陳澤宇 覃數(shù)
[摘要] 冠心病已成為威脅我國人民身體健康的重大心血管疾病之一。經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈支架植入術(shù)是治療嚴(yán)重冠心病的重要方法,為了減少術(shù)后支架內(nèi)血栓事件的發(fā)生率,術(shù)后服用雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物得到了各國指南推介。氯吡格雷是最常用的雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物之一,但研究顯示,部分患者服用氯吡格雷后,仍有較高的支架內(nèi)血栓發(fā)生率,即存在血小板抵抗(high on-treatment platelet reactivity,HTPR)。對于這部分患者,增加氯吡格雷劑量或改換藥物能否改善HTPR,目前研究結(jié)果仍有爭議。本文從HTPR的篩查方法、新型抗血小板藥物的應(yīng)用以及預(yù)后等方面對該問題進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 冠心??;氯吡格雷;血小板抵抗;個體化治療
[中圖分類號] R541.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2016)09-0163-06
[Abstract] Coronary heart disease has been become one of the major cardiovascular disease, which threat to people's health in our country, percutaneous coronary artery stent implantation is an important method for the treatment of severe coronary heart disease, the postoperative double antiplatelet drugs are the national guidelines, in order to reduce the stent thrombosis events incidence, clopidogrel is one of the most commonly used dual antiplatelet drugs, while the study showed that there were still a high stent thrombosis incidence after taken clopidogrel in some patients. The platelet resistance(high on-treatment platelet reactivity, HTPR) was the factor, for this part of the patients, the results of whether the increase of clopidogrel dose or the change of drugs can improve the HTPR is still controversial at present, in this article, we reviewed the HTPR screening method, the application of new anti platelet drugs and the prognosis of the patients,
[Key words] Coronary heart disease (CHD); Clopidogrel; Platelet resistance; Individualized treatment
冠心病是目前嚴(yán)重危害我國人民身體健康的重大心血管疾病之一[1,2]。經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈支架植入術(shù)的廣泛普及顯著減少了急性心肌梗死等嚴(yán)重冠心病的病死率。為預(yù)防支架植入后的支架內(nèi)血栓形成,各國冠心病診療指南中均推薦支架植入術(shù)后長期口服雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物[3-5]。其中氯吡格雷是目前我國應(yīng)用最廣泛的支架植入術(shù)后抗血小板藥物之一。但研究表明,30%~50%接受氯吡格雷治療的患者中[6,7],存在著血小板抵抗(high on-treatment platelet reactivity,HTPR)。進(jìn)一步研究表明,經(jīng)氯吡格雷治療后,存在HTPR的患者,其支架血栓事件比非HTPR者顯著增高(2.2% vs 0.2%;odds ratio[OR]:9.4;95% confidence interval[CI]:3.1~28.4;P<0.0001)[8]。有鑒于此,美國SCAI/ACC/AHA指南推薦篩查冠心病患者中的HTPR患者,并推薦HTPR患者使用新型抗血小板藥物,即個體化抗血小板治療,以進(jìn)一步減少該類患者介入治療后的心血管事件。本文從HTPR的篩查方法、新型抗血小板藥物的應(yīng)用以及預(yù)后等方面對該問題進(jìn)行綜述。
1 HTPR的篩查
目前對于HTPR篩查方法主要包括:比濁法(light transmittance aggregatio,LTA)、血管擴(kuò)張刺激磷蛋白磷酸化測定(vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein,VASP)、血栓彈力圖(thromboelastography,TEG)、VerifyNow P2Y12 assay(Verify)、multipleelectrode aggregometry(MEA)。
LTA:LTA是目前公認(rèn)的檢測血小板活性的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其檢測原理是:使用不同誘導(dǎo)劑刺激富含血小板的血漿后,血小板聚集,血漿濁度降低,透光度增加。根據(jù)透光度的變化程度評價血小板聚集程度。利用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC),根據(jù)患者PCI術(shù)后兩年的主要心血管不良事件,在5 μmol/L ADP的誘導(dǎo)條件下,最大血小板聚集率>46%可診斷為HTPR;在20 μmol/L ADP的誘導(dǎo)條件下,最大血小板聚集率>59%可診斷為HTPR?;貧w分析證實高血小板反應(yīng)性患者同臨床缺血事件有顯著相關(guān)性(5 μmol/L ADP,OR=3.9,P<0.001;20 μmol/L ADP,OR=3.8,P<0.001)[9]。
(1)VerifyNow P2Y12:其檢測原理與LTA法大致相同,同樣是通過誘導(dǎo)使得血小板聚集,通過光透判斷血小板聚集程度。利用ROC,根據(jù)患者PCI術(shù)后12個月的主要心血管不良事件,P2Y12反應(yīng)單位>240可診斷為HTPR。血小板高反應(yīng)性患者,心血管死亡風(fēng)險提高了2.25倍[hazard ratio(HR)2.55,95%CI 1.08~6.07,P=0.034][10]。
(2)VASP:其檢測原理是血小板P2Y12受體的激活將抑制VASP的磷酸化。而氯吡格雷通過抑制P2Y12受體,最終導(dǎo)致VASP的磷酸化增加。通過定量檢測磷酸化的VASP,可判斷血小板的抑制程度。利用ROC,根據(jù)患者PCI術(shù)后6個月的主要心血管不良事件,PRI >50%可診斷為HTPR,其陰性預(yù)測值可達(dá)100%[11]。
(3)MEA:其檢測原理是全血中置入電極,加入血小板激活劑,血小板聚集物將附著于電極上,這樣可利用電極阻抗的變化來檢測血小板的聚集功能。通常結(jié)果大于48U可診斷為HTPR。HTPR患者血栓事件顯著高于普通患者(12.5% vs 0.3%,P<0.001 and 18.5% vs 11.3%,P=0.022)[12]。
(4)血栓彈力圖:其檢測原理是將盛有血液的檢測杯放在儀器上,儀器使得檢測杯勻速旋轉(zhuǎn)。檢測杯中置一金屬探針,金屬探針另一端通過絲線與分析儀器相連。隨著血小板聚集,血液逐漸凝固,絲線及金屬探針受到的張力改變,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生的電流不同,從而在電腦上描繪出的圖像發(fā)生改變。通過圖像變化判斷血小板聚集程度。利用ROC,根據(jù)患者PCI術(shù)后3年的主要心血管不良事件, MAADP >47 mm可診斷為HTPR。高血小板反應(yīng)性患者心血管事件是普通患者的10.3倍(P<0.0001)[13]。
以上諸種方法各有優(yōu)劣。LTA被認(rèn)為是金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其檢測結(jié)果與主要心血管事件顯著相關(guān),但其劣勢在于標(biāo)本制備復(fù)雜、可重復(fù)性差,需要的樣本量大,檢測用時較長,技術(shù)要求高。VerifyNow P2Y12簡易、快捷(僅需5 min),且與LTA實驗結(jié)果有較高的一致性(r=0.821)。VASP雖然也具有方便、快捷等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但其結(jié)果與LTA(r=0.688)一致性較差[14,15]。血栓彈力圖、VerifyNow P2Y12對于主要心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)的陽性預(yù)測值及陰性預(yù)測值均高于VASP。但無論采用何種方法測定的HTPR結(jié)果,陰性預(yù)測值較高而陽性預(yù)測值偏低。這一方面可能是因為在體內(nèi)血小板的激活是多種刺激因素產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,而以上實驗均在體外進(jìn)行,誘導(dǎo)劑單一。另一方面,也有可能是除了血小板高反應(yīng)性外,還有其他因素能影響著血栓事件的形成。
2 HTPR患者的個體化抗血小板藥物及預(yù)后
2.1 與抗血小板藥物存在相互作用的常見藥物
目前已經(jīng)有多項研究表明對于HTPR患者,通過增加藥物劑量、改換藥物種類等一系列方法可降低血小板高反應(yīng)性,明顯減少支架植入術(shù)后的心血管事件。臨床上與抗血小板藥物存在相互作用的常見藥物為質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(proton pump inhibitor,PPI)和他汀類藥物。PPI類藥物:抗血小板藥物是一柄“雙刃劍”,如阿司匹林既可通過抑制環(huán)氧化酶達(dá)到抑制血小板活化和血栓形成的目的,又會對消化道黏膜造成損傷,導(dǎo)致潰瘍形成和出血;其他抗血小板藥物也會加重消化道損傷,二者聯(lián)用時損傷加重??蓪σ装l(fā)生消化道損傷的高危人群預(yù)防性使用PPI 類藥物;他汀類藥物:他汀類藥物可調(diào)節(jié)血脂、使內(nèi)皮功能改善、影響血小板功能、抑制炎癥、抑制血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖等,可大幅度降低心血管事件的發(fā)生,并顯著改善急性冠狀動脈綜合征的預(yù)后,臨床上常與氯吡格雷聯(lián)合應(yīng)用。
在GRAVITAS中,2214名接受介入治療的患者通過VerifyNow檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)存在HTPR,他們被隨機(jī)分為實驗組(氯吡格雷600 mg負(fù)荷劑量,150 mg維持劑量)和對照組(氯吡格雷300 mg負(fù)荷劑量,75 mg維持劑量)。經(jīng)過6個月的隨訪,實驗組和對照組在心血管性死亡、心肌梗死和支架內(nèi)血栓形成的復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件上,并無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(HR 1.01,95%CI,0.58 to 1.76,P=0.97)[16]。該實驗結(jié)果與TRIGGER-PCI和ARCTIC研究類似[17,18]。在TRIGGER-PCI研究中423位植入藥物洗脫支架的冠心病患者,通過VerfiryNow發(fā)現(xiàn)存在HTPR,被隨機(jī)分為實驗組(氯吡格雷600 mg負(fù)荷量,10 mg維持量)和對照組(氯吡格雷600 mg負(fù)荷量,75 mg維持量)。這一研究由于兩組之間的終點(diǎn)事件(6個月的死亡/心梗)并無明顯差異而提前終止。在ARCTIC中,2440例接受PCI并植入支架患者,被隨機(jī)分為實驗組(實驗組中HTPR患者:氯吡格雷600 mg負(fù)荷量,150 mg維持量或普拉格雷60 mg負(fù)荷量,10 mg維持量;實驗組中非HTPR患者:氯吡格雷75 mg維持劑量,負(fù)荷劑量不詳;后期隨訪中,一旦患者血小板抑制率大于90%,立即將方案調(diào)整為氯吡格雷 75 mg維持劑量)和對照組(氯吡格雷75mg維持劑量,負(fù)荷劑量不詳)。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)1年后兩組的心血管主要事件并沒有顯著差異(HR 1.13;95%CI 0.98~1.29,P=0.10)。
而另一些大型臨床研究卻提示對于存在HTPR的患者采用血小板個體化治療卻可以顯著改善患者預(yù)后。在Bonello等[19]進(jìn)行的一項研究中429例準(zhǔn)備接受PCI的患者,于術(shù)前通過VASP診斷為HTPR,并被隨機(jī)分為實驗組(反復(fù)增加氯吡格雷負(fù)荷劑量,每次600 mg,最高達(dá)2400 mg)和對照組(氯吡格雷600 mg負(fù)荷劑量)。通過1個月的隨訪,實驗組患者的血栓事件顯著低于對照組(0.5% vs 4.2%,P<0.01)。在MADONNA研究中,798名準(zhǔn)備接受PCI的患者通過MEA診斷為HTPR,被分為實驗組(反復(fù)增加氯吡格雷負(fù)荷劑量,每次600 mg,最高達(dá)2400 mg或普拉格雷60 mg負(fù)荷劑量)和對照組(氯吡格雷600 mg負(fù)荷劑量),通過1個月的隨訪,實驗組患者的血栓事件顯著低于對照組(0.2% vs 1.9%,P=0.027)[20]。在Cuisset等進(jìn)行的研究中149例擇期PCI患者,通過LTA診斷為HTPR,隨機(jī)分為實驗組(氯吡格雷600 mg負(fù)荷劑量及加用GP Ⅱb/Ⅲa抑制劑)和對照組(氯吡格雷600 mg負(fù)荷劑量)。通過1個月的隨訪,實驗組心血管事件的發(fā)生率顯著降低(19% vs 40%,P=0.006)[21]。
對于上述結(jié)果之間的顯著差異,筆者認(rèn)為可能與如下因素有關(guān)。研究中患者危險程度不同ADAPT-DES研究顯示,血小板功能檢測僅對于急性冠脈綜合征患者(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)有效,而對于穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者無效。進(jìn)一步研究表明(該研究51.7%患者表現(xiàn)為ACS),在植入支架的患者中,血小板高反應(yīng)性與支架內(nèi)血栓(HR 2.49,95% CI 1.43~4.31,P=0.001)及心肌梗死(HR 1.42,95%CI 1.09~1.86,P=0.01)呈正相關(guān),與出血事件呈負(fù)相關(guān)(HR=0.73,95% CI 0.61~0.89,P=0.002)[22,23]。
而上述得出陰性結(jié)果的研究中,參與研究的人群或以穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者居多,或包含非HTPR人群。如GRAVITAS研究中,雖然參與研究患者均屬于HTPR,但該研究并未納入ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,且在2214例患者中慢性心肌缺血綜合征患者占總?cè)藬?shù)達(dá)60%,不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛和非ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者分別占總?cè)藬?shù)的23%和 16%。而在TRIGGER-PCI中,納入的患者均為HTPR,但其中既不包含非ST抬高型心肌梗死患者,也不包含ST抬高型心肌梗死患者。在ARCTIC研究中,2440例植入支架的患者并非全部屬于HTPR,在第一次血小板功能檢測時,個體化治療組僅34.5%患者為HTPR。且研究中同樣不包含ST抬高型心肌梗死患者,急性冠脈綜合征僅占總?cè)藬?shù)的27%。
與之相反,上述得出陽性結(jié)果的研究均滿足如下兩個條件:①納入人群中急性冠脈綜合征患者居多;②所有患者均為HTPR。如在MAODONHA研究中,不僅參與研究患者均呈HTPR,且該研究納入了相當(dāng)比例的心肌梗死患者(ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者占總?cè)藬?shù)的11.5%,非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者占總?cè)藬?shù)的25.3%,其余擇期PCI患者占總?cè)藬?shù)的63.2%)。上述結(jié)論也得到其他研究的支持。如在Mikkelsson J進(jìn)行的一項研究中[24],患者均為ST段抬高型心肌梗死,其中呈HTPR的患者服用新型抗血小板藥,非HTPR患者服用氯吡格雷。兩組患者在預(yù)后上并無明顯差異,在Bonello et al及Cuisset中,參與研究人群各階段分布不詳。
2.2 改善HTPR不完全
氯吡格雷為前體藥物,需經(jīng)過肝酶CYP2C19代謝成活性產(chǎn)物發(fā)揮作用,CYP2C19基因的變異可導(dǎo)致氯吡格雷治療下的HTPR。CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性主要有三類:一類是降低酶活性的突變,如CYP2C19*2、*3、*4、*5、*7、*8等;一類是增強(qiáng)酶活性的突變,目前只有CYP2C19*17;另一類是正?;駽YP2C19*1。而進(jìn)一步研究表明,氯吡格雷治療下,12%HTPR患者,其血小板抵抗原因為基因多態(tài)性[25]。研究最多的為CYP2C19*2。一般認(rèn)為,攜帶兩條CYP2C19*2為純合子,只攜帶一條CYP2C19*2為雜合子。
在GIFT研究中,攜帶CYP2C19*2患者,即使使用高劑量氯吡格雷,HTPR仍然顯著:雜合子攜帶者相較未攜帶者(HR 1.63,95%CI 0.93~2.88);純合子攜帶者相較未攜帶者(HR 11.53,95%CI 2.08~64.07)[26]。而Elevate Timi 56研究進(jìn)一步表明:對于CYP2C19*2雜合子患者,服用高劑量氯吡格雷(≥225 mg)可以降低HTPR,其中225 mg降低血小板高反應(yīng)性水平相當(dāng)于未攜帶CYP2C19*2患者服用75 mg;而300 mg則使其水平降低顯著低于服用75 mg的未攜帶CYP2C19*2患者水平(P<0.001)。但對于純合子患者,即使改用氯吡格雷300 mg,血小板仍存在高反應(yīng)性[27]。
在Rapid研究中,對于攜帶CYP2C19*2患者,普拉格雷與氯吡格雷比較,可以顯著改善患者1周后的HTPR(0% vs 30%,P=0.0092)[28]。Reset研究進(jìn)一步顯示,普拉格雷與氯吡格雷均能改善未攜帶CYP2C19*2的患者血小板高反應(yīng)性,且二者無明顯差異(P=0.575),而對于攜帶CYP2C19*2患者,普拉格雷明顯優(yōu)于氯吡格雷(0% vs 43.7%,P=0.003)[29]。且在TRITON TIMI 38 研究中進(jìn)一步揭示, 基因多態(tài)性并未對服用普拉格雷患者造成影響[28]。
在PLATO研究中,替格瑞洛較于氯吡格雷,更能降低急性冠脈綜合征患者的終點(diǎn)事件(2030 vs 2290;HR 0.88,95%CI 0.82~0.95,P<0.001)[30]。另外一項大型隨機(jī)臨床試驗進(jìn)一步表明[31],在攜帶CYP2C19功能缺失基因型患者中,與氯吡格雷比較,替格瑞洛可以進(jìn)一步減少23% 的主要終點(diǎn)事件(8.6% vs 11.2%,HR 0.77, 95%CI 0.60~0.99,P=0.038);而在沒有任何CYP2C19功能缺失基因型患者中,上述兩種藥物的區(qū)別并未達(dá)到統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.0608)。
上述研究充分表明,對于攜帶CYP2C19功能缺失基因患者,氯吡格雷加量并不能顯著改善HTPR,相比之下,新型抗血小板藥如替格瑞洛、普拉格雷等則可以更加有效地改善HTPR。在滿足患者高風(fēng)險和具有HTPR的情況下,改善HTPR不充分可能為研究結(jié)論不一的重要原因之一。
2.3 其他因素影響
除了上述因素之外,研究顯示高齡、糖尿病、肥胖、腎功能不全、炎癥、ACS、左室功能不全、藥物互相作用(如奧美拉唑、酮康唑、利福平、鈣通道阻滯劑等)均是HTPR的危險因素[32-47]。既往的多數(shù)研究中并沒有對上述因素進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一矯正,這也可能在一定程度上造成了上述研究結(jié)果之間的差異。
3 總結(jié)與展望
支架內(nèi)血栓形成是冠心病介入治療后的最嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥之一,而HTPR與血栓形成密切相關(guān)。業(yè)已證實,通過提高氯吡格雷劑量或換用新型抗血小板制劑可有效降低血小板高反應(yīng)性[48]。而多項臨床研究證實,對于ACS并植入支架患者,采取個體化治療能顯著減少支架血栓事件的發(fā)生[49]。但對于穩(wěn)定性冠心病并植入支架患者,即使患者發(fā)現(xiàn)HTPR,個體化治療也不能帶來益處。但在ACS患者中,ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者、不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者各能從個體化治療中獲益多少,尚需進(jìn)一步研究[50]。當(dāng)前血小板功能檢測方法多樣,到底哪項方法在預(yù)測血栓時間上有最高的靈敏度和特異性,同樣還需進(jìn)一步探討。隨著科學(xué)的進(jìn)步,或許如同房顫患者的INR,將來的患者的血小板反應(yīng)性應(yīng)是一個區(qū)間,過高可導(dǎo)致出血事件的發(fā)生,過低可導(dǎo)致血栓事件的發(fā)生,而血小板功能將會如同房顫患者凝血象一樣,成為冠心病患者的常規(guī)檢測。
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(收稿日期:2015-12-22)