田本強

全國卷閱讀理解第二節(jié)（七選五）主要考查考生對篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力和銜接手段的理解運用能力。該題型自2007年新課標(biāo)全國卷（海南和寧夏用，簡稱“海寧卷”，下同）首次采用以來，試題共計12份。2009年到2014年新課標(biāo)遼寧卷也采用了該題型，共計6份。由于高考英語遼寧卷是委托教育部考試中心命制的，七選五也有著全國卷的特點，所以一起作為分析對象，合計18份。

18份七選五試題中，除2010年遼寧卷改用記敘文和2013年新課標(biāo)全國I卷改用描述性說明文外，其余16篇短文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)都屬于“如何做某事”的指導(dǎo)性說明文。

根據(jù)語篇的銜接手段，七選五的解題線索主要有篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、行文邏輯、詞語重現(xiàn)、語義關(guān)系、指稱關(guān)系、連接詞語和同構(gòu)關(guān)系等七種。需要注意的是，多數(shù)情況下，空格處通常需要兩種甚至兩種以上的線索才能確定答案。

一、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

篇章模式：背景—問題—如何做—（效果評估）

1. 背景

“背景”是對本文話題先進行簡單明了的敘述，介紹時間、地點等背景信息。所以“背景”通常位于篇首。請分析下面的試題：

[例題1]（2007年海寧卷）

71 One of the best things you can possibly do is to start your own club. Its great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels theres never anything to do during the school holidays.

D. What are you interest in？

E. Some vacation is just around the corner.

解析：空格位于篇首，應(yīng)為引出話題或介紹話題的背景，所以E項最合適。且vacation與第三句中的holidays是同義詞，故選E。

2. 問題

“問題”是“背景”存在的矛盾或困難（problem），相關(guān)語句中常含有difficult， tough， problem，unfortunate等詞。有時用however或but引出。

請分析下面的試題：

[例題2]（2014年全國I卷）

The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. 36 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.

D. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that dont yet exist？

G. Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

解析：空格前的句子是背景，引出話題，空格后的句子指出解決的方法，所以該空格處應(yīng)該是“問題”。由by doing表方式可知空格處應(yīng)是用how設(shè)問的句子，故選D。

3. 從“問題”到“如何做”的過渡句

由“問題”轉(zhuǎn)到解決方法，通常會使用but， luckily， good news等進行轉(zhuǎn)折的過渡句。請分析下面的試題：

[例題3]（2012年新課標(biāo)全國卷）

Easy Ways to Keep Your Brain Sharp

Everyone is forgetful， but as we age， we start to feel like our brains are slowing down a bit—and that can be a very annoying thing. 71 Read on for some techniques worth trying.

…

B. This can be especially harmful to the aged.

F. Luckily， research shows there is a lot you can do to avoid those moments.

解析：Luckily表示問題的轉(zhuǎn)機。those moments指稱空格前的句子所描述的健忘的時刻，故選F。

4.“如何做”和“如何做”的引導(dǎo)句

“如何做”的引導(dǎo)句是指列舉出具體建議前的概括性語句，如：... we have some steps you can take to get you there. （2015年全國I卷）

Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule： ... （2014年全國II卷）

“如何做”通常是先用祈使句提出行動建議或用名詞性短語指出哪些方面，有不少短文甚至用粗體、數(shù)字或等符號醒目地標(biāo)示出來，然后闡述具體做法。

請分析下面的試題：

[例題4]（2010年全國新課標(biāo)卷）

Q & A

…

Answer： Congratulations on your new position！ Presenting in front of your peers（同事）is a hard task in itself， and it becomes much more difficult when a question-and-answer period is required. Question-and-answer periods are a great way to clarify the message and strengthen key points. 72

73

When a person is asking a question， show interest and a desire to understand the question by listening and asking for clarification.

Buy time. ...

Suggest a private meeting. …

A Show your true interest.

E. It can also be more effective in exchanging ideas.

G. Here are some ideas that can help you prepare for your next meeting.

解析：72題選G。該空格前的句子敘述了背景和問題，空格下面逐條列舉了具體的建議，所以應(yīng)該是“如何做”的引導(dǎo)句。

73題選A。該處空格與后面的第2條和第3條建議一樣，前面用進行了標(biāo)識，所以也應(yīng)該是祈使句，且選項A與空格后的句子有重復(fù)的詞語show interest。

5. 效果評估

有些短文在最后一段對采納建議的效果作出預(yù)期或評價。請分析下面的試題：

[例題5]（2014年全國II卷）

Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule

From my experience， there are three main reasons why people dont cook more often： ability， money， and time...

Hopefully that gives you a good start. 40 And dont let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live！

E. Cooking is a burden for many people.

F. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

解析：該空格位于最后一段段中，前后句都是在評價遵循建議會產(chǎn)生的效果，且由And可知，let和dont let引導(dǎo)的祈使句是并列關(guān)系，所以F項為正確答案。

二、行文邏輯

行文邏輯在這里指不使用連接詞語的句子之間、句群之間、段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系，如總—分，舉例，列舉，解釋或重述，順序關(guān)系（時間先后，空間位置，重要性大?。┑?。請分析下面的試題：

1. 總—分

[例題6]（2014年全國II卷）

Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule

From my experience， there are three main reasons why people dont cook more often： ability， money， and time. 36 Money is a topic Ill save for another day. So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen. Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule：

B. Ability is easily improved.

E. Cooking is a burden for many people.

解析：空格前句提及了three main reasons ... ： ability， money， and time，空格后的第1、2句先后提及了Money和time，所以該空應(yīng)該是ability方面的原因，故選B。

2. 舉例

[例題7]（2013年全國I卷）

...

The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit（利潤）— that is， they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business... Commonly called nonprofits， these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. 72

C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.

D. However， some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.

解析：選項C中的social service agencies and many hospitals是空格前句中的nongovernmental service providers的Examples，且兩者之間有nonprofit， organization以及service等詞語上的重復(fù)，故選C。

3. 列舉

[例題8]（2014年全國I卷）

...

Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions. 39 “Why do you think shes crying？”“Can you tell how that man is feeling by looking at his face？”“If someone were to do that to you， how would you feel？”

F. We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

解析：空格后的三個問句就是questions about characters in stories的列舉，故選F。

4. 解釋或重述

解釋或重述是對前文信息的更為明白易懂的解釋說明，常用that is （i.e.）， that means， in other words， in fact等或冒號（：），或破折號（—）等標(biāo)點。請分析下面的試題：

[例題9]（2011年遼寧卷）

2. Go for a walk.

Mildly raised glucose （葡萄糖） levels can harm the area of the brain that helps you form memories and physical activity can help get blood glucose down to normal levels. In fact， exercise produces chemicals that are good for your brain. 74

…

D. So take a few minutes each day to do some reading.

G. In other words， when you take care of your body， you take care of your brain.

解析：In other words表示該句是對空格前一句的解釋，且take care of your body是exercise的同義表達，還有your brain詞語重復(fù)，故選G。

5. 順序關(guān)系

敘述事件、描述物品、列舉項目時，常按照時間順序、空間順序、重要性大小等順序排列。請分析下面的試題：

[例題10]（2008年海寧卷）

Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways. 71 Second， your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third， note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.

C. You must write your notes on separate paper.

G. First， the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.

解析：空格后的兩句分別用Second和Third列舉了記筆記的好處，所以該空應(yīng)選以First開頭的句子，故選G。

三、詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)

這里的“詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)”不僅僅指原詞的重復(fù)，還包括同一詞根不同詞性的單詞出現(xiàn)。請分析下面的試題：

[例題11]（2014年全國I卷）

True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it. 38 There are a dozen different things you can do with them. Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

解析：選項C與空格前句有詞語重復(fù)：new，且materials與空格后句中的them有指代關(guān)系，故選C。雖然選項E也有單詞activity重復(fù)和指示詞this，但前文沒有提及one great activity，也就無所謂another great activity，所以不是正確答案。

四、語義關(guān)系

語義關(guān)系是指前后文詞語之間的同義，近義，反義，上下義和語義場關(guān)系。上下義關(guān)系是指幾個詞語中一個詞語表示大范疇，其他詞語是這個范疇內(nèi)的個體或小范疇，如money為上義詞，cash， cheque是下義詞。

語義場是指圍繞某話題的相關(guān)詞匯，這些詞有可能同時同現(xiàn)，如hospital， doctor， patient， disease， treatment， medicine， cure等。

請分析下面的試題：

[例題12]（2014全國II卷）

Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule

1. Think ahead. The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when Im already hungry and theres nothing ready to eat. So think ahead of the coming week. When will you have time to cook？ Do you have the right materials already？ 37

D. Understand your food better.

G. A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.

解析：A little time planning ahead與前文Think ahead是同義表達，故選G。

[例題13]（2014年全國I卷）

1. Curiosity

Your children need to be deeply curious. 37 Ask kids， “What ingredients（配料）can we add to make these pancakes even better next time？ ” and then try them out. Did those ingredients make the pancakes better？ What could we try next time？

A. Encourage kids to cook with you.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

解析： cook與ingredients... add以及make these pancakes之間是上下義關(guān)系，也屬于同一語義場，故選A。

五、指代關(guān)系

指代關(guān)系是指用指示代詞this， that， these， those等和人稱代詞it， them等指代前文出現(xiàn)的事、物或人。有時this， these也可能指代下文中的事、物或人。請分析下面的試題：

[例題14]（2015年全國II卷）

... When you have found shoes that seem right， walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 37 . As always， you should stretch（伸展）at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.

E. If they still feel good， you can begin running in them

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

解析：選項E中they， them和空格前句中的them一樣，指代的是shoes，且still表示seem right和feel good之間的遞進關(guān)系，故選E。

六、連接詞語

連接詞語是指連詞和連接性副詞或短語把事物間的邏輯關(guān)系明確地表達出來。連詞有并列連詞（and， but， or， so等）和從屬連詞（when， if， because， though等）。連接性副詞或短語有however，instead，also， therefore， as a result， in fact， on the contrary等。有的評價性狀語也可以表示一定的邏輯關(guān)系，如luckily， sadly等。

[例題15]（2011年遼寧卷）

3. Learn something new.

A study found that mental stimulation（刺激）limits the weakening effects of aging on memory and the mind. But the best thing for your brain is when you learn something new and are physically active at the same time. 75 or go dancing with your friends.

C. It should be something like learning gardening

D. So take a few minutes each day to do some reading

解析：空格后句的or表示選擇關(guān)系，列舉兩個相似的事物，dancing和選項C中的gardening，都是something new and ... physically active at the same time，但選項D中的reading不屬于同一類，故選C。

七、同構(gòu)關(guān)系

如前所述，“如何做”部分的建議多是祈使句或名詞性短語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上它們就是同構(gòu)關(guān)系。also連接的兩個句子通常是同構(gòu)關(guān)系。

[例題16]（2010年全國新課標(biāo)卷）

Suggest a private meeting.

A one-on-one meeting is a calmer setting than speaking in front of your peers. 75

C. Some ideas can be quite concrete.

E. It can also be more effective in exchanging ideas.

解析：句中It指代A one-on-one meeting，且more effective與calmer...than同屬比較級句型，故選E。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青