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地諾單抗在骨巨細(xì)胞瘤治療中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展

2016-05-12 12:03何韶輝許煒肖建如
中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志 2016年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:骨細(xì)胞骨質(zhì)病灶

何韶輝 許煒 肖建如

作者單位:200003 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長征醫(yī)院骨腫瘤外科通信作者:肖建如,Email:jianruxiao83@163.com

A brief review of denosumab for the therapeutical application of giant cell tumor of the bone

HE Shao-hui,XU Wei,XIAO Jian-ru.Department of Orthopedic Oncology,Changzheng Hospital,the second Military Medical University,Shanghai,200003,PRC

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地諾單抗在骨巨細(xì)胞瘤治療中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展

何韶輝 許煒 肖建如

作者單位:200003 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長征醫(yī)院骨腫瘤外科通信作者:肖建如,Email:jianruxiao83@163.com

A brief review of denosumab for the therapeutical application of giant cell tumor of the bone

HE Shao-hui,XU Wei,XIAO Jian-ru.Department of Orthopedic Oncology,Changzheng Hospital,the second Military Medical University,Shanghai,200003,PRC

【關(guān)鍵詞】骨巨細(xì)胞瘤;核因子 κB 受體活化因子;藥理作用;地諾單抗

2013 年,美國食品藥品監(jiān)督局 (FDA) 正式批準(zhǔn)denosumab (地諾單抗,商品名叫 Xgeva 或 Prolia) 用于復(fù)發(fā)、手術(shù)不可完全切除及發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 (giant cell tumor,GCT) 患者的臨床治療[1]。denosumab 作為全人源性單克隆抗體,對外科手術(shù)無法干預(yù)的 GCT 患者有著很好的療效及生物安全性。筆者通過將“denosumab”、“RANKL”、“骨巨細(xì)胞瘤”、“骨相關(guān)事件”等作為關(guān)鍵詞,計(jì)算機(jī)檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫 Pubmed、EMBASE、中國知網(wǎng)、維普中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫,重點(diǎn)回顧近 5 年來關(guān)于denosumab 的作用機(jī)制及在治療 GCT 的臨床應(yīng)用和最新研究進(jìn)展。

一、GCT

1.流行病學(xué)概況:目前認(rèn)為 GCT 多數(shù)具有局部侵襲性,少數(shù)可有多中心病灶或發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移[2-4],而關(guān)于多中心病灶是單個(gè)病變多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移還是多個(gè)原發(fā)病變目前尚不明確[5-6]。GCT 約占所有骨原發(fā)腫瘤的 4%~5%[7],在中國GCT 更為常見,約占所有原發(fā)骨腫瘤的 20%[8],常見于20~40 歲的女性,好發(fā)于長骨干骺端,約 50% 發(fā)生在股骨下端和脛骨上端,其中少數(shù)嚴(yán)重者可侵犯至軟骨下,出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)受累,需要更大范圍的手術(shù)切除[8],中軸骨是 GCT的另一個(gè)好發(fā)部位,其中以骶骨最多見,約占 GCT 總數(shù)的 2%~8%[9],極少部分可見于指骨[10]。

2.臨床診療現(xiàn)狀:GCT 在 X 線片上為密度較低的溶骨性損害而無明顯的鈣化[11]。Campanacci 等[12]根據(jù)其影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)將其分為 3 級:1 級:潛在性,邊界清楚,可見一薄硬化帶,少見但預(yù)后較好;2 級:活躍性,最常見,皮質(zhì)變薄,硬化帶缺如;3 級:侵襲性,邊界清楚,常伴皮質(zhì)破壞和軟組織腫塊,預(yù)后較差。組織學(xué)上,GCT 表現(xiàn)為成片的卵圓形的單核瘤性細(xì)胞均勻分布于巨細(xì)胞樣的破骨細(xì)胞之間,高表達(dá)核因子 κB 活化因子的配體 (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand,RANKL)[13]。臨床表現(xiàn)為腫脹、疼痛及骨相關(guān)事件 (skeletal related events,SREs),后者包括病理性骨折、脊髓壓迫及骨質(zhì)疏松等[14]。目前,針對原發(fā) GCT 的治療雖然仍以外科手術(shù)治療為主,包括病灶內(nèi)刮除和 en bloc 切除及瘤壁內(nèi)滅活、植骨或骨水泥填塞[10,15],然而,長期隨訪顯示外科治療面臨著較高的局部復(fù)發(fā)率,治療效果往往較差,Errani 等[16]在一項(xiàng)單中心大樣本 GCT 患者的回顧性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析中提到,病灶內(nèi)刮除術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率達(dá)到了 16% (32/200),病灶切除術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率則為 12% (18/149);總的肺轉(zhuǎn)移率達(dá)到 4% (14/349)。另一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析顯示原發(fā)性 GCT 行單純病灶內(nèi)刮除后,在平均 64.2 個(gè)月的隨訪期內(nèi)局部復(fù)發(fā)率達(dá)到了 55% (140/256)[17]。對于手術(shù)無法切除、外科治療后反復(fù)復(fù)發(fā)及發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的難治性 GCT 患者,手術(shù)的作用十分有限,首選非手術(shù)治療[18]。而以 denosumab 為代表的細(xì)胞生物學(xué)治療在上述類型的患者中表現(xiàn)出良好的療效及生物全性。

二、denosumab 的研發(fā)與作用機(jī)制

denosumab 是一種全人源性的、具有對 RANKL 高度親和性的單克隆抗體。RANKL 是細(xì)胞核因子 κB (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB,RANK) 受體特異性活化因子的配基,后者屬于腫瘤壞死因子受體 (tumor necrosis factor receptor,TNFR) 超家族[19-20]。

1.RANKL 介導(dǎo)的骨代謝:RANK、RANKL 及骨保護(hù)素 (osteoprotegerin,OPG) 三者之間的聯(lián)系是調(diào)節(jié)骨代謝最重要的因素,而三者作用的最終目的是保證破骨細(xì)胞和成骨細(xì)胞代謝處于平衡的狀態(tài)[21]。通過觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠RANK 基因敲除后骨代謝的情況發(fā)現(xiàn),在正常情況下,成骨細(xì)胞可分泌 RANKL,后者可特異性地與表達(dá)在破骨細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞膜上的 RANK 結(jié)合,促進(jìn)破骨細(xì)胞的分化和成熟,同時(shí) RANKL/RANK 還可增強(qiáng)破骨細(xì)胞的活性,而基因敲除后的小鼠破骨細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)成熟障礙,活性明顯降低[22]。同樣,OPG 基因缺陷的小鼠因?yàn)槠乒羌?xì)胞失去了拮抗機(jī)制而較早地出現(xiàn)骨質(zhì)疏松和動(dòng)脈硬化[1,23]。當(dāng)體內(nèi)破骨細(xì)胞活動(dòng)過強(qiáng)或者成骨作用較弱時(shí),OPG 作為 RANKL的內(nèi)源性抑制因子,可以通過結(jié)合 RANKL 介導(dǎo)后者的溶解,阻止 RANKL 與 RANK 的結(jié)合從而抑制破骨細(xì)胞的成熟并降低其活性,使成骨與破骨活動(dòng)趨于平衡,在 GCT 和其它骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤中,腫瘤細(xì)胞可分泌相關(guān)刺激因子直接或間接上調(diào) RANKL 的表達(dá),促進(jìn)破骨細(xì)胞分化成熟并增加其活性,導(dǎo)致溶骨性損害及 SREs 的發(fā)生 (圖 1)[24-25]。此外,相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)也證明,通過體外抑制 RANKL 活性,可阻礙腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖與轉(zhuǎn)移[26]。因而總結(jié)來看,正是腫瘤細(xì)胞明顯上調(diào)表達(dá)了 RANKL,大大超過了機(jī)體 OPG 對其溶解抑制作用,從而介導(dǎo)了骨質(zhì)溶解。

2.denosumab 是基于 RANKL 的研發(fā):1997 年,Amgen公司研究大鼠 cDNA 文庫時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種能夠抑制破骨細(xì)胞活性并增加骨密度的細(xì)胞因子,即目前的 OPG,而后將OPG 作為探針,便找到了與其特異性結(jié)合的 RANKL[27]。正是基于 RANKL 在骨代謝中的靶點(diǎn)作用,Amgen 公司研究設(shè)計(jì)的全人源化 RANKL 的單克隆抗體通過模仿機(jī)體內(nèi)源性 OPG 的作用機(jī)制,特異性結(jié)合 RANKL 使其溶解,阻止 RANKL/RANK 介導(dǎo)的破骨細(xì)胞的分化、成熟及活化,進(jìn)而防止骨質(zhì)溶解及骨相關(guān)事件的發(fā)生。denosumab 劑型一般為 120 mg/1.7 ml,給藥一般為上臂、大腿或腹部皮下注射 120 mg/次,每 4 周 1 次,其吸收通過淋巴系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié),生物利用度為 61%[24]。和其它單克隆抗體類似,Sohn 等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),正常對照組和晚期腫瘤組患者的藥物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)曲線在低劑量下 (60 mg/次) 表現(xiàn)為非線性,而在高劑量下表現(xiàn)為劑量依賴性,且在不同腫瘤類型的患者中差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。血藥濃度高峰出現(xiàn)在注射后 10 天左右,穩(wěn)定期中位血藥濃度維持在 20.5 μg/ml,中位半衰期為 29 天,而 denosumab 的消除主要通過網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)或者內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的蛋白水解作用,故不需要因?yàn)閭€(gè)體腎功能的差異而調(diào)整劑量,或因腎功能較差而視為用藥禁忌。

圖 1 RANKL/RANK 介導(dǎo)的骨代謝Fig.1 Bone metabolism mediated by RANKL/RANK

三、denosumab 在 GCT 中的臨床應(yīng)用

目前,F(xiàn)DA 已經(jīng)批準(zhǔn) denosumab 作為骨質(zhì)疏松 (絕經(jīng)后骨質(zhì)疏松)、延緩骨轉(zhuǎn)移癌患者骨相關(guān)并發(fā)癥 (病理性骨折、脊髓壓迫等) 的發(fā)生、惡性腫瘤患者高鈣血癥、芳香化酶和雄激素缺乏所誘導(dǎo)的骨質(zhì)丟失以及 GCT 患者的臨床治療[1]。

2000 年,在相關(guān)研究指出 denosumab 可以抑制 GCT 的 RANKL 而達(dá)到抑制破骨細(xì)胞分化、成熟及活化后[29],一系列個(gè)案報(bào)道及臨床試驗(yàn)也相繼證明 denosumab 在 GCT患者中的良好療效。Vaishya 等[30]報(bào)道了 3 例 GCT 個(gè)案(分別累及肱骨近端、骶骨和股骨近端):患者因手術(shù)無法切除或者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)、疼痛明顯而接受 denosumab 皮下注射治療 (120 mg/次,每 28 天 1 次),首月在注射后 8、15 天加注,隨訪 25 周,治療后 6 個(gè)月出現(xiàn)良好的組織學(xué)和影像學(xué)反應(yīng),前者表現(xiàn)為病灶中出現(xiàn)纖維骨組織的沉積和鈣化,受累骨皮質(zhì)硬化,病灶中出現(xiàn)活性骨組織,后者為腫塊無進(jìn)展甚至縮小。Thomas 等[31]報(bào)道了在一項(xiàng)二期臨床試驗(yàn)中,37 例術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)或手術(shù)無法切除的 GCT 患者接受 denosumab 治療 (方案同上),86% 的患者 (95% CI:70%~95%) 出現(xiàn)腫瘤學(xué)反應(yīng),其中接受組織學(xué)檢查的 20 例至少 90% 的 GCT 被消除,而接受放射學(xué)檢查的15 例中有 10 例提示腫瘤行為無影像學(xué)進(jìn)展。而在另一項(xiàng)臨床二期試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),denosumab 的術(shù)前應(yīng)用有利于外科手術(shù)分期的下調(diào),以至于不需要手術(shù)或者較低級別手術(shù)的治療[32]。Branstetter 等[33]同樣報(bào)道了一項(xiàng) 17 例 GCT 患者的臨床二期試驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示 denosumab 可明顯減少或消除RANK 活化的腫瘤巨細(xì)胞,同時(shí)可降低病灶中增殖性腫瘤基質(zhì)細(xì)胞的比例,代之以非增殖型分化良好的新骨組織。在另一項(xiàng)臨床隊(duì)列研究中,Broto 等[34]報(bào)道了對隊(duì)列 1 的170 例手術(shù)無法切除的骨腫瘤患者 (主要為骶骨 GCT 及部分惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移) 和隊(duì)列 2 的手術(shù)切除可能存在嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的 GCT 患者 (如關(guān)節(jié)切除、截肢及半骨盆切除等) 在接受 denosumab 治療前后分別進(jìn)行疼痛評分,結(jié)果顯示治療后 2 個(gè)月內(nèi),絕大多數(shù)患者臨床相關(guān)的疼痛得到明顯減輕,并且在整個(gè)隨訪過程中沒有 1 例需要鎮(zhèn)痛藥的輔助。

目前,雙膦酸鹽 (bisphosphonates) 已成為臨床上惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者為防止或延緩 SREs 發(fā)生及骨質(zhì)疏松癥的首選用藥[24],包括常見的乳腺癌、前列腺癌以及肺癌患者等[35-36],同時(shí)也被推薦治療 GCT。Tse 等[37]在一項(xiàng)回顧性研究中也報(bào)道了雙膦酸鹽組治療 GCT 較對照組局部復(fù)發(fā)率更低 (1/24 vs.6/20)。然而,與雙膦酸鹽相比,denosumab 顯示出明顯優(yōu)越性,Lau 等[38]報(bào)道了兩者在GCT 中的抗腫瘤效應(yīng),結(jié)果顯示唑來膦酸可明顯抑制正常細(xì)胞的增殖,呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴性,并可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,而后者幾乎不抑制細(xì)胞增殖或誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡;同時(shí)唑來膦酸強(qiáng)烈抑制 RANKL 的 mRNA 表達(dá)水平,而蛋白質(zhì)水平并無改變,后者在兩個(gè)水平都不出現(xiàn)明顯的抑制。另外,在其它骨腫瘤治療中,denosumab 也具有更好的療效及生物安全性。一項(xiàng) Meta 分析報(bào)道,denosumab 在減少 SREs 的發(fā)生比雙膦酸鹽更有效[39-41]。而傳統(tǒng)的常規(guī)化療和干擾素治療在相關(guān)研究中雖然同樣對 GCT 有良好的反應(yīng),但這些有效性都是以明顯增加腎毒性為代價(jià)的[42]。鑒于 denosumab 在 GCT 上的良好療效和較低副作用,隨著研究的進(jìn)一步深入,未來臨床上對 denosumab 的應(yīng)用勢必愈加廣泛。

四、討論與展望

盡管 denosumab 與其它藥物相比顯示出明顯優(yōu)越性及廣泛的適應(yīng)證,但是,目前關(guān)于 denosumab 在 GCT 中的臨床應(yīng)用仍存在著很多問題和局限性:GCT 患者接受denosumab 治療的最佳時(shí)間是何時(shí)?對于不同類型的 GCT及其它疾病患者是否需要調(diào)整治療方案,何時(shí)可以停藥?停藥后是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)?長期用藥療效如何[1]?長期用藥對骨密度是否會(huì)有影響?Karras 等[43]報(bào)道了 1 例10 歲患有轉(zhuǎn)移性 GCT 女孩,其接受 20 個(gè)月的 denosumab治療后出現(xiàn)骨質(zhì)過度硬化的狀態(tài),增加了骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。相關(guān)的臨床試驗(yàn)也提到 denosumab 對骨密度的不良影響[44]。denosumab 在治療過程中易出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的低鈣血癥,一項(xiàng)研究顯示,盡管事先給予患者口服維生素 D 和鈣劑,denosumab組發(fā)生低鈣血癥的比例仍然高于唑來膦酸組 (9.6% vs.5.0%)[45],相關(guān)研究報(bào)道了 denosumab 還可引起下頜骨的骨壞死 (osteonecrosis of the jaw,ONJ) 及機(jī)體嚴(yán)重的過敏反應(yīng)[46-47]。另外 denosumab 并不適用于嚴(yán)重的腎功能不全患者 (內(nèi)生肌酐清除率<30 ml/min 或 CKD 4 期或5 期)[44,48];對于青少年 GCT 患者,denosumab 會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響牙齒和骨骼的發(fā)育,雖然也有報(bào)道稱青少年群體能夠良好耐受 denosumab 并有證據(jù)顯示有效地延緩疾病的進(jìn)程[49],但 denosumab 是否真的適用于骨骺尚未愈合的青少年人群仍需要大樣本的臨床試驗(yàn)來證明。對于孕婦而言,作為 FDA 規(guī)定的 C 類藥,目前并沒有足夠的研究數(shù)據(jù)證明 denosumab 對妊娠期婦女及胎兒沒有影響,相反地,一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)提示,denosumab 對胎兒淋巴結(jié)發(fā)育及產(chǎn)后泌乳具有不良影響[50]。Fernández 等[51]指出長期使用denosumab 可增加泌尿系感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。還需要注意的是,部分對 denosumab 反應(yīng)較差的患者,應(yīng)考慮到將巨細(xì)胞肉瘤或富含巨細(xì)胞的骨肉瘤誤診為 GCT 的可能性[31]。

雖然上述討論提到 denosumab 仍存在很多問題,但作為全人源性高度親和性的單克隆 RANKL 拮抗劑,其在手術(shù)無法切除、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)、多中心病灶及少數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移性 GCT患者中的療效和生物安全性是肯定的。當(dāng)然仍需要一系列臨床多中心對照試驗(yàn)來進(jìn)一步確定 denosumab 在不同 GCT患者中的規(guī)范治療,同時(shí)避免相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。相信在未來,對于手術(shù)難以干預(yù)的 GCT 患者,denosumab 不失為絕佳選擇之一。

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(本文編輯:王萌)

【Abstract】Giant cell tumor (GCT) of the bone is currently defined as a local-aggressive tumor in clinical practice,which has been confirmed that its biological behavior is a borderline or hard to distinguish.Patients with GCT are of osteolytic lesions mediated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) expressed by giant cells.RANKL helps in the formation and functioning of osteoclasts.Surgery remains the primary choice of the treatment.However,no definite effective treatment options are widely accepted for postoperative recurrence reduction,multi-centric refractory tumor as well as other unresectable tumors.Non-surgical therapy is of greater significance.Denosumab,as a fully humanised monoclonal antibody directly inhabiting RANKL,can inhibit osteoclast-mediated osteolysis directly to prevent the occurrence of skeletal related events (SREs),including pathologic fractures,spinal cord compressing and osteoporosis,etc.Relevant studies also demonstrate denosumab has more favorable effects than bisphosphonates.More remarkable are the effects on uncertain tumor-free surgical margin or paliative resectional GCT.

【Key words】Giant cell tumor of bone; Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B; Pharmacologic actions; Denosumab

(收稿日期:2015-11-09)

Corresponding author:XIAO Jian-ru,Email:jianruxiao83@163.com

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.01.008

中圖分類號:R738.1

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