided to 22 her from it all.But Cathy woke me up early next morning,wearing her swimsuit 23 to go! I told her she shouldn’t swim after a whole night’s coughing,but she refused to 24 and insisted she go .
18.A.improve B.train
C.join D.contact
19.A.increased B.found
C.created D.made
22.A.pull B.tell
C.hide D.fire
23.A.afraid B.nervous
C.ready D.free
24.A.take off B.set off
C.give up D.show up
【解析】C;D;A;C;C。習(xí)慣上,join搭配a team/ a club/the Party,指“加入”團(tuán)體、組織或政黨,而join in指“參加”活動或游戲等。習(xí)語“make it”表示“獲得成功”。短語“pull sb.from...”指“把某人從……中拉出來”,即不讓某人做某事。常見短語“(be) ready to do sth.”則表示“準(zhǔn)備好做某事”。女兒拒絕放棄,堅持要去游泳。詞組“give up”表示“放棄”。
高考英語完形填空,尤其是記敘文類,注重對作者或文章人物的情感態(tài)度等方面的考查,因此解答此類題目時,我們要設(shè)身處地,融入情節(jié),或喜或悲,或惱或憂,或怒或悟,把握好人物的情感態(tài)度,推測文章主題和作者寫作意圖,統(tǒng)籌考慮,合情合理地確定相關(guān)選項。如:
【例1】(2016全國卷Ⅰ)One thing is for certain—Larry went above and beyond the call of duty by getting so close to the burning vehicle! His 60 most likely saved the woman’s life.
60.A.patience B.skills
C.efforts D.promise
【解析】C。通讀全文,貨車司機(jī)Larry奮力挽救一位陌生婦女的生命的英勇事跡躍然紙上。作者在文章末尾點題—A Heroic Driver,是Larry的努力在極大程度上挽救了那個女人的性命。
【例2】(2016全國卷Ⅱ)Sitting back in the car on the way to the airport,I figured it all out.Rani’s 59 —her warm smile,her nods,her “I’m here for you”60 —were all silent signals that didn’t travel through wires.
59.A.forgiveness B.eagerness
C.friendliness D.skillfulness
60.A.explanation B.attitude
C.concept D.behavior
【解析】C;B。通覽全文,我們知道,作者以與Rani見面的親身經(jīng)歷總結(jié):功能強(qiáng)大的電話傳遞的信息卻不總是準(zhǔn)確的,電話中感知的有時與現(xiàn)實生活中感受的并非一致。Rani幫助作者預(yù)訂機(jī)票,祝愿作者旅途愉快,她溫暖的笑容,善解人意的點頭,隨時為你效勞的工作態(tài)度等友好表現(xiàn)都是冷冰冰的電波無法傳遞的。
【例3】(2016全國卷Ⅲ)Damaged but not defeated,he was 58 ahead of me.I was right to have 59 him.From that day on,I grew 60 and a little more real.
58.A.still B.also
C.yet D.just
59.A.challenged B.cured
C.invited D.admired
60.A.healthier B.bigger
C.cleverer D.cooler
【解析】A;D;B。文章講述了一個勵志的故事。作者向最優(yōu)秀學(xué)員Miller看齊,刻苦訓(xùn)練,在Miller受傷后,脫穎而出,成為明星球員。他的表現(xiàn)也受到Miller的認(rèn)可。Miller雖然受傷了,但沒有被擊垮,所以作者認(rèn)為Miller仍然領(lǐng)先于他,是最強(qiáng)的。作者認(rèn)為自己欽佩Miller沒有錯。從那天起,作者長大了許多,變得更加真實,更重視自己的存在了。
詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)是高考英語完形填空中運用較多的一種測試命題手段。某一詞匯以原詞、派生詞、同義詞、近義詞、反義詞、概括詞、注釋詞等形式出現(xiàn)在語篇中,使語篇中的句子連貫,意義統(tǒng)一完整。如果判斷出一個未知設(shè)空與上下文的那些已知詞匯有復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系,則正確答案唾手可得。如:
【例1】(2016四川卷)“Nice try,Aunt Dede,”Lainey replied sourly from the back seat.
Another 53 was in order.“Well,if you don’t want to read it,give it back.Maybe your mom would enjoy hearing the story.”
53.A.idea B.try
C.belief D.behavior
【解析】B。此空是上文中的“Nice try”的原詞復(fù)現(xiàn),表示Aunt Dede準(zhǔn)備好了再一次嘗試激發(fā)Lainey對閱讀的興趣。
【例2】(2016江蘇卷)I must have talked for ten minutes.Kurt listened patiently,but then he finally smiled and said,“You don’t have a personal plan for growth,do you?”
“No,” I 43 .
43.A.admitted B.interrupted
C.apologized D.complained
【解析】A。作者的答語“No”,概括性地復(fù)現(xiàn)上文中Kurt的說法:“You don’t have a personal plan for growth”,表明作者承認(rèn)自己沒有成長計劃。
【例3】(2016北京卷)On January 31,a musher named Seppala had to 47 a frozen body of water called Norton Sound...But Seppala made it across.
47.A.enter B.move
C.visit D.cross
【解析】D。本段尾句“Seppala成功穿越了(那片危險的水域)”呼應(yīng)本段首句“Seppala必須要穿過一片結(jié)了冰的水域”。across是cross的派生詞,存在復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系。故選D項。
(作者單位:浙江省紹興市紹興魯迅中學(xué))