吳春媯
(霞浦第一中學(xué),福建霞浦355100)
創(chuàng)設(shè)情境依托語篇回歸語用
——對一節(jié)市級語法復(fù)習(xí)公開課的教學(xué)案例分析
吳春媯
(霞浦第一中學(xué),福建霞浦355100)
語法教學(xué)是高中英語教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),也是教師“教”與學(xué)生“學(xué)”的過程中很難突破的一個(gè)瓶頸。傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)總是離不開語言規(guī)則的講解與分析,而這種教學(xué),受到抽象的語法術(shù)語及枯燥的練習(xí)的束縛,很難達(dá)到教師預(yù)設(shè)的教學(xué)效果。本文以人教版英語模塊八第四單元的語法內(nèi)容“復(fù)習(xí)過去分詞作狀語的用法”為教學(xué)案例,分析在語法教學(xué)過程中,通過設(shè)置情境,增強(qiáng)趣味性,提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語法的興趣;依托語篇,使語法學(xué)習(xí)語篇化,讓學(xué)生在語篇素材的輸入中,理解語法的形式與意義,并以語篇為單位,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的語言輸出應(yīng)用能力。
語法復(fù)習(xí);情境;語篇
在英語教學(xué)過程中,語法教學(xué)是抽象的,掌握運(yùn)用難度大,但又非常重要。在傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)中,通常是教師呈現(xiàn)語法定義,舉例講解語法規(guī)則,然后學(xué)生以句子為單位進(jìn)行操練。這樣的語法教學(xué)不僅達(dá)不到期望的教學(xué)效果,而且抽象的語法概念反而會增加學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān),引發(fā)學(xué)生對語法學(xué)習(xí)的恐懼感。新課程理念下的語法教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)教師應(yīng)精心創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,通過使用生動(dòng)、有趣且包含語法現(xiàn)象的語篇材料讓學(xué)生從中體會所學(xué)語言,在語篇中合理運(yùn)用語法知識。[1]筆者將以本人市級語法復(fù)習(xí)公開課為例,闡述根據(jù)新課程,創(chuàng)設(shè)貼近學(xué)生生活的情境,使語法教學(xué)生活化、生動(dòng)化及具體化;以語篇為依托,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語篇意識及語感的教學(xué)思想。
本節(jié)課的教學(xué)內(nèi)容是人教版高二英語Module 8,Unit 4中的learning about language,該部分主要是復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作狀語的用法。整個(gè)教學(xué)過程通過創(chuàng)設(shè)貼近學(xué)生生活的情境,借助多媒體的動(dòng)畫效果,圍繞著“學(xué)生的生活”這一條主線展開,以語篇為依托,在語篇中感受語法形式及意義,實(shí)現(xiàn)正確運(yùn)用語法知識的教學(xué)效果。
(一)在故事情境中導(dǎo)入語法復(fù)習(xí)主題
[教學(xué)片斷1]
在課前,筆者就交指定班長為大家講述本班故事。在將故事呈現(xiàn)在PPT上的同時(shí),利用多媒體的動(dòng)畫效果,為該故事配上了背景音樂——該班的班歌,以及相應(yīng)的班級活動(dòng)照片。故事如下:
Lead-in
A story of Class 8
We still remember the day when we first met each other.Entering Class 8,we saw lovely faces.We were very excited,because we found ourselves surrounded by a group of lovely boys and girls.At the same time,we were worried because of the unknown world.
As time went by,things changed.Accepted by the big family,everyone plays a part in it.Known as“the best singer of Class 8”,Xiaoji is good at speaking.Influenced by the big smile of Lancheng,Xinying is now an outgoing girl.In a word,interested in each other,everyone found his place in the big family.
However,unhappy things happened now and then. Criticized by Miss.Wu,Junwei was unhappy.Beaten black and blue,Zhihong was in a low mood.Left alone in class,F(xiàn)anlin felt lonely.Anyway,this is life,containing both the happy moments and sad moments.
In the past,defeated many times,we didn’t lose heart. Given another chance,we would succeed.Using our wisdom and knowledge,we will make a difference in the future.We always remember“United,we stand;divided,we fall”.We will keep fighting every day and never give up.
[評析]該故事由筆者自己編寫,故事的主人公是本班學(xué)生,內(nèi)容圍繞學(xué)生生活展開,貼近學(xué)生生活,易引起學(xué)生對教學(xué)內(nèi)容的關(guān)注。以生活故事情境作為導(dǎo)入,減輕學(xué)生對語法學(xué)習(xí)的負(fù)擔(dān),讓學(xué)生能夠在一種輕松的氛圍中學(xué)習(xí),使抽象的語法具體化、生活化。同時(shí),在這個(gè)過程中,通過回顧自己的學(xué)習(xí)生活,對學(xué)生進(jìn)行了情感教育。
該故事中的所有句子都體現(xiàn)了過去分詞作狀語的各種用法。將語法內(nèi)容以語篇的形式呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生通過有趣且包含語法現(xiàn)象的句子,體會并感受語法形式,擺脫了傳統(tǒng)單純的以句子呈現(xiàn)語法知識的孤立感。同時(shí),一定的語言輸入也為下一環(huán)節(jié),語篇中的改錯(cuò)練習(xí)做了鋪墊。
(二)在語篇中體會語法形式與意義
[教學(xué)片斷2]
接下來,筆者將導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)的故事進(jìn)行重新設(shè)置,將其轉(zhuǎn)換成一篇短文改錯(cuò)。該語篇圍繞過去分詞的用法,有意設(shè)置了10處語病,并讓學(xué)生在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成個(gè)人的自主學(xué)習(xí),完成后以小組為單位進(jìn)行討論,小組代表反饋學(xué)習(xí)情況。最后師生之間就圍繞學(xué)習(xí)過程中遇到的問題展開教學(xué)。任務(wù)如下:
Task 1 Error Correction
A story of Class 8
We still remember the day when we first met each other.Entered Class 8,we saw lovely faces.We were very excited,because we found ourselves surrounding by a group of lovely boys and girls.At the same time,we were worrying because of the unknown world.
As time went by,things changed.Accepting by the big family,everyone played a part in it.Knowing as“the best singer of Class 8”,Xiaoji was good at speaking.Influencing by the big smile of Lancheng,Xinying is now an outgoing girl.In a word,Interesting in each other,everyone found his place in the big family.
However,unhappy things happened now and then. Criticizing by Miss.Wu,Junwei was unhappy.Beating black and blue,Zhihong was in a low mood.Leaving alone in class,F(xiàn)anlin felt lonely.Anyway,this is life,contained both the happy moments and sad moments.
In the past,defeated by other classes,we didn’t lose heart.Giving another chance,we would succeed.Used our wisdom and knowledge,we will make a difference in the future.We always remember“United,we stand;divided,we fall”.We will keep fighting every day and never give up.(備注:紅色字體表示該處需要糾錯(cuò)。)
[評析]該環(huán)節(jié),同樣依托語篇,在上一環(huán)節(jié)可理解性輸入的基礎(chǔ)上,檢測學(xué)生語法知識掌握及語言輸出情況。指導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察、注意并總結(jié)語篇中包含的目標(biāo)語法形式及意義。同時(shí),通過個(gè)別學(xué)習(xí)及組內(nèi)合作的方式,培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)意識及小組合作意識。
(三)在語篇中鞏固語法知識
[教學(xué)片斷3]在這一環(huán)節(jié),筆者針對分詞的用法創(chuàng)設(shè)了一個(gè)故事情境。要求學(xué)生在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi),用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。先是學(xué)生自主完成,之后以小組為單位進(jìn)行討論答疑。故事如下:
Task 2 Grammar filling----another story of Class 8
Fill in the blanks with the right form of the words given.
The other day,1.(inspire)by his mother’s words,Shilin made up his mind to work hard.Known for his hardworking and humor,Kangqing was popular among his classmates.2.(impress)by Kangqing’s spirit,Shilin asked him to set up a study group.3.(worry)about her grade,Mengling was eager to join in the study group.4.(face)with difficult problems,she would think of the group.Gradually,she made progress.
However,both Kangqing and Shilin failed the English examination.They explained that 5.(give)more time,they would finish the test.That’s to say,time 6.(permit),they would succeed.7.(know)this,their teacher realized it necessary to have a talk with them.Kangqing walked into the teachers'office,8.(follow)by Shilin.9.(criticize)by the teacher,they felt uneasy.Then,they were asked to write a report of reflection.Work 10.(do),they went home.
[評析]通過語篇情境檢測學(xué)生本節(jié)語法知識的學(xué)習(xí)、掌握及應(yīng)用的結(jié)果。故事的引入,增強(qiáng)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的好奇心,擺脫學(xué)生做語法檢測練習(xí)的負(fù)重感。同時(shí),語法填空是福建高考改革的新題型,在課堂上實(shí)現(xiàn)了與高考的鏈接。
(四)以語篇為單位,回歸運(yùn)用
[教學(xué)片斷4]在課堂最后,筆者給學(xué)生一項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)造性寫作”的任務(wù),要求學(xué)生圍繞小組的學(xué)習(xí)生活,當(dāng)堂完成一篇80字左右的小短文,所寫短文要包含至少5句含有過去分詞作狀語的句子。寫作要求如下:
Task 3 Creative writing
Write a short passage about your group members,using at least five sentences containing the structures of the past participle as adverbial.You can choose some of the words below.
move;defeat;follow;laugh at;influence,encourage;criticize;leave alone;follow;
在學(xué)生動(dòng)筆寫作前,考慮到時(shí)間有限,為了降低任務(wù)難度,筆者通過PPT向?qū)W生呈現(xiàn)了一篇范文。該范文通過生動(dòng)形象的語法例句,虛構(gòu)了部分同學(xué)的故事。范文如下:
Example:
The other day,I said“Junwei can be crazy sometimes.”Criticized by me,Junwei felt blue.Walkingaround the campus,he came across Zhihong. Laughed at by Zhinhong,Junwei had a fight with him. Beatenblackandblue,Junweibecamedepressed. However,deep in his heart,he remembered his father’s words“Defeated many times,you still have to move on.”That’s to say,faced with unhappy things,one still has to be happy.Then,Junwei found his courage to work hard.
(備注:劃橫線部分為過去分詞的用法,這樣做是為了在語言輸入過程中,讓學(xué)生引起注意。)
[評析]本環(huán)節(jié)是本課的語法學(xué)習(xí)的另一個(gè)更高層次的輸出。以書面表達(dá)的形式運(yùn)用所學(xué),給學(xué)生更多靈活運(yùn)用語言的空間。該任務(wù)通過關(guān)鍵詞的提示以及范文的演示,降低了學(xué)習(xí)的難度。此外,該任務(wù)圍繞學(xué)生生活展開,任務(wù)的設(shè)置貼近學(xué)生生活,使學(xué)生有更多可以表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。
語言只有在一定的情境中運(yùn)用才能正確理解,真正掌握。[2]在本節(jié)課的語法復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)中,沒有對語法概念及規(guī)則展開講解,實(shí)現(xiàn)了語法結(jié)構(gòu)的隱形化。筆者以學(xué)生自己的生活情境導(dǎo)入,激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣;以學(xué)生自己的生活情境設(shè)置語篇,檢測學(xué)習(xí)效果,再創(chuàng)設(shè)生活故事情境,提高了語言運(yùn)用能力,同時(shí)進(jìn)行了情感教育。教學(xué)過程始終圍繞學(xué)生生活,生活中學(xué)語法,用語法,形象生動(dòng),富有情趣,充分體現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)過程中掌握語言運(yùn)用的方法。
高中英語語法教學(xué)要?jiǎng)?chuàng)設(shè)有效情境,以激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣并幫助其認(rèn)識語法形式,語法學(xué)習(xí)語篇化,使學(xué)生在輸入和輸出中體會語言交際功能,并滲透情感教育。[3]從生活中取材,在生活中學(xué)習(xí),為生活服務(wù),培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生熱愛生活,服務(wù)生活的意識。筆者愿意作更深入的探討研究,更期望拋磚引玉,得到大方之家的指教。
[1]覃媛.創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,強(qiáng)調(diào)語篇,回歸運(yùn)用——由一節(jié)語法復(fù)習(xí)課引發(fā)的思考[J].新課程學(xué)習(xí),2013(2).
[2]柳麗娟.高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)之我見[J].新課程研究,2008(2).
[3]孫芷萱.對一節(jié)高中英語語法課的反思[J].英語教師,2013(8).
(責(zé)任編輯:周大明)