陳磊 荊玨華 田大勝 錢軍 朱斌
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. 病例報告 Case report .
PKP 治療強直性脊柱炎患者的 A 型胸腰椎骨折一例
陳磊荊玨華田大勝錢軍朱斌
【關鍵詞】脊柱炎,強直性;椎體后凸成形術;脊柱骨折;病例報告
強直性脊柱炎是一種病因未知的慢性疾病。常累及骶髂關節(jié)、脊柱等,造成脊柱強直、骨質(zhì)脆性增加。輕微外力即可造成強直性脊柱炎患者的胸腰椎骨折[1-2]。其骨折處應力較為集中,骨折相對不穩(wěn)定,治療較為棘手。常見的治療方式包括保守治療、前路內(nèi)固定手術、后路內(nèi)固定手術等。但其因骨折處應力過于集中、骨質(zhì)質(zhì)量差等原因,常出現(xiàn)骨折不愈合、內(nèi)固定松動、骨折移位等并發(fā)癥[2-3]。目前尚未見對其采取經(jīng)皮椎體后凸成形術(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP) 治療的報道。我院對 1 例T9、L1新鮮骨折的強直性脊柱炎患者采取 PKP 治療,效果良好,現(xiàn)報道如下。
患者,男,62 歲,既往發(fā)現(xiàn)強直性脊柱炎 30 余年,因滑倒摔傷,臀部著地,致背部疼痛。于外院就診,攝脊柱 X 線片提示“未見明顯骨折”?;颊呋丶遗P床休息 3 天無好轉,來我院就診,行 MRI 檢查提示 T9、L1新鮮骨折(后柱結構無損傷),于我科住院。詳細體檢確認疼痛部位和骨折部位基本相符,排除手術禁忌后行 T9、L1PKP?;颊咝g后背痛緩解明顯,術后第 2 天攝片提示骨水泥彌散填充良好、無滲漏,遂逐步下床正常生活。術后長期抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療。隨訪至術后 1 年,骨折處無明顯疼痛不適,攝片狀態(tài)良好 (圖 1)。CT showed obvious fracture line on the anterior L1vertebral body; e-f:Postoperative X-ray at one year after surgery showed the lesion areas were filled well with bone cement, vertebral body shape and spine curve were good
圖1 患者,男,62 歲 a~b:術前 X 線片未見明顯骨折征象;c:術前 MRI T2加權像示 T9、L1高信號,提示新鮮骨折;d:術前三維 CT 重建 L1前緣可見明顯骨折線;e~f:術后 1 年 X 線片示骨水泥填充良好,椎體形態(tài)及局部脊柱弧度良好Fig.1 A 62-year-old male patient a - b:Preoperative X-ray showed no obvious signs of fracture; c:Preoperative MRI T2weighted image showed L1high signal, suggesting fresh fracture; d:Preoperative 3 D
強直性脊柱炎患者因脊柱強直無彈性、骨質(zhì)疏松等原因[4],易發(fā)生胸腰椎骨折,其脊柱骨折的發(fā)生率約為正常人的 7 倍[5-6]。且脊柱骨折后常發(fā)生漏診或延遲診斷[3],可能需 MRI 或三維 CT 才能明確診斷。保守治療因骨折端應力集中、不穩(wěn)定,骨折較難愈合。傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定因應力集中、骨質(zhì)不良,易發(fā)生內(nèi)固定松動、骨折固定失敗,可能需延長固定節(jié)段或前后路聯(lián)合固定[7]。其預后較一般患者更差[2]。
對于強直性脊柱炎患者突然出現(xiàn)或加重的脊柱疼痛的診斷,筆者分析有以下注意事項:(1) 警惕骨折的可能性,不能單純用既往的強直性脊柱炎病史解釋,因積累性勞損或輕微外力也可導致脊柱骨折的發(fā)生[2,8];(2) 及時行 MRI 或三維 CT 檢查,因單純的 X 線檢查漏診可能性較大[3],有學者報道,強直性脊柱炎發(fā)生頸椎骨折的患者中,X 線片有 59.4% 的漏診率,只有 15.6% 的患者獲得了及時的住院治療[9];(3) 加強對神經(jīng)功能的關注,對可疑骨折者應進行必要的脊柱制動。因強直性脊柱炎患者發(fā)生三柱損傷的可能性較大,可能出現(xiàn)遲發(fā)性神經(jīng)損傷或神經(jīng)損傷加重[2]。有學者報道,強直性脊柱炎患者的胸椎骨折移位不明顯,出現(xiàn)延遲診斷并行保守治療后出現(xiàn)遲發(fā)性硬膜外血腫及神經(jīng)損傷[10]。另有學者報道,強直性脊柱炎發(fā)生頸椎骨折的患者中,最初無神經(jīng)損傷的患者中有 20%在住院前出現(xiàn)了遲發(fā)性神經(jīng)損傷[9]。
本病例骨折類型為 AO 分型 A1 型,分析其受傷機制,為屈曲壓縮性暴力導致。損傷不累及后柱。因其脊柱強直,導致骨折處的微動被放大,從而出現(xiàn)疼痛較無強直性脊柱炎患者更為劇烈持久,且骨折更不易愈合[2]。對于無強直性脊柱炎的 A 型骨折患者可能適合保守治療,但對于合并強直性脊柱炎的 A 型骨折患者,保守治療療效可能相對較差。有學者報道對 11 例強直性脊柱炎患者的胸腰椎骨折采取保守治療,其中 8 例出現(xiàn)了假關節(jié)形成[11]。而 PKP 恰恰可以實現(xiàn)脊柱前、中柱的即刻穩(wěn)定,早期緩解疼痛,恢復日常生活[12]。椎體成形術 (percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP) 也可達到類似目的,但其骨水泥滲漏率相對較高。PKP 在球囊撐開的過程中可對骨松質(zhì)的骨折縫進行壓縮填充,并使可用相對黏稠的骨水泥在較低壓力下進行注射,從而最大程度降低骨水泥滲漏的風險[13]。
對強直性脊柱炎患者的胸腰椎骨折行 PKP 治療,筆者分析有以下注意事項:(1) AO 分型 B、C 型骨折合并后方結構明顯損傷或三柱嚴重不穩(wěn)定,不適合采用 PKP 治療;(2) 對合并神經(jīng)損傷的胸腰椎骨折因需減壓等原因,不適合采取 PKP 治療;(3) 對于 A3 型骨折,部分椎管占位較多、椎體后壁破損較為嚴重的病例不適合采取 PKP治療;(4) 因骨折處應力一般患者更為集中,PKP 術后應適當限制過早的劇烈運動、脊柱過度扭曲或負重,加強抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療[6]。
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(本文編輯:王萌)
Treatment of type A thoracolumbar fracture in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis by percutaneous kyphoplasty: 1 case report
CHEN Lei, JING Jue-hua, TIAN Da-sheng, QIAN Jun, ZHU Bin. Department of Orthopaedics, the second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PRC
【Abstract】Objective To discuss the treatment of type A thoracolumbar fracture in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis by percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP). Methods A thoracolumbar fracture of a 62-year-old male patient with ankylosing spondylitis was retrospectively analyzed, including clinical manifestations and imaging data before and after the operation. Related literature was reviewed. Results Back pain was relieved significantly, and the thoracolumar imaging was good postoperatively. Conclusions The risk of thoracolunbar fracture in patients with ankylosing spondylitis is high. Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis often occurs. Results of conservative treatment may not be good, while PKP is effective for the treatment of type A thoracolumbar fracture.
【Key words】Spondylitis, ankylosing; Kyphoplasty; Spinal Fractures; Case reports
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.05.016中圖分類號:R683
作者單位:230601 合肥,安徽醫(yī)科大學第二附屬醫(yī)院骨科
收稿日期:(2015-05-27)