張 旭張皓晶 張 雄

(云南師范大學物理與電子信息學院昆明650500)

射電噪類星體與X射線雙星的黑洞活動基本面關系?

張 旭?張皓晶?張 雄

(云南師范大學物理與電子信息學院昆明650500)

在很多低/硬態(tài)X射線雙星系統(tǒng)(XRB)中,射電和X射線光度之間存在較好的相關關系.Dong等人通過研究得出了射電靜類星體(RQQ)也存在著這一關系,并且其關系式與低/硬態(tài)X射線雙星的基本面關系有著一定的相似度.分析收集的射電噪類星體來探究射電噪類星體是否也存在著這種關聯(lián),這些源包含了255個射電噪類星體.分析結果表明:(1)255個射電噪類星體(RLQ)的黑洞質(zhì)量與X射線和射電光度之間以及射電光度愛丁頓比率和X射線愛丁頓比率之間均存在相關性,這與Dong等人運用亮硬態(tài)黑洞雙星和射電噪類星體所得出的基本面關系式有一定的相似性,但仍然存在一定差異.(2)低/硬態(tài)X射線雙星與射電噪類星體的基本面關系式可統(tǒng)一為lg LR=0.998+0.045?0.045lg LX+0.592+0.049?0.049lg MBH?6.56+1.605?1.605(其中LR為射電光度, LX為X射線光度,MBH為黑洞質(zhì)量).(3)研究結果進一步證明了X射線和射電光度與黑洞質(zhì)量所構成的基本面關系式具有高度的統(tǒng)一性,不僅可用于描述低/硬態(tài)X射線雙星系統(tǒng)和射電靜類星體,同樣可用于射電噪類星體.

黑洞物理,X射線:雙星,星系:噴流

1 引言

黑洞吸積以及噴流的形成被認為是尺度不變的,黑洞吸積的基本面關系可以由黑洞質(zhì)量、射電/X射線光度組成的經(jīng)驗公式來表示.目前有很多理論及觀測證據(jù)支持尺度恒定的黑洞吸積和相對論噴流理論.觀測證據(jù)同樣支持了XRB及活動星系核(AGN)的黑洞活動基本面關系的存在.從統(tǒng)計意義上來說,基本面關系是由黑洞質(zhì)量、射電/X射線光度組成的非線性相關經(jīng)驗公式,射電光度在基本面關系中如同AGN噴流的探針,而X射線光度如同吸積率的測量器.X射線雙星系統(tǒng)與活動星系核有著相似的中央引擎:黑洞-吸積盤-噴流.X射線雙星系統(tǒng)在大多數(shù)時間中一直處于寧靜狀態(tài),但它可能會在短時間內(nèi)突然爆發(fā),并在接下來的數(shù)個月或幾年不等的時間中持續(xù)向外發(fā)出射電以及X射線輻射.基于光譜以及周期的特點,人們會把這種爆發(fā)分類為很多不同的態(tài)[1].XRBs在爆發(fā)初期基本都是在低態(tài),而在爆發(fā)結束時處于硬態(tài).其X射線輻射可由光子指數(shù)1.5≤?！?的冪函數(shù)來確定,并可以從1 keV擴展到～100 keV.X射線光譜是由一個很強的黑體輻射來主導的,而XRBs在?！?時會以較高的光度停留在高/軟態(tài).但有一些XRBs在?！?.4時會停留在很高的態(tài),但這與先前的高/軟態(tài)有所不同[2?3].通過AGN與不同階段的XRB的對比研究,多種不同類型的AGN可以被統(tǒng)一歸類的觀點也逐漸被人們所接受.通常我們基于視界以及射電噪度來確定AGN的方位,射電噪度的大小通常由其5 GHz單頻與B波段4400?A處流量密度之比(R0=F5GHz/FB)來得出[4].R0=10通常被認為是區(qū)分射電靜與射電噪的判別條件[5].基于能量統(tǒng)一理論,不同的AGN可用XRB與之對應的不同階段來歸類[6].低態(tài)的AGNs(LLAGNs)可被歸類為低/硬態(tài)的XRBs.RQQ類星體可被歸類為高/軟態(tài)的XRB.類星體射電光度可以運用X射線以及黑洞質(zhì)量通過經(jīng)驗公式推算出來,這種射電與X射線光度的關聯(lián)公式被稱為基本面關系.起初人們認為這種現(xiàn)象是基于X射線來源于吸積流或噴流本身,但人們很快發(fā)現(xiàn)基于相同吸積機制下不同的源可能在質(zhì)量上相差將近9個數(shù)量級.Xue等人在2007年發(fā)現(xiàn)射電與X射線光度的關聯(lián)機制并不像之前想的那樣[7].在接下來幾年中,越來越多的射電雙星被發(fā)現(xiàn)并不適用于之前的散射X射線模型.這說明射電-X射線的相關性與射電光譜演化間有著緊密的聯(lián)系.通過對更高精度的樣本進行分析,K¨ording等人發(fā)現(xiàn)射電雙星與低光度活動星系核之間存在著明顯的基本面關系[8],并提出這種基本面關系可能適用于大多數(shù)黑洞射電源.目前對于基本面的研究已經(jīng)確定了X射線雙星系統(tǒng)與活動星系核的關系,并可以通過這種現(xiàn)象對黑洞活動進行進一步的分類和研究.但為何會產(chǎn)生這種關聯(lián)目前還沒有統(tǒng)一的論斷.正如前文所說不同的吸積過程可以引發(fā)不同的黑洞活動.為了探討這種基本面關系是否也適用于射電噪類星體,在本文中不同于前人相關的RQQ研究,我們試圖用RLQ的樣本數(shù)據(jù)來建立一個關于RLQ黑洞活動的基本面關系式.

2 樣本

2.1RLQ

本文中我們盡量采集具有可靠的黑洞質(zhì)量、紅移、寬線區(qū)光度、X射線光度以及5 GHz射電光度的樣本.本文中樣本的質(zhì)量和寬線區(qū)光度來源于Xiong等[9],5 GHz流量密度來源于NED(NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database)網(wǎng)絡數(shù)據(jù)庫.X射線光度由1 keV X射線流量密度以及光度距離計算得出.1 keV X射線流量密度源于NED網(wǎng)絡數(shù)據(jù)庫及Xiong等的文章,光度距離可由以下式子通過紅移計算得到[10].本文計算中運用的宇宙學常數(shù)與Xiong等[9]相同.

其中dL(z)為光度距離,z為紅移,c為光速,H0為哈勃常數(shù),?Λ與?m分別是通過公式推導得出的參數(shù),具體參見Venter等[10]的文章.樣本的數(shù)據(jù)列于表1(F5GHz是5 GHz流量密度,F1keV是1 keV流量密度).

表1RLQ樣本數(shù)據(jù)Table 1Data of RLQ

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s?1) M⊙ (erg·s?1) Jy (erg·s?1) SDSS J093035.08+464408.6 2.036 137.5 43.814 9.045 43.781 0.161 45.666 SDSS J093309.31+461535.40.778 29.4 42.345 8.68 42.546 0.062 44.218 SDSS J095227.30+504850.61.091 73.4 43.035 9.05 42.996 0.034 44.326 SDSS J095359.22+172056.50.711 95.4 42.777 8.43 42.636 0.123 44.424 SDSS J100306.76+681316.80.773 89 42.821 9.33 43.656 0.130 44.536 SDSS J100412.86+462622.52.075 30 43.167 9.235 43.191 0.038 45.055 SDSS J100821.56+440016.41.186 29 42.702 8.58 43.086 0.043 44.512 SDSS J101122.59+470042.12.932 31 43.439 10.16 42.846 0.062 45.634 SDSS J101557.05+010913.70.779 182 43.138 9.69 43.036 0.329 44.947 SDSS J102237.44+393150.10.603 46 42.315 9.115 42.251 0.144 44.316 SDSS J104732.28+483531.00.867 44 42.615 8.39 42.676 0.069 44.380 SDSS J105342.21-001420.1 0.676 46.6 42.421 8.635 42.451 0.065 44.092 SDSS J110538.99+020257.30.107 227 41.456 8.27 40.996 0.230 42.807 SDSS J111105.88+522748.91.285 80 43.209 9.27 43.056 0.041 44.581 SDSS J111118.53+153033.00.526 37 42.098 8.145 42.021 0.103 44.027 SDSS J111914.33+600457.12.641 132.3 43.993 9.79 44.836 0.058 45.499 SDSS J112023.22+540427.00.924 58.7 42.795 8.57 42.876 0.058 44.378 SDSS J112657.65+451606.31.819 268.5 44.016 9.56 43.886 0.127 45.442 SDSS J114306.02+184342.90.374 94.7 42.198 8.94 42.766 0.432 44.297 SDSS J114803.17+565411.50.451 51 42.099 8.895 42.451 0.213 44.181 SDSS J115232.86+493938.61.094 335.7 43.697 9.12 43.786 0.096 44.776 SDSS J115542.53+021411.00.873 118 43.049 9.365 42.381 0.086 44.484 SDSS J120127.42+090040.51.017 40 42.711 9.51 43.556 0.137 44.852 SDSS J120234.06+275625.80.672 67.3 42.576 8.95 42.556 0.182 44.532 SDSS J120335.39+451049.51.075 93.6 43.128 9.08 43.566 0.137 44.912 SDSS J120329.84+480313.50.816 413.5 43.535 9.195 43.531 0.339 45.010 SDSS J120619.64+282254.61.510 19.7 42.733 8.615 43.271 0.045 44.789 SDSS J121347.53+000129.90.961 58 42.824 9.1 42.926 0.120 44.734 SDSS J121548.91+642228.43.239 120.4 44.099 9.26 44.686 0.075 45.825 SDSS J122339.34+461118.61.013 140.6 43.254 8.65 43.376 0.086 44.644 SDSS J122506.50+483435.10.647 36 42.270 9.1 41.806 0.062 44.022 SDSS J123304.05-003134.1 0.471 88 42.374 8.465 42.081 0.079 43.796 SDSS J123505.80+362119.31.600 202 43.791 9.295 43.411 0.069 45.038 SDSS J124559.99+434626.91.152 77 43.101 9.16 43.066 0.062 44.639 SDSS J125545.01+612450.82.055 38 43.262 8.45 43.476 0.062 45.259

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s?1) M⊙ (erg·s?1) Jy (erg·s?1) SDSS J130123.47+501830.1 0.386 54 41.983 8.635 41.331 0.093 43.660 SDSS J130217.19+481917.50.877 161.5 43.189 8.675 43.511 0.120 44.635 1302-102 0.278 1000 42.954 8.44 43.266 1.378 44.501 SDSS J130603.35+552943.91.597 235.5 43.856 9.095 43.951 0.062 44.990 SDSS J130629.95+474132.52.502 54 43.564 10.21 42.576 0.065 45.491 SDSS J130851.33+472954.90.886 58 42.754 8.75 41.616 0.113 44.621 SDSS J130909.74+555738.21.634 294.7 43.972 9.355 43.791 0.182 45.484 SDSS J132139.56+002357.61.620 82 43.409 9.33 44.256 0.079 45.112 SDSS J132255.66+391207.92.992 185.3 44.230 9.66 45.186 0.045 45.514 SDSS J133005.40+541451.50.838 89 42.891 8.995 41.971 0.048 44.189 SDSS J133437.48+563147.80.343 98 42.135 8.09 41.756 0.134 43.700 SDSS J134208.36+270930.51.192 279.4 43.690 9.31 43.356 0.117 44.952 SDSS J140653.84+343337.32.563 208.2 44.168 9.08 44.826 0.038 45.279 SDSS J141159.73+423950.30.887 56 42.739 9.315 43.031 0.182 44.828 SDSS J141318.86+450523.03.118 103.3 44.006 9.1 44.346 0.034 45.443 SDSS J141740.44+381821.10.450 120 42.468 8.435 41.931 0.075 43.729 SDSS J142020.68+462440.91.255 47 42.959 9.64 41.726 0.045 44.590 SDSS J143756.46+351937.00.537 64 42.354 8.92 42.186 0.065 43.850 SDSS J143718.19+361859.01.118 44 42.833 8.7 42.626 0.045 44.466 SDSS J143942.83+582759.20.425 53 42.062 8.7 42.006 0.127 43.896 SDSS J145958.43+333701.70.644 221 43.055 8.885 43.561 0.322 44.736 SDSS J150823.71+334700.72.212 85 43.668 9.05 43.996 0.021 44.860 SDSS J150824.72+560423.20.978 22.6 42.430 9.31 42.156 0.082 44.588 SDSS J152045.54+073230.51.070 94 43.126 9.15 43.056 0.062 44.560 SDSS J152523.55+420117.01.196 106 43.272 8.81 43.576 0.038 44.466 SDSS J152544.71+354446.91.107 31 42.673 8.95 42.616 0.069 44.642 SDSS J153102.48+435637.60.452 56.5 42.145 8.265 41.861 0.161 44.063 SDSS J153232.30+513002.11.878 61 43.398 9.225 44.061 0.024 44.753 SDSS J153432.56+492049.11.296 87.7 43.256 8.85 43.236 0.075 44.853 SDSS J153457.24+583923.51.907 57.6 43.385 9.17 43.956 0.051 45.100 SDSS J153818.57+410548.30.481 34 41.981 8.53 42.176 0.127 44.025 SDSS J154232.03+493842.60.590 36 42.189 8.695 41.391 0.069 43.971 SDSS J154502.82+513500.81.933 318.7 44.138 9.57 44.036 0.093 45.370

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s?1) M⊙ (erg·s?1) Jy (erg·s?1) SDSS J154817.91+351128.0 0.479 106 42.471 8.105 42.381 0.168 44.143 SDSS J155855.18+332318.61.653 106.7 43.540 9.695 44.151 0.089 45.187 SDSS J160623.56+540555.70.879 98 42.975 8.765 43.261 0.069 44.395 SDSS J160913.18+535429.60.993 55.8 42.835 9.47 42.396 0.051 44.401 SDSS J161446.95+374607.31.531 85.2 43.380 9.38 44.066 0.069 44.991 SDSS J161602.57+302339.82.460 128 43.926 9.39 43.316 0.055 45.398 SDSS J161655.57+362134.52.264 150.9 43.935 9.33 44.656 0.045 45.220 SDSS J161826.93+081950.70.446 160 42.585 9.725 41.941 0.411 44.457 SDSS J161902.49+303051.61.288 43 42.942 9.16 43.626 0.106 44.995 SDSS J162229.31+400643.60.688 83.5 42.690 8.425 42.861 0.110 44.337 SDSS J162307.62+390932.31.981 128.7 43.764 9.475 44.711 0.123 45.521 SDSS J162358.25+074130.51.300 167 43.539 9.11 43.316 0.240 45.359 SDSS J162330.53+355933.10.867 131.2 43.090 8.515 42.551 0.051 44.255 SDSS J162422.00+392440.81.118 134 43.317 9.08 42.946 0.041 44.431 SDSS J162553.30+434713.81.048 124 43.228 8.43 43.036 0.230 45.109 SDSS J163624.30+471535.80.823 25 42.324 8.345 42.441 0.034 44.023 SDSS J163955.97+470523.50.858 44.3 42.609 8.825 43.081 0.021 43.846 SDSS J165137.52+400219.02.342 53.5 43.510 9.12 45.546 0.058 45.373 SDSS J165802.62+360504.12.117 54.9 43.445 9.355 44.231 0.055 45.239 SDSS J165931.91+373528.80.772 20.3 42.178 9.36 42.546 0.075 44.298 SDSS J170232.61+315752.41.955 41 43.257 9.635 43.731 0.072 45.273 SDSS J171535.96+632336.02.185 41 43.342 9.28 44.646 0.021 44.847 SDSS J171715.17+262148.91.941 84.4 43.565 9.2 43.606 0.058 45.173 SDSS J172236.72+585622.21.994 111.9 43.708 9.005 43.861 0.034 44.972 SDSS J211843.24-063618.0 0.328 176 42.351 8.7 42.246 0.480 44.211 SDSS J232037.99+003139.71.904 96.1 43.606 8.98 43.946 0.051 45.099 2344+092 0.677 1400 43.901 9.1 43.786 0.398 44.880 0016+731 1.781 1700 44.801 8.93 42.916 0.038 44.893 0035+413 1.353 1100 44.390 8.53 42.636 0.117 45.088 0056-001 0.719 1430 43.963 8.785 42.921 0.161 44.551 0112-017 1.365 1600 44.561 7.85 44.556 0.192 45.315 0119+041 0.637 2000 44.002 8.515 42.631 0.144 44.374 SDSS J012528.84-000555.9 1.075 1600 44.360 9.31 43.956 0.315 45.273

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s?1) M⊙ (erg·s?1) Jy (erg·s?1) 0153+744 2.338 1500 44.957 9.82 44.346 0.075 45.483 0226-038 2.055 710 44.534 8.92 44.766 0.243 45.855 0406-127 1.563 610 44.252 9.21 42.596 0.051 44.888 0454-810 0.444 1072 43.407 8.13 40.951 0.154 44.026 0607-157 0.323 3764 43.665 8 41.006 0.298 43.987 0711+356 1.620 1000 44.495 8.14 45.346 0.048 44.896 0738+313 0.632 3400 44.225 9.05 44.396 0.185 44.475 SDSS J074237.38+394435.62.200 71.3 43.588 8.9 43.666 0.075 45.419 SDSS J074559.32+331334.00.610 141.9 42.814 8.815 42.491 0.151 44.349 SDSS J075000.32+182311.31.163 201.4 43.527 8.37 42.976 0.048 44.540 SDSS J081058.99+413402.70.506 131.7 42.615 8.245 42.521 0.113 44.028 SDSS J081108.77+453348.91.017 110.9 43.154 8.36 42.906 0.048 44.396 SDSS J081100.60+571412.40.610 260.8 43.078 8.84 43.042 0.267 44.597 SDSS J081409.21+323731.90.843 151.3 43.127 8.72 42.806 0.099 44.511 SDSS J081525.93+363515.01.027 1000 44.118 9.14 43.326 0.103 44.738 SDSS J082547.38+270421.90.693 146.6 42.941 8.235 42.771 0.130 44.420 SDSS J083155.08+084743.60.940 74 42.911 8.85 42.596 0.110 44.671 SDSS J083417.54+601947.00.720 111.8 42.857 7.91 46.176 0.062 44.136 SDSS J083722.41+582501.82.100 560.3 44.447 9.69 43.896 0.038 45.068 SDSS J083740.24+245423.11.126 405.1 43.803 8.73 43.576 0.110 44.865 SDSS J084205.09+183540.91.280 1000 44.303 9.62 43.686 0.147 45.131 SDSS J085205.17+283359.71.283 337.3 43.833 8.67 42.516 0.079 44.862 0850+581 1.319 1200 44.407 8.915 44.291 0.089 44.945 0859-140 1.332 2290 44.696 8.87 44.496 0.223 45.353 SDSS J090835.85+415046.20.734 93.6 42.797 8.425 42.901 0.288 44.826 0912+029 0.427 680 43.175 8.13 41.856 0.123 43.889 0923+392 0.695 11200 44.827 9.28 44.186 0.730 45.172 SDSS J095819.66+472507.81.882 1520 44.796 9.055 43.751 0.158 45.573 SDSS J100357.56+324403.51.686 196 43.820 9.082 43.344 0.021 44.571 SDSS J101349.60+344550.81.412 520.1 44.100 8.96 42.906 0.103 45.080 SDSS J101725.88+611627.52.800 698.7 44.758 9.26 44.746 0.072 45.652 SDSS J102444.80+191220.30.828 860 43.866 8.72 43.146 0.233 44.862 SDSS J102713.08+480313.51.288 149.3 43.482 9.1 42.406 0.045 44.618

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s?1) M⊙ (erg·s?1) Jy (erg·s?1) SDSS J103144.75+602030.3 1.231 303.4 43.753 8.86 43.086 0.127 45.024 SDSS J103506.01+565257.91.856 128.6 43.713 8.42 43.366 0.010 44.372 SDSS J103632.97+220312.20.595 199.9 42.941 8.68 42.026 0.130 44.259 SDSS J104146.77+523328.20.678 509.9 43.463 8.995 43.431 0.206 44.595 SDSS J104410.66+532220.51.901 301 44.100 8.645 43.661 0.113 45.439 SDSS J104624.02+535426.21.708 143.5 43.694 8.55 43.416 0.045 44.921 1045-188 0.595 1357 43.773 6.83 41.804 0.237 44.518 SDSS J105148.78+211952.31.300 1300 44.430 8.76 43.906 0.110 45.019 SDSS J105817.90+195150.91.110 1700 44.414 9.28 44.166 0.415 45.427 SDSS J110153.45+624150.60.663 237.4 43.112 8.73 42.396 0.192 44.542 SDSS J110313.30+301442.70.384 167.3 42.471 8.2 42.406 0.192 43.973 SDSS J110453.69+603855.31.366 117.1 43.425 8.69 42.736 0.038 44.609 SDSS J111358.69+144226.90.867 710 43.823 8.61 43.216 0.322 45.052 SDSS J111857.29+123441.72.126 2000 45.010 8.905 44.621 0.154 45.693 SDSS J112229.70+180526.41.040 646.5 43.939 8.79 43.776 0.099 44.737 1128+385 1.741 1004.5 44.555 9.27 45.136 0.137 45.429 SDSS J113821.14+474515.40.770 147 43.035 8.77 42.656 0.099 44.415 SDSS J114521.32+045526.71.340 460 44.004 9.19 42.856 0.082 44.927 SDSS J114759.76+263542.30.867 297 43.444 8.42 43.506 0.161 44.751 SDSS J114856.56+525425.31.638 355.2 44.055 9.405 44.501 0.051 44.938 1148-001 1.980 2000 44.955 9.12 45.586 0.189 45.705 SDSS J115024.81+015620.40.706 130.6 42.907 8.305 41.841 0.058 44.090 SDSS J115312.55+091402.30.696 350 43.323 8.835 43.111 0.096 44.292 1150+497 0.334 1000 43.121 8.59 42.076 1.135 44.603 SDSS J120727.90+275458.82.182 510.6 44.436 9.105 44.201 0.089 45.482 SDSS J120945.09+254703.71.435 248.9 43.793 9.12 43.326 0.106 45.111 SDSS J121509.95+462715.10.720 102.2 42.818 8.94 43.206 0.233 44.713 SDSS J122452.42+033050.20.955 1200 44.134 8.52 43.406 0.192 44.931 SDSS J122847.42+370612.01.517 388.5 44.032 8.6 44.406 0.065 44.958 SDSS J122916.30+042321.01.029 160 43.323 9.04 42.866 0.075 44.605 1237-101 0.752 1300 43.961 9.115 42.711 0.120 44.471 SDSS J124251.36+375100.01.318 615.1 44.116 9.13 43.196 0.082 44.909 SDSS J125438.25+114105.80.834 1020 43.947 8.865 43.921 0.223 44.851 SDSS J130020.91+141718.51.109 480 43.864 8.67 42.556 0.117 44.875

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s?1) M⊙ (erg·s?1) Jy (erg·s?1) SDSS J130028.53+283010.1 0.647 177.3 42.963 9.71 42.416 0.031 43.721 SDSS J131059.40+323334.31.635 605.5 44.285 9.125 42.681 0.048 44.906 SDSS J131103.19+551354.30.925 263.7 43.449 8.6 42.346 0.062 44.403 SDSS J133521.96+454238.22.455 674.7 44.646 8.79 45.676 0.110 45.697 SDSS J133749.64+550102.11.100 581.2 43.940 8.75 43.096 0.065 44.613 SDSS J134357.61+575442.40.932 127 43.138 8.46 42.766 0.048 44.302 SDSS J134723.49+183537.52.169 423.2 44.350 8.685 41.781 0.075 45.403 SDSS J135351.58+015153.91.606 260 43.904 8.965 43.959 0.079 45.103 SDSS J135406.89-020603.2 3.707 820 45.027 8.95 44.156 0.165 46.304 1354+195 0.720 2700 44.240 9.255 44.491 0.360 44.902 SDSS J140501.12+041535.83.209 1000 45.012 8.94 45.106 0.041 45.552 SDSS J141324.27+530526.90.456 121 42.484 7.62 41.546 0.062 43.656 SDSS J141708.16+460705.41.554 469.8 44.134 9.21 44.416 0.065 44.984 SDSS J142230.37+322310.40.682 290.8 43.225 8.65 42.156 0.185 44.556 SDSS J142921.87+540611.13.013 523.1 44.686 8.26 43.566 0.051 45.583 SDSS J143009.74+104326.91.707 882 44.483 9.295 43.411 0.103 45.283 SDSS J143645.80+633637.92.068 1052.3 44.709 9.575 44.711 0.117 45.542 SDSS J144358.61+633226.41.402 441.6 44.023 10.05 43.436 0.062 44.850 1442+101 3.552 1200 45.163 10.24 43.472 0.144 46.201 SDSS J144635.34+172107.50.102 668.6 41.886 8.52 42.786 0.103 42.416 1451-375 0.314 1770 43.313 8.82 43.355 1.210 44.568 SDSS J150759.72+041512.11.703 231 43.899 9.585 43.621 2.095 46.589 SDSS J151526.67+593453.00.623 79 42.578 8.58 41.166 0.055 43.931 SDSS J152441.61+152121.00.628 239.6 43.067 8.485 42.661 0.240 44.581 SDSS J152502.93+110744.00.333 275 42.558 9.01 40.276 0.566 44.297 SDSS J152646.34+095910.41.361 341 43.887 8.8 43.746 0.093 44.995 1532+016 1.435 1300 44.511 8.935 42.631 0.309 45.574 SDSS J153404.87+482340.90.542 217 42.893 8.33 42.016 0.069 43.882 SDSS J154917.47+503805.72.171 910 44.683 8.84 44.386 0.144 45.685 SDSS J160658.29+271705.50.934 288.4 43.496 8.61 43.036 0.418 45.245 SDSS J160822.15+401217.90.628 153.4 42.874 8.095 41.751 0.089 44.151 1624+416 2.550 803.6 44.750 6.35 43.476 0.031 45.186 1637+574 0.750 1138.4 43.901 9.2 43.826 0.357 44.941

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s?1) M⊙ (erg·s?1) Jy (erg·s?1) SDSS J164125.22+225704.0 2.063 558.3 44.432 9.085 43.041 0.055 45.212 SDSS J164240.41+252307.71.723 568.8 44.300 9.27 43.556 0.065 45.095 1641+399 0.593 8400 44.561 9.28 43.546 0.864 45.076 SDSS J164829.25+410405.50.851 307.7 43.444 8.47 42.136 0.034 44.059 1642+690 0.751 1500 44.022 7.76 41.846 0.110 44.430 SDSS J165201.52+623209.01.636 97 43.490 8.8 42.886 0.247 45.618 SDSS J165329.91+310756.81.298 430.7 43.949 9.38 43.686 0.082 44.893 1656+053 0.879 2100 44.306 9.62 44.786 0.521 45.276 SDSS J165801.42+344328.41.937 357.8 44.190 8.99 44.776 0.014 44.543 SDSS J170112.37+353353.30.501 156.7 42.681 7.885 42.441 0.168 44.188 SDSS J172242.16+281500.00.953 303.3 43.535 8.87 43.076 0.137 44.782 1928+738 0.302 3600 43.586 8.815 43.431 1.255 44.544 1954+513 1.220 3100 44.754 9.56 43.106 0.165 45.127 2121+053 1.941 3200 45.143 8.78 44.906 0.120 45.487 2128-123 0.501 3000 43.963 9.315 43.411 0.967 44.948 2134+004 1.945 12400 45.733 9.38 45.086 0.336 45.936 2201+315 0.295 2900 43.472 8.65 44.156 1.104 44.466 2203-188 0.619 4424 44.320 8.19 42.016 0.027 43.623 SDSS J220719.77+004157.31.906 179 43.877 9.3 42.386 0.103 45.401 2216-038 0.901 2700 44.436 9.16 44.306 0.257 44.995 SDSS J222852.60-075346.6 0.638 273 43.138 8.725 42.441 0.165 44.434 2243-123 0.632 2700 44.125 8.32 44.126 0.490 44.898 SDSS J231428.93+135906.21.638 109 43.542 8.72 43.346 0.093 45.193

2.2 XRB

本文中的XRB均處于低/硬態(tài),在選擇樣本時我們利用X射線光譜演化分離了低/硬態(tài)與亮/硬態(tài)的XRB[11].在低/硬態(tài)下其射電頻譜與穩(wěn)定的噴流譜相符合[12].而且射電輻射一般止于高/軟態(tài)[13?14].樣本都具有較好的X射線譜.文中的3個XRB樣本都來源于Payaswini等[11],數(shù)據(jù)列于表2.GX 339-4的低/硬態(tài)射電及X射線觀測數(shù)據(jù)來源于Corbel等[15].樣本的光度距離8 kpc來源于Zdziarski等[16].V404 Cyg的VLA (Very Large Array)射電及Chandra X射線數(shù)據(jù)[17]也可用于本文的研究,樣本的光度距離3.5 kpc來源于Zycki等[18].XTEJ 1118+480硬態(tài)的射電光度以及X射線光度均來源于Merloni等[2].

表2XRB樣本數(shù)據(jù)Table 2Data of XRB

Name M/ LR/ LX/ M⊙ (erg·s?1) (erg·s?1) GX 339-4 0.85 30.003 36.069 GX 339-4 0.85 30.220 36.206 GX 339-4 0.85 29.735 35.866 GX 339-4 0.85 29.855 35.981 GX 339-4 0.85 29.821 35.952 GX 339-4 0.85 29.986 36.080 GX 339-4 0.85 30.923 37.638 GX 339-4 0.85 30.873 37.623 GX 339-4 0.85 29.151 35.226 GX 339-4 0.85 29.616 35.747 GX 339-4 0.85 30.538 37.099 GX 339-4 0.85 30.499 37.101 GX 339-4 0.85 30.591 37.185 GX 339-4 0.85 30.618 37.225 GX 339-4 0.85 30.722 37.335 GX 339-4 0.85 30.775 37.404 GX 339-4 0.85 30.873 37.464 GX 339-4 0.85 30.939 37.492 GX 339-4 0.85 30.924 37.518 GX 339-4 0.85 30.853 37.531 GX 339-4 0.85 30.260 36.529 GX 339-4 0.85 30.414 37.243 GX 339-4 0.85 30.703 37.615 GX 339-4 0.85 30.507 37.370 GX 339-4 0.85 29.361 35.153 GX 339-4 0.85 29.428 35.323 GX 339-4 0.85 29.469 35.738 GX 339-4 0.85 29.323 35.282 GX 339-4 0.85 29.354 35.282

Name M/ LR/ LX/ M⊙ (erg·s?1) (erg·s?1) GX 339-4 0.85 29.956 36.282 GX 339-4 0.85 30.101 36.449 GX 339-4 0.85 29.813 36.008 GX 339-4 0.85 29.813 36.142 GX 339-4 0.85 29.831 35.991 GX 339-4 0.85 29.811 35.984 GX 339-4 0.85 30.366 36.522 GX 339-4 0.85 28.729 35.478 GX 339-4 0.85 29.988 35.869 GX 339-4 0.85 30.103 36.033 GX 339-4 0.85 30.168 36.191 GX 339-4 0.85 30.193 36.297 GX 339-4 0.85 30.231 36.393 GX 339-4 0.85 30.911 37.574 GX 339-4 0.85 30.908 37.540 GX 339-4 0.85 30.917 37.529 GX 339-4 0.85 29.703 35.669 GX 339-4 0.85 29.826 35.765 XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.570 XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.460 XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.470

Name M/ LR/ LX/ M⊙ (erg·s?1) (erg·s?1) XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.450 XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.560 V404 Cyg 1 30.564 36.793 V404 Cyg 1 30.578 36.784 V404 Cyg 1 30.284 36.442 V404 Cyg 1 30.742 36.702 V404 Cyg 1 30.090 36.007 V404 Cyg 1 30.801 36.691 V404 Cyg 1 29.872 35.289 V404 Cyg 1 30.173 36.073 V404 Cyg 1 30.115 36.007 V404 Cyg 1 30.349 36.540 V404 Cyg 1 30.384 36.269 V404 Cyg 1 30.085 35.922 V404 Cyg 1 30.094 36.051 V404 Cyg 1 30.571 36.752 V404 Cyg 1 30.893 36.999 V404 Cyg 1 29.757 35.166 V404 Cyg 1 29.963 35.419 V404 Cyg 1 30.240 36.186 V404 Cyg 1 30.240 36.186

3 分析結果

樣本射電光度L5GHz/LEDD與X射線光度LX/LEDD的相關性列于圖1–2.低/硬態(tài)X射線雙星與射電噪類星體的基本面關系列于圖3.

從圖1、2可以看出RLQ以及XRB的射電光度愛丁頓比率和X射線光度的愛丁頓比率具有很強的相關性.二者擬合斜率相差不大,可以看出RLQ與XRB的吸積及噴流特性具有一定的相似性.但由于樣本類型的不同,所得的斜率相較于Dong等人的結果偏小.

圖1 RLQ樣本射電光度愛丁頓比率和X射線光度的愛丁頓比率的相關性Fig.1 The Eddington-scaled radio-X-ray correlations for RLQs

圖2 XRB樣本射電光度愛丁頓比率和X射線光度的愛丁頓比率的相關性Fig.2 The Eddington-scaled radio-X-ray correlations for XRBs

從圖3可以看出,射電噪類星體的黑洞質(zhì)量與X射線/射電光度的基本面關系式與X射線雙星的基本面關系式存在相似性,這與Dong等[12]所得出的結論非常類似,但具體關系式與RLQ樣本所得出的具有一定差異.RLQ及XRB射電光度愛丁頓比率和X射線光度的愛丁頓比率之間具體的相關性系數(shù)列于表3(其中R為相關系數(shù),Intercept為截距,Slope為斜率).

圖3 XRB與RLQ黑洞活動的基本面關系(x為L5GHz,y為Fig.3 The fundamental plane of black hole activity for XRBs and RLQs(x is L5GHz,y is

表3 RLQ及XRB射電光度愛丁頓比率和X射線光度的愛丁頓比率之間的相關性Table 3 The Eddington-scaled radio-X-ray correlations for RLQs and XRBs

低/硬態(tài)X射線雙星與射電噪類星體的基本面關系式通過多元線性回歸的擬合方法可統(tǒng)一為lg.研究結果進一步證明了X射線/射電光度、黑洞質(zhì)量所構成的黑洞活動基本面關系式具有高度的統(tǒng)一性,不僅可用于描述X射線雙星系統(tǒng)和射電靜類星體,同樣可用于射電噪類星體.本文中射電噪類星體數(shù)據(jù)均未消聚束,但由于本文數(shù)據(jù)源的多普勒因子大體上較為相似,故在消聚束之后僅會在數(shù)值上對關系式產(chǎn)生較小影響,但并不會影響本文的結論.不同質(zhì)量大小的XRB和AGN都被普遍認為是由中心黑洞不同的吸積活動產(chǎn)生的.由于近10年黑洞活動基本面關系的發(fā)現(xiàn),使得XRB與AGN的類比研究有了很大的進步[4,6].然而至今我們?nèi)匀徊涣私釧GN與不同階段的XRB能夠進行類比的原理.很可能XRB和AGN具有類似的噴流和吸積機制,這對AGN中心黑洞的演化研究具有較大的意義.這些超出了本文的討論范圍,還需要更多的樣本數(shù)據(jù)進行進一步的研究.

4 結論

我們通過對所采集的255個RLQ樣本以及3個中等質(zhì)量XRB樣本進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,得出如下結論:(1)255個射電噪類星體的黑洞質(zhì)量與X射線和射電光度之間以及射電光度愛丁頓比率和X射線愛丁頓比率之間均存在相關性;(2)255個射電噪類星體的黑洞質(zhì)量與X射線/射電光度的基本面關系式與X射線雙星的基本面關系式存在相似性,具體為lg;(3)研究結果進一步證明了由X射線/射電光度與質(zhì)量所組成的基本面關系式具有高度的統(tǒng)一性，不僅可用于描述X射線雙星系統(tǒng)和射電靜類星體,同樣可用于射電噪類星體.

致謝十分感謝Dong Ai-jun、Wu Qing-wen、Cao Xiao-feng以及Payawini Saikia、

Elmar K¨ording、Heino Falcke對本文提供的理論支持及幫助.同時感謝Xiong Dingrong在數(shù)據(jù)樣本上的支持.本文中應用于計算樣本射電光度的5 GHz流量密度及X射線光度的1 keV流量密度均源于NASA/IPAC河外星系數(shù)據(jù)庫(NED).在此我們也非常感謝由美國國家航天航空局、美國加州科技研究所、噴流推進實驗室聯(lián)合運營的河外星系數(shù)據(jù)庫所提供的幫助.

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The Fundamental Plane of Radio Loud Quasars and X-ray Binaries

ZHANG Xu ZHANG Hao-jing ZHANG Xiong
(School of Physics and Electronic Engineering,Yunnan Normal University,Kunming 650500)

Several X-ray binaries(X-ray binaries)in low/hard state that follow a track of radio-X-ray correlation have been found in recent years.Dong et al.also found this relation in RQQs(radio quiet quasars).Black hole accretion and jet formation are scale invariants which form the fundamental plane of black hole activity.It is a plane given in the space of the black hole mass and the radio/X-ray luminosities.In this paper,we compile a sample of radio loud active galactic nuclei and find that:(1)The hard X-ray photon indices and Eddington ratios of our sample are positively correlated,similar to XRBs.The Eddington-scaled radio-X-ray correlation of our sample also has that of outliers.A radiatively efficient accretion fl ow can regulate the positively correlated X-ray spectral evolution and the steep radio-X-ray correlation.(2)We can present a fundamental plane for XRBs.Several XRBs and radio-loud quasars(RLQs)have similarities in the relation formed by the black-hole mass,radio and X-ray luminosities. The fundamental plane is lg LR=0.998+0.045?0.045lg LX+0.592+0.049?0.049lg MBH?6.56+1.605?1.605where LRis the radio luminosity,LXis the X-ray luminosity,and MBHis the black hole mass.(3)The plane can be suitable for the RLQ black hole sources.And the X-ray binaries also agree to the relation.

black hole physics,X-rays:binaries,galaxies:jets

P157;

:A

10.15940/j.cnki.0001-5245.2016.03.001

2015-06-30收到原稿,2016-01-11收到修改稿

?國家自然科學基金項目(11063004)及云南省教育廳基金項目(2014Z048,2014FB140)資助

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