湖北 楊 武

從高考看v.-ing形式的形容詞、副詞功能

湖北 楊 武

具有形容詞、副詞功能的v.-ing形式即是我們常說(shuō)的動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。它同樣有兩態(tài)、兩式，可以在句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等成分。

首先，我們來(lái)看高考對(duì)它的考查：

1.（2015全國(guó)卷I，語(yǔ)法填空）Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people__70_（live）in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

【解析】根據(jù)句意“本公司常年為生活在上海和香港的民眾提供快捷通道”可知，空白處應(yīng)填入live的-ing形式living，即現(xiàn)在分詞作“people”的后置定語(yǔ)，修飾“people”，其作用和意義相當(dāng)于“who live”。

2.（2014全國(guó)卷I，語(yǔ)法填空）While there are _68_（amaze）stories of instant transformation，for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.

【解析】根據(jù)句意“雖然有驚人的即時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變的故事”可知，“stories”前應(yīng)有形容詞性的修飾詞，故此空應(yīng)填amaze的-ing形式amazing，作名詞“stories”的前置定語(yǔ)。

3.（2014上海卷，語(yǔ)法填空）In 2010，it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed，_39_（urge）the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new community stores.

【解析】根據(jù)句意“有400家鄉(xiāng)村商店停業(yè)了，由此迫使地方政府給予財(cái)政支持……”可知，此處是表示后一行為是前一行為的結(jié)果（或伴隨狀況），故應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞urge的-ing形式urging，作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“closed”的結(jié)果（或伴隨）狀語(yǔ)。v.-ing結(jié)構(gòu)此時(shí)已具有副詞功能，在意義上相當(dāng)于“and（so）it urged”。

歸納：

一、v.-ing 形式可以用來(lái)作表語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，它多表示主語(yǔ)所具有的性質(zhì)和特征。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)詞有：amusing，astonishing，disappointing，exciting，interesting，missing，pleasing，puzzling，shocking，striking，surprising等。 如：What he says is quite encouraging. 他所講的很鼓舞人心。The problem of bird flu is very pressing. “禽流感”的問(wèn)題很緊急。

二、v.-ing形式可以用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，它表示的是一個(gè)正在持續(xù)或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。v.-ing表示的動(dòng)作和主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，且處于持續(xù)狀態(tài)。能夠以v.-ing為賓補(bǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞有g(shù)et，have，keep，see，feel，notice，observe，smell，watch，find，look at，listen to等表示“使役”“感”“觀”意義的動(dòng)詞。如：

Why do you keep him doing that silly thing? 你怎么讓他做這樣的蠢事呀？

Would you help me get the clock going again? 請(qǐng)幫我把鐘弄得重新走起來(lái)好嗎？

We could clearly saw the light burning hard inside. 我們可以清楚地看到里面劇烈燃燒的火光。

You can always hear the noise of desks being opened and closed at the beginning of the class. 上課之初，你總可以聽(tīng)到桌子被打開(kāi)和關(guān)上的嘈雜之聲。

Listen to the birds singing in the woods，children. 孩子們，聽(tīng)聽(tīng)鳥(niǎo)兒們?cè)跇?shù)林中的叫聲。

三、v.-ing形式可以用作名詞的定語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，它表示其所修飾的名詞所做的動(dòng)作或名詞所具有的性質(zhì)、特征。如：

He climbed to the top of the mountain to see the rising sun.他爬上山頂去看日出。

Be quiet not to wake the sleeping children.安靜，不要把睡覺(jué)的孩子吵醒了。

She always read us some interesting stories before we went to bed. 我們睡覺(jué)之前，她總是給我們讀幾段有趣的故事。

但這時(shí)我們要注意區(qū)別另一類(lèi)作定語(yǔ)的v.-ing。如：

I had to have some sleeping pills to calm myself down. 我不得不服一些安眠藥來(lái)使我鎮(zhèn)定。

這類(lèi)v.-ing結(jié)構(gòu)表示的不是被修飾名詞的動(dòng)作，而是被修飾名詞的性能、功用。如上兩例中，“sleeping children”的含義是“children that are sleeping”，而“sleeping pills”的含義則是“pills for sleeping”。

前一類(lèi)的詞還有：running water，flying kite，burning house，working people等；

后一類(lèi)的詞還有：drying machine，living room，drinking cup，typing paper等。

四、v.-ing形式常在句中作狀語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，它表示主語(yǔ)的一種次要?jiǎng)幼?，從而?duì)主要?jiǎng)幼鳎ň渥拥闹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)作）加以說(shuō)明或修飾。這種結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或一個(gè)并列句，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是主句的主語(yǔ)。它可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明等意義。

1.表示時(shí)間

Opening the door（=When I opened the door），I immediately found something unusual.

一打開(kāi)門(mén)我就發(fā)現(xiàn)情況有點(diǎn)不正常。

如果主、次動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，分詞前還可帶上when，while。如：

Be careful when crossing the street（=when you cross the street）.過(guò)街時(shí)要小心?。?/p>

While waiting for the train（=While I was waiting for the train），I finished half of the book. 等車(chē)的時(shí)候，我讀了半本書(shū)。

如果v.-ing的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，并已完成，則用v.-ing的完成式。如：

Having reached an agreement（=When they had reached an agreement），they set out to work at once. 達(dá)成協(xié)議之后，他們立即開(kāi)始工作。

Having been trained for almost a year（=After they have been trained for almost a year），these children now can speak English quite well. 經(jīng)過(guò)近一年的培訓(xùn)，這些孩子現(xiàn)在能講很漂亮的英語(yǔ)了。

2.表示原因

Being strict in everything（=Because he was strict in everything），he did the job better than anybody else.由于他對(duì)任何事都很?chē)?yán)格，所以他的工作做得比任何人都要好。

Not having heard from my sister for a long time（=Because I had not heard from my sister for a long time），I decided to write her a letter. 由于很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)有收到姐姐的來(lái)信，我決定給她去一封信。

3.表示條件

Listening to English every day（=If you listen to English every day），you’ll learn it well soon.

只要你天天聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)，你會(huì)很快學(xué)好它的。

Turning to the left（=If you turn to the left），youl’l find the restaurant easily.朝左轉(zhuǎn)，你會(huì)很容易找到那家餐館的。

4.表示結(jié)果

He died from a sudden traffic accident，leaving the experiment half-done（=so that he left the experiment halfdone）.他死于突發(fā)交通事故，結(jié)果實(shí)驗(yàn)在半途中止。

China became the 143rd member of WTO in 2001，thus realizing its 15-year wish（=thus it realized its 15-year wish）.中國(guó)于2001年成為世貿(mào)組織的第134名成員，實(shí)現(xiàn)了它15年的愿望。

5.表示方式、伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明等

He stood by the roadside，watching something ahead（=and watched something ahead）.他站在路旁邊，注視著前方的什么東西。

I wrote to Mom，telling her I was all right in schoo（l=and told her I was all right in school）.我給媽媽寫(xiě)了信，告訴她我在學(xué)校一切都好。

上面所列舉的v.-ing作狀語(yǔ)的句子中，相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句的v.-ing結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)往往是主句的主語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)v.-ing結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)并不一致，它有自己的主語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句沒(méi)有句法上的聯(lián)系，這就是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在含義上相當(dāng)于各種形式的狀語(yǔ)從句及伴隨狀況等。如：

The result having been announced（=When the result had been announced），we all felt excited and pleased.結(jié)果一宣布，我們大家都感到激動(dòng)和高興。

Weather permitting（=If weather permits），wel’l have a picnic in the countryside.如果天氣允許的話，我們將到鄉(xiāng)下去野餐。

Two of his friends left to play in Bulls，he remaining in Jaz（z=but he remained in Jazz）.他的兩個(gè)朋友去了公牛隊(duì)打球，而他卻仍在爵士隊(duì)。

獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可以以“with+名詞（代詞）+v.-ing”的形式表示出來(lái)。如：

With all his children growing up，he now lives an easy and happy life.孩子們都長(zhǎng)大成人了，他現(xiàn)在生活得輕松自在，心情愉快。

Il’l soon work out the problem with you helping me all the time.有你的全程幫助，我會(huì)很快解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的。

【即時(shí)練習(xí)】觀察下列畫(huà)線部分v.-ing形式的用法，將斜體部分的意思用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)。

1. Between March 10th and March 15th，each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration.

2. It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point，there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States，making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.

3. I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C，thinking of beaches and orange trees.

4. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.

5. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.

6. That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.

7. It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.

8. ...they find themselves working to support the lifestyle to which they have so quickly become accustomed.

9. Then，still looking at me，she said slowly and seriously.

10. Thinking about his children’s clothes，he started growing cotton too.

【參考答案】

1. 閉幕式

2. 因而這使得它成為了世界上數(shù)量最多的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)

3. 想到了海濱和橘子樹(shù)

4. 有一個(gè)收集了200余幅畫(huà)的展覽會(huì)

5. （當(dāng)）如果我們使用一個(gè)12英寸的盤(pán)子

6. 體驗(yàn)間隔年的學(xué)生

7. 毫不奇怪

8. 發(fā)現(xiàn)他們自己在努力地維系著生活方式

9. 還在打量著我

10. 當(dāng)想到孩子們的衣服時(shí)

（作者單位：湖北省麻城市教科院）