邵 衛(wèi), 葛雨秋, 馬高祥, 儲海燕, 王美林, 張正東
?
前列腺癌專題
GSTP1基因表達(dá)及甲基化與前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究
邵衛(wèi),葛雨秋,馬高祥,儲海燕,王美林,張正東
第一作者: 邵衛(wèi),男,碩士研究生在讀,研究方向:腫瘤的遺傳與表觀遺傳,E-mail:shaowei921@126.com
【摘要】目的探究谷胱苷肽S轉(zhuǎn)移酶P1(glutathione S transferase pi,GSTP1)基因表達(dá)及甲基化水平與前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系。方法利用癌癥基因圖譜(the cancer genome atlas,TCGA)數(shù)據(jù)庫,分析前列腺癌組織中GSTP1基因表達(dá)及甲基化水平,采用t檢驗(yàn)、單因素及多因素logistic回歸探討GSTP1基因與前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)聯(lián)性。結(jié)果前列腺癌GSTP1基因表達(dá)量與前列腺癌的復(fù)發(fā)顯著相關(guān),校正后的相對危險(xiǎn)度(odds ratio,OR)為0.63,P=0.039;此外,相對于非復(fù)發(fā)組,GSTP1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)有5個(gè)CpG位點(diǎn)在復(fù)發(fā)組中均呈現(xiàn)高甲基化狀態(tài),且能顯著增加前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。結(jié)論GSTP1基因表達(dá)與前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)顯著相關(guān),可能是通過GSTP1啟動(dòng)子區(qū)CpG位點(diǎn)的高甲基化進(jìn)而減低GSTP1基因的表達(dá),從而影響前列腺癌的復(fù)發(fā)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】前列腺癌;復(fù)發(fā);GSTP1;甲基化
谷胱苷肽S轉(zhuǎn)移酶P1(glutathione S transferase pi,GSTP1)是人體內(nèi)重要的代謝酶之一,在氧化應(yīng)激、細(xì)胞解毒等方面起著重要的作用。GSTP1基因可以促進(jìn)致癌因子的降解,起到保護(hù)前列腺細(xì)胞的作用。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在前列腺癌中,GSTP1基因常呈現(xiàn)低表達(dá)或表達(dá)缺失[1-8]。DNA甲基化是基因表達(dá)調(diào)控的重要機(jī)制,基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的高甲基化常常導(dǎo)致基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制,進(jìn)而引起基因沉默[9-11]。GSTP1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)存在CpG島,其異常高甲基化是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的前列腺癌最常見的表觀遺傳學(xué)變化之一。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GSTP1基因表達(dá)及其甲基化狀態(tài)與前列腺癌的預(yù)后相關(guān)[12]。我們利用癌癥基因圖譜(the cancer genome atlas,TCGA)數(shù)據(jù)庫中前列腺癌樣本的基因表達(dá)及甲基化數(shù)據(jù),并結(jié)合人口學(xué)資料,分析前列腺癌患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)與GSTP1基因表達(dá)及啟動(dòng)子區(qū)甲基化狀態(tài)的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
1材料與方法
1.1數(shù)據(jù)來源TCGA是由美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院(national institutes of health,NIH)于2006年啟動(dòng)的大型癌癥基因組研究項(xiàng)目,旨在通過對基因組數(shù)據(jù)的分析,闡明腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的分子學(xué)機(jī)制。截至2016年2月19日,TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫共收錄498例前列腺癌病例,每個(gè)樣本包含臨床信息、基因組學(xué)、轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)、蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)等數(shù)據(jù)。我們從數(shù)據(jù)庫中下載了前列腺癌的臨床信息、RNA表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)及DNA甲基化數(shù)據(jù)。
1.2樣本信息本次研究納入421例前列腺癌的臨床信息,497例前列腺癌的RNA表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)以及498例前列腺癌的甲基化數(shù)據(jù)。去除重復(fù)個(gè)體以及臨床資料缺失個(gè)體,最終使用352例前列腺癌樣本信息進(jìn)行分析,其中復(fù)發(fā)組有40例,未復(fù)發(fā)組312例。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用R 3.2.3統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,分類資料的比較使用χ2檢驗(yàn),使用t檢驗(yàn)比較定量資料的組間差異。通過單因素或多因素logistic回歸分析前列腺癌可能的影響因素,獲取相對危險(xiǎn)度(odds ratio,OR)及其95%可信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI)。GSTP1基因表達(dá)量為偏態(tài)分布,故進(jìn)行了以自然對數(shù)為底的對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換。所有檢驗(yàn)均為雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)資料前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)組與未復(fù)發(fā)組的基本情況見表1。復(fù)發(fā)組與未復(fù)發(fā)組比較,兩組在初診時(shí)的年齡差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Gleason評分及腫瘤臨床T分期在兩組間存在差異(Gleason評分,P=0.001;臨床T分期,P=0.046),Gleason評分>7及T3/4期的患者具有較高的復(fù)發(fā)率。GSTP1基因表達(dá)水平經(jīng)對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換后進(jìn)行兩組均數(shù)的t檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明非復(fù)發(fā)組GSTP1基因的表達(dá)水平高于復(fù)發(fā)組,差別有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.002),見圖1。
表1 復(fù)發(fā)組與未復(fù)發(fā)組的基本人口統(tǒng)計(jì)資料
a:病理學(xué)初次診斷年齡
b:經(jīng)對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換后GSTP1基因表達(dá)量
圖1 復(fù)發(fā)組與未復(fù)發(fā)組GSTP1基因表達(dá)水平及CpG位點(diǎn)甲基化狀態(tài)
2.2影響前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)的單因素及多因素分析使用單因素logistic回歸計(jì)算各個(gè)變量的OR,并使用多因素logistic回歸計(jì)算調(diào)整后的OR。表2結(jié)果顯示,Gleason評分>7的患者其前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)的相對危險(xiǎn)度是Gleason評分≤7的患者的5.43倍,調(diào)整其他3個(gè)變量后,OR=3.82(P=0.002);以臨床分期T1為參照,T2期、T3期的OR值分別為2.62和6.69,調(diào)整后的OR分別為2.38和4.61(T2,P=0.08;T3,P=0.005),由于T4期患者過少,因此并未計(jì)算OR;GSTP1基因表達(dá)水平經(jīng)對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換后,其OR值為0.56,調(diào)整年齡、Gleason評分和臨床T分期后,OR=0.63(P=0.039),表明GSTP1基因表達(dá)量是前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)的保護(hù)因素。
表2 單因素和多因素logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
a:病理學(xué)初次診斷年齡
b:多因素logistic回歸的P值
c:經(jīng)對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換后GSTP1基因表達(dá)量
2.3GSTP1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)CpG位點(diǎn)甲基化狀態(tài)分析GSTP1基因的表達(dá)水平與前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān),而GSTP1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)CpG島的甲基化狀態(tài)是影響GSTP1基因表達(dá)的重要因素。CpG位點(diǎn)甲基化水平可以反映其所在CpG島整體的甲基化狀態(tài),因此我們分析了GSTP1基因上游CpG島內(nèi)所有的CpG位點(diǎn)與前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系,探究甲基化對復(fù)發(fā)的影響。Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果表明,5個(gè)CpG位點(diǎn)的甲基化水平與前列腺癌的復(fù)發(fā)顯著相關(guān)(cg04920951,P=0.031;cg06928838,P=0.018;cg09038676,P=0.014;cg22224704,P=0.016;cg26250609,P=0.012),且復(fù)發(fā)組有5個(gè)CpG位點(diǎn)均呈高甲基化狀態(tài),方向具有一致性,結(jié)果如圖1所示。
3討論
前列腺癌是泌尿系統(tǒng)常見腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率存在顯著的人群地區(qū)差異。在歐美發(fā)達(dá)國家,前列腺癌的發(fā)病率已經(jīng)超過肺癌,成為危害男性健康的第一大惡性腫瘤[13]。在我國,前列腺癌的發(fā)病率遠(yuǎn)低于歐美國家,但近年來呈現(xiàn)明顯的上升趨勢。影響前列腺癌發(fā)病及預(yù)后的因素眾多,可分為遺傳和環(huán)境因素等。飲食、生活習(xí)慣、藥物等外界環(huán)境因素可通過影響DNA的甲基化水平,調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá),進(jìn)而影響個(gè)體的表觀遺傳。研究表明,抑癌基因的高甲基化及癌基因的低甲基化是腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的重要機(jī)制之一[14-16]。
GSPT1基因位于11號染色體q13區(qū)域,屬于谷胱甘肽巰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(Glutathione S-ansferases, GSTs)超家族,該基因上游啟動(dòng)子區(qū)存在CpG島。GSPT基因所編碼的蛋白是人體內(nèi)重要的代謝酶之一,它通過對氧化劑及致癌因子等的代謝,從而起到對DNA的解毒及保護(hù)作用。GSPT1基因在腫瘤中表達(dá)水平下調(diào)首先由LEE等[2]在前列腺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn),并發(fā)現(xiàn)該基因在啟動(dòng)子區(qū)存在高甲基化的現(xiàn)象。GSPT1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的高甲基化導(dǎo)致啟動(dòng)子的失活,從而引起基因沉默,基因抑癌功能喪失。目前,很多研究已經(jīng)將GSTP1基因的高甲基化狀態(tài)作為區(qū)分良性和惡性前列腺癌的生物標(biāo)志物[17-18]。MALDONADO等[12]及ROSENBAUM等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)GSTP1啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的高甲基化也是前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
本研究結(jié)果表明,前列腺癌患者Gleason得分、臨床T分期與前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān),這與以往的研究結(jié)果一致[20-23];前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)組GSTP1基因表達(dá)量顯著下調(diào),且該基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的5個(gè)CpG位點(diǎn)的甲基化水平均升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此,GSTP1基因在前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)組表達(dá)量的下降可能是由于CpG島的高甲基化引起。綜上結(jié)果表明,GSTP1基因表達(dá)及甲基化狀態(tài)可以作為前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]ZHANG W, JIAO H, ZHANG X, et al.Correlation between the expression of DNMT1, andGSTP1 and APC, and the methylation status of GSTP1 and APC in association with their clinical significance in prostate cancer[J].Mol Med Rep,2015,12(1):141-146.
[2]LEE W H, MORTON R A, EPSTEIN J I, et al.Cytidine methylation of regulatory sequences near the pi-class glutathione S-transferase gene accompanies human prostatic carcinogenesis[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1994,91(24):11733-11737.
[3]SINGAL R, VAN WERT J, BASHAMBU M.Cytosine methylation represses glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene expression in human prostate cancer cells[J].Cancer Res,2001,61(12):4820-4826.
[4]LOVRIC E, GATALICA Z, EYZAGUIRRE E, et al.Expression of maspin and glutathionine-S-transferase-pi in normal human prostate and prostatic carcinomas[J].Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol,2010,18(5):429-432.
[5]HAUPTSTOCK V, KURIAKOSE S, SCHMIDT D, et al.Glutathione-S-transferase pi 1(GSTP1) gene silencing in prostate cancer cells is reversed by the histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2011,412(4):606-611.
[6]RICHIARDI L,FIANO V,GRASSO C,et al.Methylation of APC and GSTP1 in non-neoplastic tissue adjacent to prostate tumour and mortality from prostate cancer[J].PloS one,2013,8(7):e68162.
[7]KANWAL R,PANDEY M,BHASKARAN N,et al.Protection against oxidative DNA damage and stress in human prostate by glutathione S-transferase P1[J].Mol Carcinog,2014,53(1):8-18.
[8]LIN X,ASGARI K,PUTZI M J,et al.Reversal of GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation and reactivation of pi-class glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) expression in human prostate cancer cells by treatment with procainamide [J]. Cancer Res,2001,61(24):8611-8616.
[9]FUKUSHIGE S,HORII A.DNA methylation in cancer:a gene silencing mechanism and the clinical potential of its biomarkers[J].Tohoku J Exp Med,2013,229(3):173-185.
[10]NAKAMURA J,TANAKA T,KITAJIMA Y,et al.Methylation-mediated gene silencing as biomarkers of gastric cancer: a review[J].World J Gastroenterol,2014,20(34):11991-2006.
[11]MASSIE C E,SPITERI I,ROSS-ADAMS H,et al.HES5 silencing is an early and recurrent change in prostate tumourigenesis[J].Endocr Relat Cancer,2015,22(2):131-144.
[12]MALDONADO L,BRAIT M,LOYO M,et al.GSTP1 promoter methylation is associated with recurrence in early stage prostate cancer[J].J Urol,2014,192(5):1542-1548.
[13]REBBECK T R,HAAS G P.Temporal trends and racial disparities in global prostate cancer prevalence[J].Can J Urol,2014,21(5):7496-7506.
[14]ZHANG Y,SCHOTTKER B,ORDONEZ-MENA J,et al.F2RL3 methylation, lung cancer incidence and mortality[J].Int J Cancer,2015,137(7):1739-1748.doi: 10.1002/ijc.29537.
[15]BARRY K H,MOORE L E,LIAO L M,et al.Prospective study of DNA methylation at LINE-1 and Alu in peripheral blood and the risk of prostate cancer[J].Prostate,2015,75(15):1718-1725.doi: 10.1002/pros.23053.
[16]FUJII S,SRIVASTAVA V,HEGDE A,et al.Regulation of AURKC expression by CpG island methylation in human cancer cells[J].Tumour Biol, 2015, 36(10): 8147-8158.doi: 10.1007/s13277-015-3553-5.
[17]VENER T,DERECHO C,BADEN J,et al.Development of a multiplexed urine assay for prostate cancer diagnosis [J].Clin Chem,2008,54(5):874-882.
[18]BASTIAN P J,PALAPATTU G S,YEGNASUBRAMANIAN S,et al.CpG island hypermethylation profile in the serum of men with clinically localized and hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer[J].J Urol,2008,179(2):529-534.
[19]ROSENBAUM E,HOQUE M O,COHEN Y,et al.Promoter hypermethylation as an independent prognostic factor for relapse in patients with prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy[J].Clin Cancer Res,2005,11(23):8321-8325.
[20]TSAO C K, GRAY K P, NAKABAYASHI M, et al.Patients with Biopsy Gleason 9 and 10 Prostate Cancer Have Significantly Worse Outcomes Compared to Patients with Gleason 8 Disease[J].J Urol,2015,194(1):91-97.doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.01.078.
[21]MITHAL P,HOWARD L E,ARONSON W J,et al.Prostate-specific antigen level, stage or Gleason score:which is best for predicting outcomes after radical prostatectomy, and does it vary by the outcome being measured?Results from Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database[J].Int J Urol,2015,22(4):362-366.doi: 10.1111/iju.12704.
[22]HU X H,CAMMANN H,MEYER H A,et al.Risk prediction models for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy using prostate-specific antigen and Gleason score[J].Asian J Androl,2014,16(6): 897-901.doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.129940.
[23]LUCCA I,SHARIAT S F,BRIGANTI A,et al.Validation of tertiary Gleason pattern 5 in Gleason score 7 prostate cancer as an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence and development of a prognostic model[J].Urol Oncol,2015,33(2):71 e21-e26.doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.08.011.
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(No.81473050);江蘇省優(yōu)勢學(xué)科(公共衛(wèi)生與預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué))
作者單位:211166江蘇南京,南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院環(huán)境基因組學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
通訊作者:張正東,男,教授,研究方向:腫瘤的遺傳與表觀遺傳,E-mail:drzdzhang@gmail.com
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4136.2016.02.004
文章編號:1674-4136(2016)02-0080-04
Corresponding author:ZHANG Zhengdong, E-mail: drzdzhang@gmail.com
[收稿日期:2016-02-23][本文編輯:李筱蕾]
Expression and methylation levels ofGSTP1 are associated with recurrence of prostate cancer
SHAOWei,GEYuqiu,MAGaoxiang,CHUHaiyan,WANGMeilin,ZHANGZhengdong.
(DepartmentofEnvironmentalGenomics,JiangsuKeyLaboratoryofCancerBiomarkers,PreventionandTreatmentCancerCenter,NanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing211166,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the association of recurrence and expression and methylation of GSTP1 in prostate cancer.MethodsData of expression and methylation of GSTP1 was downloaded from TCGA database and association study was performed using T test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression.ResultsThe expression of GSTP1 in recurrence group was significantly lower than non-recurrence group. (adjusted OR=0.63, P=0.039) A total of five CpG loci significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer recurrence, with consistent hypermethylation in recurrence group (P<0.05).ConclusionsDown-regulation of GSTP1 gene expression in prostate cancer recurrence group may be caused by hypermethylation in promoter region of GSTP1.
Keywords:Prostate cancer;Recurrence;GSTP1;Methylation