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醫(yī)療旅游:國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)的回顧與研究展望

2016-05-14 17:10劉建國張永敬
旅游學(xué)刊 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:文獻(xiàn)綜述研究進(jìn)展

劉建國 張永敬

[摘要]隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面發(fā)展,旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越了傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)業(yè)的范疇,正在向戰(zhàn)略性支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)和現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)。以追求健康為目的的醫(yī)療旅游正成為旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的新業(yè)態(tài)、新趨勢(shì)。文章通過對(duì)國內(nèi)外醫(yī)療旅游研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行梳理,發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)者們的貢獻(xiàn)主要集中在:醫(yī)療旅游的概念界定、醫(yī)療旅游的影響因素分析、發(fā)展醫(yī)療旅游帶來的效應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)等方面,而且部分內(nèi)容相對(duì)較為成熟。但從現(xiàn)有研究來看,普遍缺少對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游演變的影響要素、規(guī)律和機(jī)制的深入研究;從研究數(shù)據(jù)上看,現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)較為單一,缺乏連續(xù)性的數(shù)據(jù)資料。從醫(yī)療旅游研究的不足出發(fā),需要以學(xué)科交叉為途徑,推動(dòng)跨學(xué)科的集成研究。未來研究包括:研究醫(yī)療旅游的相關(guān)理論問題;解析醫(yī)療旅游的影響因素及其機(jī)理;探討醫(yī)療旅游的靜態(tài)現(xiàn)狀和動(dòng)態(tài)演變規(guī)律;剖析醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的動(dòng)力機(jī)制及其效應(yīng);構(gòu)建醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的政策體系等。

[關(guān)鍵詞]醫(yī)療旅游;文獻(xiàn)綜述;研究進(jìn)展

[中圖分類號(hào)]F59

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A

[文章編號(hào)]1002-5006(2016)06-0113-10

Doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2016.06.017

引言

隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的全面發(fā)展,旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越了傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)業(yè)的范疇,正在向戰(zhàn)略性支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)和現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)升級(jí)。為適應(yīng)人民群眾消費(fèi)水平的提升和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,2014年8月22日,《國務(wù)院關(guān)于促進(jìn)旅游業(yè)改革發(fā)展的若干意見》(國發(fā)〔2014〕31號(hào))再一次把旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展提到更加重要的地位,強(qiáng)調(diào)要增強(qiáng)旅游發(fā)展動(dòng)力、拓展旅游發(fā)展空間,明確提出“推進(jìn)整形整容、內(nèi)外科等優(yōu)勢(shì)醫(yī)療資源面向國內(nèi)外提供醫(yī)療旅游服務(wù)?!?/p>

醫(yī)療旅游,作為旅游的高端業(yè)態(tài),其發(fā)展引起政府和學(xué)術(shù)界的關(guān)注。2013年全球水療與健康峰會(huì)(GSWS)與斯坦福研究機(jī)構(gòu)(SRI)聯(lián)合發(fā)布的全球醫(yī)療健康旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究報(bào)告顯示,2012年全球醫(yī)療健康旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模為4386億美元[1]。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),2012年全球“醫(yī)療游客”人數(shù)為4000萬人次,醫(yī)療旅游的人均消費(fèi)達(dá)到1萬美元[2]。隨著人民群眾對(duì)旅游多樣化、多層次的消費(fèi)需求不斷增強(qiáng),傳統(tǒng)的觀光旅游已轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)為觀光、休閑度假,乃至療養(yǎng)并重的形式,醫(yī)療旅游由此將迎來新的快速發(fā)展機(jī)遇。

醫(yī)療旅游,是旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的新趨勢(shì),是以追尋健康與享受旅游服務(wù)于一體的旅游形式,它實(shí)現(xiàn)了醫(yī)療業(yè)和旅游業(yè)的跨界融合。該旅游形式在國際上通常被稱為醫(yī)療旅游(medical tourism)、健康旅游(health tourism)、外科手術(shù)(surgery)旅游、醫(yī)療外包(medical outsourcing)等。從發(fā)展實(shí)踐上來看,泰國、馬來西亞和印度等國家率先對(duì)這個(gè)旅游新分支進(jìn)行積極的投資并支持其發(fā)展[3-4];從研究層面來看,醫(yī)療旅游涉及的領(lǐng)域廣泛,包括地理、生態(tài)環(huán)境、市場(chǎng)營銷等多個(gè)層面,如基于游客需求和市場(chǎng)開發(fā)視角的醫(yī)療旅游劃分研究[5];通過設(shè)定一個(gè)支持或者反對(duì)從事醫(yī)療旅游決策程序,以及需要注意的治療事項(xiàng),如質(zhì)量、安全問題等探究醫(yī)療旅游的動(dòng)機(jī)研究[6]??傊?,不同領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者已經(jīng)關(guān)注了醫(yī)療旅游的諸多議題、研究內(nèi)容與方法。然而,面對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展,以及全球醫(yī)療旅游格局的不斷形成,亟需系統(tǒng)地梳理國內(nèi)外有關(guān)醫(yī)療旅游研究的演進(jìn)歷程和現(xiàn)狀,揭示其研究動(dòng)態(tài)和前沿領(lǐng)域,這對(duì)完善醫(yī)療旅游的研究具有重要意義。

1研究方法

對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游進(jìn)行研究前,首先對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了檢索和識(shí)別。國外的文獻(xiàn)是通過對(duì)EBSCO、Springer Link、Sage Publications、Emerald、ScienceDirect、Web of Sciences等數(shù)據(jù)庫以及Google學(xué)術(shù)搜索、百度學(xué)術(shù)檢索,以“medical/tourism”“health/tourism”等為題名、主題、關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行檢索,并對(duì)獲取的學(xué)術(shù)文獻(xiàn)逐篇甄選,最后甄選出160余篇英文文獻(xiàn)(截至2015年3月20日)。文獻(xiàn)類型包括期刊論文、論文集、會(huì)議論文、研究報(bào)告、學(xué)位論文以及著作章節(jié)。國內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)則是通過對(duì)中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)進(jìn)行檢索,以“醫(yī)療旅游”“健康旅游”“保健旅游”;“醫(yī)療”并含“旅游”;“健康”并含“旅游”等為題名、主題、關(guān)鍵詞,獲得包括期刊、會(huì)議、學(xué)位論文等相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)論文100余篇(截至2015年3月20日)。但是通過文獻(xiàn)篩選,發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分該領(lǐng)域的國內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)可利用價(jià)值不高。故此,本綜述主要基于對(duì)國外文獻(xiàn)的梳理。本文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排如下:第二部分梳理和總結(jié)了醫(yī)療旅游的定義;第三部分描述了醫(yī)療旅游的影響因素;第四部分討論了醫(yī)療旅游的評(píng)價(jià)方法、研究范式、評(píng)價(jià)領(lǐng)域及其效應(yīng)等;第五部分總結(jié)了醫(yī)療旅游研究的相關(guān)理論視角;最后一部分總結(jié)全文并提出了醫(yī)療旅游未來研究的可能方向。

2醫(yī)療旅游的定義研究

已有的文獻(xiàn)表明,早期的醫(yī)療旅游(medical tourism)是從健康旅游(health tourism)中派生出來的一個(gè)新分支,它結(jié)合了旅游業(yè)和醫(yī)療業(yè)的特點(diǎn)。世界旅游組織將醫(yī)療旅游定義為以醫(yī)療護(hù)理、疾病與健康、康復(fù)與修養(yǎng)為主題的旅游服務(wù)。早在18世紀(jì),醫(yī)療旅游興起于歐洲上層社會(huì),醫(yī)療旅游活動(dòng)僅局限于溫泉療養(yǎng)。到了19世紀(jì),以保健為目的的旅游人數(shù)不斷上升,醫(yī)療旅游服務(wù)階層也從上層精英社會(huì)向工薪階層轉(zhuǎn)移。至此,醫(yī)療旅游得到飛速發(fā)展。所謂的醫(yī)療旅游,是個(gè)人有目的地離開本地區(qū)或本國去目的地接受美容整形、外科手術(shù)(surgery)、器官移植(organ transplantation)等醫(yī)療服務(wù)并享受旅游的過程。由此可見,健康旅游比醫(yī)療旅游更加寬泛。只要與健康相關(guān)的項(xiàng)目都包含在內(nèi),而醫(yī)療旅游一般是指與專業(yè)治療或體檢相關(guān)的項(xiàng)目。

總之,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者主要從游客動(dòng)機(jī)、游客需求、地域跨度、醫(yī)療服務(wù)產(chǎn)品[17-18]等多個(gè)角度對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的概念進(jìn)行界定(表1)。而且由于醫(yī)療旅游的研究尚處于初級(jí)階段,并沒有統(tǒng)一、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、科學(xué)的定義,其概念界定缺乏理論的支撐,學(xué)者們對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游概念的研究呈現(xiàn)多元化。醫(yī)療旅游特征主要包括幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素:跨境、進(jìn)行旅游的同時(shí)并含醫(yī)療[30-33]。學(xué)術(shù)界的普遍共識(shí)是不同于傳統(tǒng)的國際觀光旅游,醫(yī)療旅游呈現(xiàn)高品位、低價(jià)位,客流反向流動(dòng)的特征,即其旅游客流主要從發(fā)達(dá)國家向發(fā)展中國家流動(dòng),并且這種現(xiàn)象正日益加劇。由于醫(yī)療旅游項(xiàng)目行程包括治病、休療養(yǎng)及觀光游覽,所以相比觀光旅游,醫(yī)療旅游在旅游地停留時(shí)間較長。此外,還有學(xué)者基于人類學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)的視角[34-35],從醫(yī)療旅游的特殊問題和現(xiàn)象入手[36],來探討醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。醫(yī)療服務(wù)與不斷上升的全球健康的不平等問題逐漸成為學(xué)者定義醫(yī)療旅游所考慮的內(nèi)容之一[34,37-39]。

3醫(yī)療旅游的影響因素

3.1經(jīng)濟(jì)因素

從醫(yī)療旅游的興起原因來看,主要在于人們無法負(fù)擔(dān)得起在本國接受治療的費(fèi)用[7-10],而且醫(yī)療旅游的特征之一是高品質(zhì)低價(jià)位。因此,醫(yī)療旅游費(fèi)用是影響醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的主要因素之一。醫(yī)療旅游不僅包括出國就醫(yī),還包括尋求醫(yī)療旅游目的地最先進(jìn)的醫(yī)療技術(shù)和最有競(jìng)爭力的醫(yī)療價(jià)格[40-44],所以醫(yī)療旅游的費(fèi)用便越發(fā)得到人們的關(guān)注。醫(yī)療旅游的費(fèi)用研究,主要是基于游客在醫(yī)療項(xiàng)目上的花費(fèi)這一視角,探討目的地國家醫(yī)療旅游費(fèi)用成本及其影響因素。這一領(lǐng)域的研究包括:一方面,醫(yī)療費(fèi)用是影響游客前往國外接受治療的重要原因[45]。如心臟瓣膜手術(shù)(heart valve surgery)、髖關(guān)節(jié)置換(hip replacement)等手術(shù),各國的費(fèi)用成本差異較大。Caroline等的研究表明,游客在加拿大進(jìn)行的減肥醫(yī)療和康復(fù)項(xiàng)目成本受到多方面的影響[46],人均花費(fèi)為16 000美元[47],合理的價(jià)格對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展具有顯著的促進(jìn)作用[48]。Caroline等甚至認(rèn)為,探究在國外與當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)行醫(yī)療服務(wù)的成本與效益將會(huì)是未來的研究方向[46]。除此之外,醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品的成本也是影響醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的重要因素之一。如泰國、馬來西亞、印度、新加坡等國醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的實(shí)踐表明,目的地國家可以在低成本的條件下,生產(chǎn)和客源國同樣質(zhì)量的醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品,而且目的地國家具有高技能的勞動(dòng)力、較低的資本成本,以及相較于客源國而言更低的旅游花費(fèi)等優(yōu)勢(shì)[3, 49]。另一方面,基于財(cái)政激勵(lì)和制度支持的綜合評(píng)判醫(yī)療旅游費(fèi)用研究。由于醫(yī)療旅游費(fèi)用不僅受生產(chǎn)條件與成本的制約,還受財(cái)政政策與制度等多重因素的影響。故此,國內(nèi)外日益關(guān)注政府醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu),或者部門財(cái)團(tuán)等官方旅游機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)健康旅游的影響與促進(jìn)作用[3, 49]。一些學(xué)者關(guān)注財(cái)政、稅收制度對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的影響。如對(duì)菲律賓、馬來西亞、泰國的研究表明,除了勞動(dòng)力的低成本、醫(yī)療旅游基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的完善外,優(yōu)惠的稅收制度、從業(yè)者的保險(xiǎn)、以及旅游景點(diǎn)保健中心等成為促進(jìn)降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)用、節(jié)約游客花費(fèi)、支撐醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的重要因素[3, 13, 28, 50]。

3.2醫(yī)療旅游資源

醫(yī)療旅游的產(chǎn)生部分是由于在本國接受治療所要等待的時(shí)間較長[11-12],或本國無法提供相關(guān)治療[13-15],以及移民人群更愿意回祖國接受治療[16],所以資源稟賦是影響醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的另一重要因素。關(guān)于醫(yī)療旅游資源的研究,學(xué)者們重點(diǎn)關(guān)注某一國家(某一城市)的特色醫(yī)療資源,或者某一區(qū)域醫(yī)院的特色醫(yī)療項(xiàng)目。張廣海和王佳[51]把中國的醫(yī)療旅游資源分為4類,包括:特殊氣候條件、特色中藥、傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)醫(yī)術(shù)及中醫(yī)名家、現(xiàn)代高科技醫(yī)療技術(shù)的醫(yī)療旅游資源;并進(jìn)一步地將我國醫(yī)療旅游分為4大功能區(qū)。在關(guān)注某一國家的旅游資源方面,主要集中在亞洲、美洲、東歐,如加拿大、菲律賓、馬來西亞等在減肥(bariatric surgery)、溫泉療養(yǎng)(SPA)、美體(body health)等特定類型的醫(yī)療手術(shù)與服務(wù)項(xiàng)目的優(yōu)勢(shì)上[3, 13, 46, 50];關(guān)于某一區(qū)域特色醫(yī)療項(xiàng)目上,主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)東南亞和南美地區(qū)依托現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療資源,提供特定類型的手術(shù)及游客旅游經(jīng)歷的研究[52-53]。如阿根廷的tango產(chǎn)品系列的整容研究所表征的:游客通過觀看tango表演使其產(chǎn)生塑型美體的愿望,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)在阿根廷進(jìn)行醫(yī)療服務(wù)[54]。此外,國家間的醫(yī)療合作協(xié)議、政府的醫(yī)療設(shè)備等的優(yōu)惠稅收政策支持,也為這些醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的醫(yī)療設(shè)備達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平提供了支持。這些舉措不僅提高了本國的醫(yī)療服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),增加了外匯創(chuàng)收,而且為患者提供了可以得到及時(shí)救治的醫(yī)療資源[3, 12, 22, 55-56],從而塑造了良好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)環(huán)境與服務(wù)水平。

3.3醫(yī)療旅游需求

醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展盡管處于起步階段,但卻呈現(xiàn)出游客對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游有著更為多樣性與多元化需求的態(tài)勢(shì)。學(xué)界日益重視醫(yī)療游客的產(chǎn)品選擇、產(chǎn)品的滿意度,以及醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展模式等對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的影響[57]。可以認(rèn)為,不同醫(yī)療游客群體的需求將影響醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展。當(dāng)前國內(nèi)外主要關(guān)注醫(yī)療旅游的產(chǎn)品需求[25],如探討中國、日本和韓國的游客在醫(yī)療項(xiàng)目產(chǎn)品選擇上的差異。研究結(jié)果表明,醫(yī)療旅游過程中,游客的需求表現(xiàn)出差異化。中國游客傾向于選擇美容和醫(yī)療保健方面的產(chǎn)品,而日本游客則強(qiáng)調(diào)康復(fù)服務(wù)。另有學(xué)者探索了中國內(nèi)地游客前往香港進(jìn)行醫(yī)療旅游的動(dòng)機(jī),發(fā)現(xiàn)生二胎、為孩子獲得香港居民身份,并享受其帶來的教育福利和醫(yī)療保障等是中國內(nèi)地游客的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)和需求[58]。

3.4醫(yī)療服務(wù)水平

醫(yī)療旅游通常依托一定的醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)、醫(yī)療設(shè)施與醫(yī)務(wù)人員。從國際醫(yī)療旅游產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)因來看,服務(wù)水平是影響其發(fā)展的重要因素[27, 59]。醫(yī)療旅游服務(wù)水平,既能客觀描述目的地的醫(yī)療基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施現(xiàn)狀及醫(yī)療旅游質(zhì)量,又能揭示不同國家游客對(duì)醫(yī)療服務(wù)水平構(gòu)成要素的滿意度等。具體而言,醫(yī)院服務(wù)能力與技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)可由醫(yī)院基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、醫(yī)院規(guī)模與等級(jí)等反映。在世界上認(rèn)可度較高的有醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)評(píng)審聯(lián)合會(huì)(Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations,JCAHO)和國際聯(lián)合會(huì)(Joint Commission International,JCI)。其中,JCAHO是針對(duì)美國境內(nèi)的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)證,JCI則為美國境外各國醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)資質(zhì)進(jìn)行認(rèn)證。醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)是否屬于JCI的認(rèn)證項(xiàng)目,及其評(píng)審認(rèn)證等級(jí)成為決定游客是否前往目的地的重要參考因素。通過對(duì)比各國JCI數(shù)量及其由JCI評(píng)審認(rèn)證項(xiàng)目(表2)發(fā)現(xiàn),通過JCI評(píng)審認(rèn)可的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)量與地區(qū)醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展程度存在相關(guān)性。由前面醫(yī)療旅游的定義可知,游客由于在本國的醫(yī)療成本較高或醫(yī)療資源的可獲取性等因素的影響,一般是前往海外醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)接受治療,這也表明一國JCI認(rèn)證醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)量是影響游客選擇醫(yī)療目的地國家的重要因素。此外,隨著醫(yī)療旅游全球化的不斷發(fā)展,醫(yī)療旅游組織者在處理游客由于語言、文化習(xí)俗、行程安排等差異化問題中的協(xié)調(diào)作用日益凸顯。因此,醫(yī)療旅游組織者的作用也成為衡量醫(yī)療旅游服務(wù)水平的指標(biāo)之一[60]。

3.5醫(yī)療旅游營銷途徑

由于現(xiàn)代生活方式增添了人們對(duì)營銷渠道需求的多樣性、復(fù)雜性,醫(yī)療旅游營銷已成為全球化、信息化背景下,影響醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的一大重要因素。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),醫(yī)療旅游營銷要綜合考慮游客、商務(wù)人士、醫(yī)療旅游產(chǎn)品運(yùn)營商和供應(yīng)商等主體,既需要滿足消費(fèi)群體的需求和一般的營銷趨勢(shì)[57,61-63],又需要綜合醫(yī)療旅游模式[64]。綜合國內(nèi)外旅游學(xué)界對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游營銷的豐富研究發(fā)現(xiàn):廣告策略的使用在醫(yī)療旅游營銷中占據(jù)重要的地位,學(xué)界對(duì)此的研究興趣也日益增長[15, 23, 65-67]。而醫(yī)療旅游模式取決于旅游市場(chǎng)的決策者,如高檔酒店更愿意投資建設(shè)醫(yī)療旅游[68];“醫(yī)療套餐(medical packages)”也逐漸成為醫(yī)療旅游營銷中的新寵,即游客選擇套餐項(xiàng)目,其家人可在該醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的不同中心,接受醫(yī)療服務(wù),或游客獲得免費(fèi)的往返機(jī)票及醫(yī)療旅游費(fèi)用的減免等優(yōu)惠政策。

3.6醫(yī)療旅游的倫理道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

盡管缺乏對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游倫理(medicaltourismethics)影響的實(shí)證研究,但無論在個(gè)人層面、社會(huì)層面,還是在目的地和客源國層面,以及在全球范圍內(nèi),醫(yī)療旅游潛在影響的倫理問題已經(jīng)引起了學(xué)者們的廣泛關(guān)注[12, 69-70]。有學(xué)者表示應(yīng)該控制醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展[71]。一方面,由于缺乏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通,存在患者對(duì)醫(yī)療風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不知情等的影響[69-70],醫(yī)療旅游可能產(chǎn)生侵犯?jìng)€(gè)人健康的負(fù)面影響。另一方面,醫(yī)療旅游行業(yè)可能將資源從公共部門轉(zhuǎn)向私營部門,或者調(diào)整醫(yī)療服務(wù)的優(yōu)先次序,以便獲得更高的盈利,使醫(yī)療資源的配置出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)位[72]。再一方面,患者的跨界流動(dòng)也將增加感染性疾病的傳播風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[67]。同時(shí),醫(yī)療旅游的倫理問題還體現(xiàn)在對(duì)全球健康公平性造成沖擊。因?yàn)槿绻粋€(gè)國家積極推廣自己作為醫(yī)療旅游目的地的舉措,為了追求行業(yè)擴(kuò)張與經(jīng)濟(jì)利益增長[73],往往容易破壞一個(gè)國家內(nèi)部地區(qū)間以及國與國之間的醫(yī)療平衡。

除此之外,由于各國的法律和倫理上的差異,一些特殊醫(yī)療服務(wù)項(xiàng)目如肥胖手術(shù)、器官移植等將會(huì)導(dǎo)致社會(huì)問題的產(chǎn)生。Caroline等提出了肥胖外科手術(shù)會(huì)提高道德和倫理的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[46]。有學(xué)者從現(xiàn)象學(xué)的角度來探究醫(yī)療旅游,發(fā)現(xiàn)女性的性冒險(xiǎn)旅游現(xiàn)象是一個(gè)較復(fù)雜且多維的問題,它涉及到文化與地域之間的沖突,并相互影響,而語言障礙以及旅行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的不可預(yù)知性,也提高了醫(yī)療旅游過程中道德文化悖論的發(fā)生率[74-75]。另有研究認(rèn)為,生育醫(yī)療盡管能夠適用于醫(yī)療旅游,但是并沒有完全反映病人的實(shí)際情況,其隱藏的部分信息在于研究者的意圖和目標(biāo)人群。比如在德國和以色列的公共媒體中,對(duì)“生育旅游”多數(shù)持批評(píng)的態(tài)度[76]。Adams等進(jìn)一步認(rèn)為醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展需要有諸如網(wǎng)站一樣的工具作為支撐,并強(qiáng)化醫(yī)療旅游企業(yè)的社會(huì)倫理責(zé)任[77]。總之,醫(yī)療旅游的道德倫理問題影響到了醫(yī)療旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。

4醫(yī)療旅游的綜合評(píng)價(jià)

4.1醫(yī)療旅游評(píng)價(jià)方法

醫(yī)療旅游的評(píng)價(jià)方法很多,如采用調(diào)查和計(jì)量分析的方法對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)分析[78-79];運(yùn)用半結(jié)構(gòu)化訪談的分析方法等[80-81]。William和Lefteris基于是否應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)醫(yī)療旅游,如果是的話以何種形式進(jìn)行的前提,采用ANP(Analytic Network Process)的方法,從醫(yī)療旅游的收益、機(jī)會(huì)、成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)4個(gè)方面進(jìn)行分析,研究認(rèn)為自我選擇醫(yī)療旅游優(yōu)于雇主或者政府資助計(jì)劃的形式[82]。還有學(xué)者運(yùn)用價(jià)格、技術(shù)、相關(guān)資源、客源市場(chǎng),以及區(qū)域可進(jìn)入性等綜合數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游進(jìn)行多維度的評(píng)價(jià)[12-13, 24, 72, 83]。如綜合運(yùn)用調(diào)查研究方法,分析環(huán)境因素,選取主要影響因素;有序排列影響因素次序,構(gòu)造SWOT矩陣;最終制定醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的政策建議(圖1)。

4.2醫(yī)療旅游的可行性評(píng)價(jià)及其范式

醫(yī)療旅游綜合評(píng)價(jià)是針對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展或醫(yī)療旅游市場(chǎng)可行性等問題部分綜合或全面勾勒了醫(yī)療旅游的狀態(tài)及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。由于評(píng)價(jià)過程,評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容、方法等不同,其研究范式存在差異。但是主要集中在對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的橫向和縱向綜合評(píng)價(jià)上。在醫(yī)療旅游的橫向綜合比較方面,主要是尋找發(fā)展醫(yī)療旅游的優(yōu)劣勢(shì),研究醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展存在的問題及其破解途徑,多采用經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和社會(huì)環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)來評(píng)估醫(yī)療的發(fā)展[24, 76]。在醫(yī)療旅游的縱向探討方面,主要是評(píng)價(jià)地區(qū)開展醫(yī)療旅游的可行性態(tài)勢(shì),采用政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、環(huán)境等統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行綜合衡量[3, 12-13, 28, 41-44, 49-50]。

4.3醫(yī)療旅游的評(píng)價(jià)領(lǐng)域

醫(yī)療旅游評(píng)價(jià),多選擇國家、城市或某一地區(qū)的特色醫(yī)療服務(wù)為研究對(duì)象。以國家或城市為尺度的醫(yī)療旅游評(píng)價(jià)研究,主要是深入分析其醫(yī)療發(fā)展水平及其影響因素等。研究的國家主要包括印度、新加坡、伊朗等;研究的城市主要集中在廈門、香港、上海、長沙和北京等[24, 84-87]。實(shí)證研究表明:這些國家或地區(qū)醫(yī)療旅游整體發(fā)展?fàn)顩r趨好,其中醫(yī)療旅游服務(wù)設(shè)施要素等硬環(huán)境優(yōu)于軟環(huán)境;經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的區(qū)域與欠發(fā)達(dá)區(qū)域的醫(yī)療旅游差異較大,居民的醫(yī)療旅游服務(wù)需求呈現(xiàn)多元化的趨勢(shì);同時(shí),明確城市的醫(yī)療旅游特色產(chǎn)品是發(fā)展醫(yī)療旅游的基礎(chǔ)。此外,醫(yī)療旅游的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也是評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容之一。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為,致力于醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的國家還需考慮其潛在的不利因素,如資金周轉(zhuǎn)、醫(yī)療隊(duì)伍、醫(yī)療技術(shù)及預(yù)防措施等,都將阻礙醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展壯大,特殊醫(yī)療服務(wù)人員的需求不斷提高,會(huì)使醫(yī)療旅游的成本增加;醫(yī)療旅游可能擴(kuò)大傳染病和毒品在全球范圍的傳播[11, 15, 65, 67, 88]。而且,醫(yī)療旅游產(chǎn)生不良后果的情況下,患者如何尋求補(bǔ)救也是學(xué)者們關(guān)注的一大領(lǐng)域。有警告說,海外診所不根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐臉?biāo)準(zhǔn)和法規(guī)進(jìn)行監(jiān)管。由此選擇海外醫(yī)療旅游會(huì)帶來一定的挑戰(zhàn),比如醫(yī)療失敗如何追究投訴和得到補(bǔ)償[4]。誰應(yīng)該資助術(shù)后并發(fā)癥患者的后續(xù)治療,術(shù)后的護(hù)理和副作用等問題都面臨一系列倫理和道德的困境[89]。

4.4醫(yī)療旅游的經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)

盡管目的地國家缺乏醫(yī)療游客的數(shù)量和所產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益方面的可靠數(shù)據(jù),但醫(yī)療旅游的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益得到學(xué)者們的普遍關(guān)注[90]。Horowitz等[91]曾經(jīng)預(yù)測(cè),2012年亞洲地區(qū)醫(yī)療旅游收入為400萬美元以上。Lautier的研究認(rèn)為,每年醫(yī)療旅游的消費(fèi)約為 600億美元[92]。當(dāng)然,目前尚未有該方面的可靠數(shù)據(jù)。一些學(xué)者通過對(duì)醫(yī)療游客的數(shù)量進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)醫(yī)療旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來的收益是被高估的[22, 93-94]。但一些事實(shí)也得到了印證,如美國跨境醫(yī)療服務(wù)收益以每年20%的比例增長;由于人力資源的充裕和醫(yī)療技術(shù)水平的發(fā)達(dá),泰國、新加坡、馬來西亞、菲律賓和印度等國家的醫(yī)療旅游收入非常可觀,且進(jìn)入了世界先列水平之列[59]。

4.5醫(yī)療旅游的社會(huì)效應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)

醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了全球知識(shí)的交流與互動(dòng),帶動(dòng)了醫(yī)療業(yè)與旅游業(yè)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,而且也帶動(dòng)了社會(huì)的發(fā)展。醫(yī)療旅游不僅提高國民收入生產(chǎn)總值、增加國民收入與外匯,而且也是提高服務(wù)與就業(yè)率、保持國際貿(mào)易收支平衡和旅游業(yè)繁榮的重要渠道[11]。Schroth和Khawaja[95]的研究認(rèn)為,突尼斯的醫(yī)療服務(wù)提供的就業(yè)崗位約為5000個(gè),為國家出口總額的貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到1%。當(dāng)然,醫(yī)療旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展也帶來較多的負(fù)面影響。一方面,正如Keckley和Underwood[96]的研究所表征的:對(duì)客源國來說,病人外流導(dǎo)致了醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)商的損失,如美國醫(yī)療提供商損失159億美元,而當(dāng)病人外流數(shù)量達(dá)到一定規(guī)模之后,將導(dǎo)致本國醫(yī)療從業(yè)人員面臨失業(yè)的威脅。另一方面,如Bauer[97]認(rèn)為,對(duì)目的地國家而言,醫(yī)療旅游的負(fù)面效應(yīng)主要體現(xiàn)在其所帶來的激烈的行業(yè)競(jìng)爭、目的地資源承載力的加重、當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裣硎茚t(yī)療服務(wù)質(zhì)量可能會(huì)下降等沖擊,尤其是對(duì)于醫(yī)療資源匱乏的旅游目的地而言,可能會(huì)侵害目的地居民的健康利益。

4.6醫(yī)療旅游的文化效應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)

Yu和Ko[25]從文化的視角,運(yùn)用探索性因子分析法,對(duì)中、日、韓三國游客在韓國濟(jì)州島的醫(yī)療旅游進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)影響他們追求醫(yī)療旅游的因素存在巨大差異。該研究描述了醫(yī)療旅游的3個(gè)文化群體之間的鮮明特色。韓國游客更加看重目的地的便利;日本游客更加關(guān)注相關(guān)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)和保健服務(wù)的便捷性、停留時(shí)間的長短和成本的高低;而對(duì)中國游客來說,醫(yī)療旅游的成本更具敏感性。從醫(yī)療內(nèi)容上看,中國游客首選小手術(shù),最令中國游客感興趣的是美容等審美方面的醫(yī)療服務(wù)。這種文化的差異決定了“韓流”在中國市場(chǎng)上廣受歡迎,導(dǎo)致中國對(duì)化妝品或整形手術(shù)的需求增加。而日本游客將重點(diǎn)放在了做大型手術(shù),以及與生活緊密相關(guān)的疾病康復(fù)上。

5醫(yī)療旅游研究的理論視角

從學(xué)科性質(zhì)角度來說,旅游學(xué)是一門應(yīng)用性較強(qiáng)、范圍較廣的學(xué)科,理論基礎(chǔ)較為薄弱,可以說很多理論基本上都適用于旅游學(xué)領(lǐng)域的任何分支的研究。醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展融合了醫(yī)學(xué)和旅游學(xué)的內(nèi)容,這就決定了醫(yī)療旅游的研究更加缺少理論支撐。這里,嘗試從研究內(nèi)容和研究方法兩個(gè)層面對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游研究的理論視角進(jìn)行簡單的梳理。

5.1基于研究內(nèi)容的理論視角

5.1.1社會(huì)交換理論

社會(huì)交換理論(social change theory)在醫(yī)療旅游的研究中被廣泛地運(yùn)用。這一理論認(rèn)為,社會(huì)交往是一個(gè)交換的過程,其目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)交換的成本最小化和報(bào)酬最大化。也就是說,當(dāng)能給人們提供較高報(bào)酬,且使得人們付出的成本最小化時(shí),人們就會(huì)繼續(xù)這種社會(huì)關(guān)系,否則將可能放棄該社會(huì)關(guān)系。因此,從社會(huì)交換理論的角度來研究醫(yī)療旅游時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)游客從醫(yī)療旅游過程中,獲得較高的滿意度或收益時(shí),游客對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展起促進(jìn)作用,反之,則會(huì)起阻礙效果。一些學(xué)者運(yùn)用社會(huì)交換理論對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的滿意度進(jìn)行研究[24, 44, 62]。

5.1.2心境理論

20世紀(jì)70年代,關(guān)于心境理論(the situational theory)及其實(shí)證研究不斷涌現(xiàn)。心境能夠影響人們對(duì)接收到的信息的處理情況,從而影響人的期望,是影響滿意度的重要因素之一。這一理論認(rèn)為,影響人們滿意度的因素包括情緒、期望、體驗(yàn)、整體滿意度和忠誠度等。其反映的是,當(dāng)人處于某一特定情形下而出現(xiàn)的短暫、溫和而抽象的情緒狀態(tài)。從醫(yī)療旅游的研究來看,提及此理論的文獻(xiàn)相對(duì)較少,如張維亞等[98]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心境狀態(tài)對(duì)于醫(yī)療旅游者的期望、體驗(yàn)和滿意度的形成有著顯著影響。但是學(xué)者們的研究范式表明了心境理論對(duì)于醫(yī)療旅游的適用性與可行性。心境理論對(duì)于研究醫(yī)療旅游者的滿意度具有普適性,心境可以通過無意識(shí)的方式影響醫(yī)療游客對(duì)市場(chǎng)做出的期望假設(shè)和體驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)[99-101]。心境同樣受到旅游服務(wù)提供商的行為影響[102]。一些文獻(xiàn)中所提及到的醫(yī)療服務(wù)的滿意度評(píng)價(jià)就是醫(yī)療旅游者的一種內(nèi)心期望與現(xiàn)實(shí)感受對(duì)比做出的反映[27, 59]。

5.1.3期望確認(rèn)理論

期望確認(rèn)理論(expectation confirmation theory,ECT)認(rèn)為,消費(fèi)者的持續(xù)意向產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)受其先前使用該產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù)滿意度的影響[5, 103-104]。ECT受5個(gè)方面的影響,包括期望、感知性能、確認(rèn)、滿意度和持續(xù)意向。根據(jù)ECT,消費(fèi)者首先形成某一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的初始預(yù)期;然后消費(fèi)者購買并使用這一產(chǎn)品或服務(wù);使用產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)后,消費(fèi)者基于實(shí)際使用的性能對(duì)其進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià);接著,消費(fèi)者會(huì)將感知與其初始期望進(jìn)行比較,判斷是否對(duì)產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)滿意。一個(gè)滿意的消費(fèi)者開發(fā)了一個(gè)持續(xù)的意圖,而一個(gè)不滿意的消費(fèi)者尋求其他替代品。由于這一理論的實(shí)用性,它被用在各種研究的理論基礎(chǔ)領(lǐng)域。早期的文獻(xiàn)中,Gilbert等[105]運(yùn)用了ECT的相關(guān)理論,對(duì)醫(yī)生、診所和醫(yī)院急診室等進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),但并沒有提供多少洞察醫(yī)療旅游的見解。而后,Guiry和Vequist[106]曾對(duì)在美國外進(jìn)行醫(yī)療旅游的美國游客進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查,其研究內(nèi)容主要是關(guān)于醫(yī)療旅游者的期望與醫(yī)療服務(wù)提供者的服務(wù)質(zhì)量感知,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)醫(yī)療游客的滿意度和連續(xù)性意圖被忽略了。Chou等[107]通過運(yùn)用ECT,擴(kuò)展了醫(yī)療旅游的研究。在他們的文獻(xiàn)中,提供了影響醫(yī)療旅游預(yù)期的不同概念模型,使得海外醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)服務(wù)滿意度的評(píng)價(jià)更加清晰和易于識(shí)別。由此,探究消費(fèi)者的滿意度,能夠彌補(bǔ)現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療旅游文獻(xiàn)缺乏回購意向研究的不足,為未來探究影響游客在海外進(jìn)行醫(yī)療旅游服務(wù)滿意度的因素奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

5.2基于研究方法的理論視角

扎根理論(grounded theory)于1967年由社會(huì)學(xué)家Barney和Anselm提出。其本質(zhì)上屬于歸納的研究范式,是一種定性的研究方法。這一理論不設(shè)定任何理論假設(shè),而是針對(duì)某一研究問題,通過對(duì)搜集到的原始資料進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性的分層歸納,自下而上地建構(gòu)理論,并提煉出扎根于實(shí)際現(xiàn)象和實(shí)際資料的理論體系。Petrosoniak等[108]運(yùn)用扎根理論,對(duì)國際醫(yī)療旅游中的相關(guān)課程進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)了國際健康課可能的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn),建議醫(yī)療和健康教育機(jī)構(gòu)部門在組織醫(yī)療旅游者出國前進(jìn)行相關(guān)的課程培訓(xùn),以減少對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游業(yè)的負(fù)面影響,同時(shí)建議醫(yī)療旅游者進(jìn)行自我反思,并對(duì)參加的國際健康課程批判評(píng)估。Snyder等[69]通過對(duì)加拿大15名參與國外慢性腦脊髓靜脈功能不全(CCSVI)治療的患者進(jìn)行跟蹤研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)這些患者之所以去往國外治療,是因?yàn)閷?duì)加拿大衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)失去了信任,尤其是對(duì)醫(yī)療專家的信任喪失較為嚴(yán)重,并建議政府部門重塑醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系??傊?,現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)充分表明了這些理論方法在醫(yī)療旅游研究中的運(yùn)用。

6評(píng)價(jià)與展望

6.1旅游學(xué)界對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游研究的貢獻(xiàn)與不足

旅游學(xué)術(shù)共同體從未將醫(yī)療旅游拒之門外,相反對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域的關(guān)注越來越多[110]。旅游學(xué)的性質(zhì)和研究對(duì)象決定了對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游進(jìn)行研究大有作為。盡管國內(nèi)對(duì)這一問題的研究相對(duì)比較滯后,但國內(nèi)外研究的貢獻(xiàn)主要集中在:醫(yī)療旅游的概念界定、醫(yī)療旅游的影響因素及發(fā)展醫(yī)療旅游帶來的效應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)等方面,而且部分內(nèi)容相對(duì)較為成熟。但從評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容上來看,現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)普遍關(guān)注醫(yī)療旅游的現(xiàn)狀這一表象,缺少對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游演變的影響因素、規(guī)律和機(jī)制的研究;從研究數(shù)據(jù)上看,現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)較為單一,缺乏連續(xù)性的數(shù)據(jù)資料。總之,現(xiàn)有研究仍存在一些缺憾。

6.2醫(yī)療旅游研究的可能方向

通過對(duì)現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的梳理,筆者認(rèn)為醫(yī)療旅游的研究需要在如下議題進(jìn)行深入探討:

(1)以理論問題研究為突破口,厘清相關(guān)理論問題。綜觀國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn),可以發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于醫(yī)療旅游的理論問題尚未有清晰的脈絡(luò)。已有研究多局限于實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié),缺少對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的影響因素及其機(jī)理系統(tǒng)全面的研究。有鑒于此,需要從理論層面對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的相關(guān)理論內(nèi)涵、影響因素及其機(jī)理等進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)而全面地分析。

(2)關(guān)注醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展靜態(tài)現(xiàn)狀的同時(shí),需要深入剖析其動(dòng)態(tài)演進(jìn)規(guī)律?,F(xiàn)有研究普遍關(guān)注醫(yī)療旅游的現(xiàn)狀,缺少從不同空間尺度、不同時(shí)間維度對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游動(dòng)態(tài)演進(jìn)規(guī)律性特征的深入研究。因此,深入把握醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的動(dòng)態(tài)演進(jìn)規(guī)律性特征尤為重要。

(3)需多角度分析醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的動(dòng)力機(jī)制。從已有文獻(xiàn)來看,關(guān)于醫(yī)療旅游動(dòng)力機(jī)制的深入探討略顯不足,需要多角度分析醫(yī)療旅游業(yè)的動(dòng)力機(jī)制。從醫(yī)療旅游的需求層面來看,需要深入分析不同游客的醫(yī)療旅游動(dòng)機(jī)和游客的產(chǎn)品需求,從而便于細(xì)化醫(yī)療旅游市場(chǎng);從醫(yī)療旅游的供給角度來看,不同地區(qū)需要結(jié)合其資源稟賦的優(yōu)勢(shì)來提供差異化的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。

(4)醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的相關(guān)政策體系研究亟待展開。伴隨旅游業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展,醫(yī)療旅游迎來了全新的發(fā)展機(jī)遇,但是醫(yī)療旅游的發(fā)展仍然受到體制機(jī)制的制約。如何通過發(fā)展醫(yī)療旅游,實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)醫(yī)療資源面向國內(nèi)外提供醫(yī)療旅游服務(wù),如倡導(dǎo)生活方式類醫(yī)療旅游,弘揚(yáng)中國傳統(tǒng)文化;引導(dǎo)相對(duì)閑置的私立醫(yī)院吸引境外醫(yī)療旅游客源等等,實(shí)現(xiàn)中國旅游業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)、創(chuàng)新發(fā)展是中國旅游發(fā)展政策的一大理論課題,而現(xiàn)有研究難以滿足國家政策的需求。

(5)需要關(guān)注發(fā)展醫(yī)療可能產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響。醫(yī)療旅游不僅包括醫(yī)療旅游者的流向、需求及醫(yī)療旅游市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展重點(diǎn)、醫(yī)療旅游帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展等正面效應(yīng),還需要深刻剖析醫(yī)療旅游可能帶來的負(fù)面效應(yīng)。如一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的醫(yī)療旅游帶來的道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不容易監(jiān)管等諸多問題。

總之,在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化發(fā)展的背景下,未來的方向需要緊密結(jié)合國家發(fā)展所需,以學(xué)科交叉為途徑,推動(dòng)跨學(xué)科的集成研究,彰顯旅游特色,從醫(yī)療旅游研究的不足出發(fā),對(duì)醫(yī)療旅游的相關(guān)理論內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行研究;深入分析醫(yī)療旅游的影響因素及其機(jī)理;研究醫(yī)療旅游的靜態(tài)現(xiàn)狀和動(dòng)態(tài)演變規(guī)律;剖析醫(yī)療旅游的動(dòng)力機(jī)制及其效應(yīng);加強(qiáng)醫(yī)療旅游發(fā)展的政策體系研究等。

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Medical Tourism: Literature Review and Research Prospects

LIU Jianguo, ZHANG Yongjing(Tourism College of Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China)

Abstract: With the all-round development of social economy, tourism, far beyond traditional service industry, is upgrading and shifting towards the strategic maintains industry and modern service industry. For the goal of pursuing good health, medical tourism has become the new trend in the tourism development. By way of extracting the essence of relevant studies home and abroad, the paper will manifest that so far there hasn?t been an absolute normative scientific definition for the concept of medical tourism, and also point that the exploration for medical tourism has been stepping in the primary period because results of researches in this field have been still controversial.

The influential factors on the development of medical tourism include medical expenditure, medical tourism resource, tourist demands, medical marketing, the quality and the moral and ethical issues of medical service and so on. Among these factors, medical expenditure is the significant one in that one of the features of medical tourism is“high quality, low price”. As to medical tourism resource, resource endowment is also an important reason. For the aspect of tourist demands, demands of different tourist groups can also play a role in medical tourism development. With respect to the quality of medical service, the condition of local medical infrastructure and the quality of medical tourism can be objectively expressed, so does the responses from tourists home and abroad to the medical service. Moreover, under the background of globalization and informatization, the demands of marketing channel has become diversity and complex because of the development of modern life style as well as medical marketing has made contribute to the development of medical tourism. As for the moral and ethical issues in medical tourism, although lacking of empirical study, it could be found that whether from the aspect of individuals or the society, destination or the place of departure, the problem has drew the attention of scholars all over the world.

In terms of research paradigm of medical tourism, the research subject is always chosen to be a place such as a country or a city, or a certain specific brooch of medical service industry. Both the longitudinal and the cross aspects of medical tourism in overall evaluation will be involved. Concerning the cross aspects of medical tourism, evaluation of medical tourism development is concentrated on economic data and social environment, for the purpose of seeking for the advantage and disadvantage, obstacles and solutions of medical tourism development. For the longitudinal aspects of medical tourism, politic, economic, social, and environmental statistics are all taken into consideration to evaluate medical tourism comprehensively. Medical tourism not only makes efforts to the global communication and interaction, but also boots the development of medical service industry and other industries related to tourism and benefits the whole society.

Actually, tourism academic community never close the door on medical tourism, but pay more and more attention to this field. The character of tourism and research subjects of medical tourism decides the future of research of medical tourism which can be foresight and bright.

In addition, tourism academic community has made great contributions on the definition, influential factors and evaluation of medical tourism. Although some of them are mature relatively, as to the evaluation, among the literature related to medical tourism, research in influential factors, principles, and rules of medical tourism development is lacking; as to the means and statistics, they are monotonous and without continuity.

In a word, under the background of economic globalization, we should follow the demands of national development by exploiting the achievements of multidisciplinary to stimulate the integration research of interdisciplinary and express features and characters of tourism. Considering the deficiency during research, we need to strengthen the study on theoretical issues, foster the analysis of influential factors, principles, rules, and phenomenon of medical tourism development, and intensify the research on policy framework, which are the study directions on medical tourism in future.

Keywords: medical tourism; literature review; research prospect

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