石青鵬,朱永林(濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院煙臺(tái)附屬醫(yī)院骨科,山東煙臺(tái) 264110)
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頸椎間盤置換與融合治療退變性頸椎間盤疾病的Meta分析
石青鵬,朱永林
(濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院煙臺(tái)附屬醫(yī)院骨科,山東煙臺(tái)264110)
摘要:目的系統(tǒng)性評(píng)價(jià)頸椎間盤置換與頸椎間盤摘除和融合治療單節(jié)段退變性頸椎間盤疾病的效果。方法計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Ovid、SpringerLink、中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫、萬方、維普等數(shù)據(jù)庫,手工檢索相關(guān)雜志及納入研究的參考文獻(xiàn),制定納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),用RevMan 5.1軟件對(duì)效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果共納入8篇文獻(xiàn),Meta分析結(jié)果顯示:兩組在SF-36評(píng)分(MD=0.98,95%CI:-0.33~-2.29,Z=1.46,P=0.14)、并發(fā)癥(OR =0.60,95%CI:0.34~1.04,Z=0.93,P=0.07)及再次手術(shù)率(OR=0.52,95%CI:0.26~1.05,Z=1.83,P=0.07)方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;在頸椎殘障功能指數(shù)(neck disability index,NDI)評(píng)分(MD=-2.74,95%CI:-4.57~-0.91,Z =2.93,P=0.003)、頸痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale,VAS)(MD=-2.84,95%CI:-4.85~-0.84,Z=2.78,P=0.005)及上肢疼痛VAS(MD=-1.84,95%CI:-3.07~-0.61,Z=2.92,P=0.003)上有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論在治療單節(jié)段退變性頸椎間盤疾病中,融合組在疼痛癥狀和頸部功能方面的療效差于置換組,在并發(fā)癥、再次手術(shù)率、SF-36方面無明顯區(qū)別,此結(jié)論仍需要大樣本多中心高質(zhì)量的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
關(guān)鍵詞:頸椎間盤置換;融合;Meta分析
頸椎間盤退變性疾病是骨科的常見病,對(duì)于保守治療無效的患者采取手術(shù)治療。頸前路椎間盤摘除和融合(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)因?yàn)槟軌蚓徑馓弁春透纳粕窠?jīng)功能得到了廣泛應(yīng)用;頸椎間盤置換(cervical disc arthroplasty,CDA)因?yàn)楸A袅祟i椎的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能單位,在理論上有更好的臨床療效而日益受到重視。許多研究[1-12]對(duì)兩種術(shù)式在許多方面進(jìn)行了比較,但結(jié)論卻不甚統(tǒng)一,甚至相反的結(jié)論。為了獲得最佳的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),指導(dǎo)臨床工作,本Meta分析對(duì)頸椎間盤置換與融合治療單節(jié)段退變性頸椎間盤疾病在幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了比較。
1.1納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)a)研究類型:多中心研究的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trials,RCT);b)研究對(duì)象:年滿18歲,對(duì)保守治療無效的單節(jié)段退變性頸椎間盤疾病患者;c)干預(yù)措施:試驗(yàn)組為CDA組,采用前路椎間盤摘除、減壓和椎間盤置換,對(duì)照組為ACDF組,采用前路椎間盤摘除、減壓、自體骨移植和內(nèi)固定。其余治療相同;d)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo):納入的研究至少包括本分析評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)中的一項(xiàng),并提供全面的數(shù)據(jù)。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):a)骨折、感染、腫瘤、骨質(zhì)疏松、代謝性疾病等疾病;b)隨訪時(shí)間小于24個(gè)月;c)頸椎前路手術(shù)史。
1.2文獻(xiàn)檢索及篩選計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Ovid、SpringerLink、中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、維普數(shù)據(jù)庫等國內(nèi)外數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時(shí)間為建庫至2013 年9月,不限制檢索語言[13]。英文檢索詞為“degenerative cervical disc disease”、“cervical disc arthroplasty”和“anterior cervical discectomy and fusion”,中文檢索詞為退變性頸椎間盤疾病、頸椎間盤置換、頸椎前路減壓和融合,均用布爾邏輯運(yùn)算符(and和or)連接,搜索詞在不同數(shù)據(jù)庫之間做適當(dāng)修改。手工檢索《中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》、《中華外科雜志》、《中華骨科雜志》、《中國脊柱脊髓雜志》、《中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)損傷雜志》等相關(guān)雜志,同時(shí)對(duì)納入研究的參考文獻(xiàn)和未發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)(灰色文獻(xiàn))、會(huì)議記錄等進(jìn)行查閱,如有必要與有關(guān)作者聯(lián)系。由2名評(píng)價(jià)者獨(dú)立閱讀題目、摘要,按制定的納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行篩選,任何可能納入的文獻(xiàn)均閱讀全文,如對(duì)文獻(xiàn)的選擇和評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)生分歧,可通過討論協(xié)商解決或第三方(通訊作者)仲裁決定。
1.3評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的提取由2名評(píng)價(jià)者對(duì)納入的文獻(xiàn)提取以下評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo):a)頸部功能障礙指數(shù)(neck disability index,NDI);b)頸部和根性疼痛的視覺模擬評(píng)分法(visual analogue scale,VAS);c)健康調(diào)查量表(SF-36)評(píng)分;d)手術(shù)節(jié)段和鄰近節(jié)段的再次手術(shù)率;e)并發(fā)癥。各項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)均是2年隨訪時(shí)的結(jié)果。
1.4方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)估由2名評(píng)價(jià)者參考Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)手冊(cè)中的干預(yù)性治療措施評(píng)估工具[14]對(duì)納入的9篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),從5個(gè)方面7個(gè)條目進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)每一個(gè)條目均采用“低度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”“偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不確定”及“高度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),如所有條目均為低度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn),則認(rèn)為此研究的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量高(A級(jí));任何一個(gè)或多個(gè)條目為偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不確定,則認(rèn)為此研究質(zhì)量中等(B級(jí));任何一個(gè)或多個(gè)條目為高度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn),則認(rèn)為此研究質(zhì)量低(C級(jí))。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法使用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的Revman 5.1軟件對(duì)提取的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)做Meta分析。采用χ2檢驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果的異質(zhì)性,參考Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)手冊(cè),當(dāng)I2>40%,通過敏感性分析能夠排除異質(zhì)性時(shí),選用固定效應(yīng)模型,反之,則選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型;當(dāng)I2≤40%,選用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析[15]。定性資料的效應(yīng)量采用優(yōu)勢(shì)比(odds ratio,OR)及95%置信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI);定量資料的效應(yīng)量采用均數(shù)差(mean difference,MD)及其95%CI。
表1 納入研究的基本特征
2.1檢索結(jié)果及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果共檢索出652篇文獻(xiàn),通過剔除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)、閱讀題目、摘要及全文,最終納入8篇文獻(xiàn)[2-9]。納入研究的基本特征見表1,方法學(xué)的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)見表2。
2.2 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.2.1頸部功能障礙指數(shù)(NDI)有5篇研究[2,3,6,7,9]報(bào)告了術(shù)后2年的NDI,對(duì)納入的研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示明顯異質(zhì)性(I2=87%),進(jìn)行敏感性分析,將1篇文獻(xiàn)[9]排除后,異質(zhì)性消失(I2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析(見圖1)。結(jié)果顯示:(MD=-2.74,95%CI:-4.57~-0.91,Z=2.93,P=0.003),兩組在NDI方面差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),CDA組優(yōu)于ACDF組。
表2 納入研究的方法學(xué)評(píng)估
圖1 CDA組和ACDF組的頸部功能障礙指數(shù)比較
2.2.2頸痛VAS有2篇研究[6,9]報(bào)告了術(shù)后2年的頸痛VAS,對(duì)納入的研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示明顯異質(zhì)性(I2=64%),未發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性來源,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模式進(jìn)行Meta分析(見圖2)。結(jié)果顯示:(MD=-2.84,95%CI:-4.85~-0.84,Z=2.78,P=0.005),兩組在頸痛VAS方面差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),CDA組優(yōu)于ACDF組。
圖2 CDA組和ACDF組的頸痛VAS比較
2.2.3上肢痛VAS有2篇研究[6,9]報(bào)告了術(shù)后2年的上肢痛VAS,對(duì)納入的研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示明顯異質(zhì)性(I2=41%),未發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性來源,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模式進(jìn)行Meta分析(見圖3)。結(jié)果顯示:(MD=-1.84,95%CI: -3.07~-0.61,Z=2.92,P=0.003),兩組在上肢痛VAS方面差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),CDA組優(yōu)于ACDF組。
圖3 CDA組和ACDF組的上肢痛VAS比較
2.2.4SF-36評(píng)分有3篇研究[2,3,9]報(bào)告了術(shù)后2年的SF-36評(píng)分,對(duì)納入的研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示無異質(zhì)性(I2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模式進(jìn)行Meta分析(見圖4)。結(jié)果顯示:(MD=0.98,95%CI:-0.33~-2.29,Z=1.46,P= 0.14),兩組在SF-36評(píng)分方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
圖4 CDA組和ACDF組的SF-36比較
2.2.5并發(fā)癥有4篇研究[2,3,7,9]報(bào)告了并發(fā)癥,對(duì)納入的研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示明顯異質(zhì)性(I2=29%),進(jìn)行敏感性分析,將1篇文獻(xiàn)[6]排除后,異質(zhì)性消失(I2= 0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析(見圖5)。兩組在并發(fā)癥方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=0.60,95%CI:0.34~1.04,Z=0.93,P=0.07)。
圖5 CDA組和ACDF組的并發(fā)癥比較
2.2.6再次手術(shù)率有4篇研究[4,5,8,9]報(bào)告了再次手術(shù)率,對(duì)納入的研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示明顯異質(zhì)性(I2=68%),通過敏感性分析未發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性來源,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析(見圖6)。兩組在再次手術(shù)率方面的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=0.52,95%CI:0.26~1.05,Z=1.83,P =0.07)。
圖6 CDA組和ACDF組的再次手術(shù)率比較
頸前路椎間盤摘除和融合(anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)因?yàn)槟軌蛎黠@緩解疼痛和改善神經(jīng)功能[10,16],已經(jīng)成為治療退變性頸椎間盤疾病的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手術(shù)方式,但此術(shù)式因?yàn)槿诤狭酥虏」?jié)段可能引起了鄰近節(jié)段的加速退變和生物力學(xué)的失穩(wěn)[17,18],最終導(dǎo)致疼痛癥狀和神經(jīng)功能障礙,同時(shí)因?yàn)楣遣贿B、植骨塌陷造成的翻修率也較高[19]。頸椎間盤置換(cervical disc arthroplasty,CDA)保留了致病節(jié)段的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能單位,但同時(shí)也存在生物兼容性[20]、假體的移位和塌陷[21]、異位骨化的高發(fā)生率[22]等問題。有研究[2,8,11]認(rèn)為CDA有更好的癥狀和神經(jīng)功能的改善以及延緩了鄰近節(jié)段的退變,有些研究則認(rèn)為兩者沒有區(qū)別[12,23]。兩種術(shù)式的優(yōu)劣仍存在很大的分歧。故本文對(duì)CDA和ACDF治療單節(jié)段退變性頸椎間盤疾病的療效進(jìn)行比較,借以明確哪種術(shù)式更具有優(yōu)勢(shì),結(jié)果顯示兩組在SF-36評(píng)分(P=0.14)、并發(fā)癥(P=0.07)及再次手術(shù)率(P=0.07)方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;在NDI評(píng)分(P=0.003)、頸部疼痛VAS(P=0.005)及上肢疼痛VAS(P=0.003)上差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
與CDA相比較,在2年隨訪時(shí)行ACDF的患者NDI和VAS評(píng)分明顯較低,ACDF在疼痛癥狀和頸部功能障礙方面具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),但有研究[4,24]報(bào)道了CDA在疼痛癥狀和頸部功能障礙方面有優(yōu)勢(shì)。兩組在并發(fā)癥方面沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,CDA和ACDF的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率分別為3.93%(22/559) 和6.8%(33/517),CDA的并發(fā)癥主要是異位骨化、假體的移位和磨損、節(jié)段性后凸、吞咽障礙等,ACDF的并發(fā)癥主要是假關(guān)節(jié)的形成、供骨區(qū)的疼痛、吞咽障礙等;有學(xué)者[25]對(duì)其中的吞咽障礙并發(fā)癥進(jìn)行了單獨(dú)研究,結(jié)果顯示ACDF有較高的吞咽障礙并發(fā)癥,可能與前路內(nèi)固定的使用和軟組織的解剖有關(guān)。在理論上,CDA恢復(fù)了致病節(jié)段的椎間隙高度、保留了頸椎的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能單位及降低了鄰近椎間盤的壓力負(fù)荷,防止或延緩了鄰近節(jié)段的退變,那么鄰近節(jié)段和手術(shù)節(jié)段的再次手術(shù)率應(yīng)該低于ACDF,但本Meta分析的結(jié)果顯示兩者并沒有明顯區(qū)別,可能與隨訪時(shí)間較短有關(guān)。此外,SF-36評(píng)分也沒有明顯差異,說明在患者的日?;顒?dòng)和健康自我評(píng)價(jià)中,兩種術(shù)式療效無明顯區(qū)別。
隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)被視為評(píng)價(jià)干預(yù)措施效果的最佳證據(jù)來源[26],所以本Meta僅納入了多中心研究的RCT類文獻(xiàn);本文也存在某些不足:首先,各個(gè)研究在隨機(jī)序列的產(chǎn)生、分配隱藏、盲法及失訪的意向性分析等科研設(shè)計(jì)方面存在相應(yīng)的缺陷,納入的研究在方法學(xué)上均為中等質(zhì)量,因此可能存在各類偏倚[27]。第二,大多數(shù)納入的研究是由醫(yī)療器械商提供贊助完成的,盡管有嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)督,可能是一個(gè)偏倚的潛在來源。第三,納入的研究使用了不同的頸椎間盤假體類型,受納入文獻(xiàn)的限制,未進(jìn)行亞組分析。最后,本文僅對(duì)2年隨訪時(shí)的中期部分療效進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),未對(duì)所有療效和長期隨訪評(píng)價(jià),可能得出甚至相反的結(jié)論。
綜上所述,在治療單節(jié)段頸椎間盤退變性疾病的2年隨訪療效比較中,CDA在頸部和根性疼痛VAS、NDI方面優(yōu)于ACDF,在并發(fā)癥、再次手術(shù)率、SF-36評(píng)分方面無明顯區(qū)別,但此結(jié)論仍需要大樣本多中心高質(zhì)量的RCT進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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個(gè)案
A M eta-analysis of Cervical Disc Arthrop lasty Com pared to Anterior Cervical Discectom y and Fusion for Degenerative Cervical Disc Disease
ShiQingpeng,Zhu Yonglin
(Department of Orthopaedics,1st Affiliateed Hospital,AnhuiMedical Universtiy,Hefai230032,China)
Abstract:Objective To systematically compare the outcomes of cervical disc arthroplastywith anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the treatmentof single-level degenerative cervical disc disease.Methods The references concerning cervical disc arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the singel-level degenerative cervical disc disease were retrieved through PubMed,Cochrane Library,Ovid,SpringerLink,the China Biological Medicine Database,Wafang Database and Weipu Database,aswell as bymanually searching the related journals and literature.The eligible trialswere extracted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.The methodological quality of the included trials were evaluated.RevMan5.1 software was used for data analysis.Results Eight randomized controlled trials were included in the final Meta-analysis.The results of Meta-analysis showed that statistically difference between these procedures in the SF-36(MD=0.98,95%CI:-0.33~-2.29,Z=1.46,P=0.14),complications(OR=0.60,95%CI:0.34~1.04,P=0.07),reoperation rate(OR=0.52,95%CI:0.26~1.05,Z=1.83,P=0.07).There were no statistically difference in the neck disability index(MD=-2.74,95%CI:-4.57~-0.91,Z=2.93,P=0.003),neck VAS(MD=-2.84,95%CI:-4.85~-0.84,Z=2.78,P=0.005) and arm pain VAS(MD=-1.84,95%CI:-3.07~-0.61,Z=2.92,P=0.003).Conclusion In treatment of single-level degenerative cervical disc disease,cervical disc arthroplasty has better outcomes in the improvementof pain symptom and neck function,but no superiority in complications,reoperation rate and SF-36 scores.
Key words:cervical disc arthroplasty;fusion;meta-analysis
作者簡(jiǎn)介:石青鵬(1980-),男,主治醫(yī)師,濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院煙臺(tái)附屬醫(yī)院骨科,264110。
收稿日期:2016-02-03
文章編號(hào):1008-5572(2016)03-0215-06
中圖分類號(hào):R681.5+5
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B