詹碧鳴,孫文華,鮑慧慧,俞建華,陳 琦,李菊香,胡建新,洪 葵,程曉曙
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·臨床診療提示·
冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)治療心房顫動(dòng)12例臨床分析
詹碧鳴,孫文華,鮑慧慧,俞建華,陳 琦,李菊香,胡建新,洪 葵,程曉曙
目的心房顫動(dòng)(AF)是最常見的心律失常,冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)(CBCA)操作簡(jiǎn)單、肺靜脈狹窄及血栓栓塞等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,是AF有效治療方法。本文總結(jié)CBCA治療AF臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)。方法回顧性分析2014年4—10月南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院經(jīng)CBCA治療的AF患者12例臨床資料并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)。結(jié)果術(shù)中1例患者肺靜脈隔離后AF終止,1例患者出現(xiàn)右側(cè)膈神經(jīng)麻痹。圍術(shù)期患者均無(wú)腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作、腹股溝并發(fā)癥以及心臟壓塞、肺靜脈狹窄等。12例患者3、6個(gè)月動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖復(fù)查無(wú)陣發(fā)性AF發(fā)生,2例心悸發(fā)作時(shí)心電圖提示竇性心動(dòng)過速。結(jié)論CBCA治療AF安全有效,但其長(zhǎng)期效果及預(yù)后需大樣本、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間隨訪進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
心房顫動(dòng);冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融術(shù);手術(shù)后并發(fā)癥
詹碧鳴,孫文華,鮑慧慧,等.冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)治療心房顫動(dòng)12例臨床分析[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(23):2848-2850.[www.chinagp.net]
ZHAN B M,SUN W H,BAO H H,et al.Analysis of 12 cases of atrial fibrillation treated by cryoballoon catheter ablation[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(23):2848-2850.
心房顫動(dòng)(AF)是最常見的心律失常,我國(guó)AF總患病率為0.77%,并隨年齡增長(zhǎng),患病率逐漸增高,80歲以上人群AF患病率高達(dá)7.5%[1]。缺血性腦卒中是AF最為嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,AF患者腦卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是無(wú)AF者的5倍,且AF相關(guān)腦卒中致殘和病死率更高[2]。經(jīng)肺靜脈電隔離術(shù)(PVI)是AF的重要治療手段。然而由于存在發(fā)生心包穿孔、心包填塞、肺靜脈狹窄及左心房食管瘺等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),加之學(xué)習(xí)曲線長(zhǎng),操作復(fù)雜,“逐點(diǎn)消融”形成環(huán)形病灶難度大[3],使得射頻導(dǎo)管消融(RFCA)在AF治療中的應(yīng)用受到限制。冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)(CBCA)通過低溫造成靶組織內(nèi)細(xì)胞凍傷、壞死,從而達(dá)到消融心律失?;|(zhì)的作用,具有手術(shù)操作簡(jiǎn)單、肺靜脈狹窄及血栓栓塞等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低的優(yōu)勢(shì),成為AF患者治療的另一種選擇[4]。本文回顧性分析12例經(jīng)CBCA治療的AF患者臨床資料并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí),總結(jié)CBCA治療AF臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
1.1納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]:(1)年齡18~85歲的非瓣膜性AF,且不愿長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持口服抗凝藥物或有抗凝藥物禁忌證,既往服用至少1種抗心律失常藥物無(wú)效;(2)行食管超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查排除左心耳血栓,無(wú)心臟瓣膜病及感染性心內(nèi)膜炎等心臟疾病,無(wú)活動(dòng)性出血及造影劑過敏等。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)<40%,左心房?jī)?nèi)徑(LA)≥50 mm,紐約心臟病協(xié)會(huì)(NYHA)心功能分級(jí)Ⅲ~Ⅳ級(jí)心力衰竭;(2)近6個(gè)月有腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作,近2年出現(xiàn)2次及以上電復(fù)律;(3)3個(gè)月內(nèi)曾服用胺碘酮,植入心臟復(fù)律除顫器(ICD)。
1.2研究對(duì)象選取2014年4—10月于南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院行CBCA治療陣發(fā)性AF患者12例為研究對(duì)象,其中男8例,女4例;年齡39~74歲,平均年齡(61.8±11.5)歲;7例合并高血壓,2例合并高脂血癥,1例合并糖尿病,1例合并冠心病。納入患者一般資料見表1。
表1 12例AF患者一般資料
注:LVEF=左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù),LA=左心房?jī)?nèi)徑
1.3CBCA術(shù)前完成血常規(guī)、肝腎功能、凝血功能及心電圖等輔助檢查?;颊呷∑脚P位,心電監(jiān)護(hù)提示竇性心律。行左側(cè)鎖骨下靜脈和左側(cè)股靜脈穿刺成功后,分別置入6F鞘管,經(jīng)左側(cè)鎖骨下靜脈鞘管常規(guī)置十級(jí)CS電極作為Ensite參考電極,皮膚縫合血管鞘固定,經(jīng)左側(cè)股靜脈6F鞘管置入RV/RA電極;行右側(cè)股靜脈穿刺成功后在J形導(dǎo)絲引導(dǎo)下分別置入2根Swartz(LO)長(zhǎng)鞘,貼Ensite導(dǎo)航貼片,與Ensite的Navix系統(tǒng)聯(lián)接。取房間隔穿刺針經(jīng)長(zhǎng)鞘送至上腔靜脈(穿刺針不出頭),回抽排氣,于后前位透視下將長(zhǎng)鞘順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)至朝向左方,將長(zhǎng)鞘向下滑行,出現(xiàn)兩次明顯落空感及隨心臟搏動(dòng)的明顯跳動(dòng)感,提示下滑至卵圓窩位置,取右前斜45°,將長(zhǎng)鞘調(diào)整至近一直線,說明其穿刺部位較好,將穿刺針順利穿過房間隔,注入造影劑,證實(shí)進(jìn)入左心房。撤穿刺針,將J形導(dǎo)絲頭端送至左上方出心影,說明進(jìn)入左側(cè)肺靜脈,將J形導(dǎo)絲送長(zhǎng)鞘反復(fù)擴(kuò)張房間隔穿刺口多次,回撤J形導(dǎo)絲及長(zhǎng)鞘擴(kuò)張管。經(jīng)其中1根長(zhǎng)鞘送入JR4.0右冠狀動(dòng)脈造影管,將右冠狀動(dòng)脈管及另一長(zhǎng)鞘分別置于左、右側(cè)肺靜脈口,左側(cè)肺靜脈于右前斜45°,右側(cè)肺靜脈于左前斜45°位進(jìn)行選擇性造影,分別顯示左、右側(cè)肺靜脈,退出造影管。在X線指引下引入冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管及Achieve電極,分別進(jìn)入左右側(cè)4根肺靜脈,在肺靜脈口釋放球囊,將球囊頂在肺靜脈口,造影提示無(wú)造影劑側(cè)漏開始冷凍消融。第1次冷凍300 s,溫度-58~-40 ℃,偶可見清晰肺靜脈電位,且在消融過程中逐漸消失至肺靜脈完全隔離,消融完全后待其復(fù)溫并收縮球囊,再在同一位置進(jìn)行充氣釋放球囊,再次冷凍肺靜脈前庭,第2次消融時(shí)間為240 s。
消融成功后,用Achieve電極于各肺靜脈口內(nèi)進(jìn)行檢測(cè),提示電位基本消失,說明成功隔離左、右側(cè)肺靜脈,行左心房程序刺激200、250、300 ms誘發(fā)房性心動(dòng)過速、AF等心律失常。判斷手術(shù)成功后,退出輸送系統(tǒng)和導(dǎo)管,壓迫止血后包扎。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、球囊直徑、放射時(shí)間及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。
12例患者術(shù)中行左心房程序刺激200、250、300 ms未誘發(fā)房性心動(dòng)過速、AF;患者7術(shù)中發(fā)生AF,隔離后未能終止AF,退出Achieve電極于上腔靜脈內(nèi)標(biāo)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)為被動(dòng)傳導(dǎo),冠狀竇口(CSO)電位復(fù)雜頻率快,予以同步電復(fù)律后終止AF?;颊?出現(xiàn)右側(cè)膈神經(jīng)麻痹(PNP)。圍術(shù)期患者均無(wú)腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作、腹股溝并發(fā)癥以及心臟壓塞、肺靜脈狹窄等?;颊?、2、4、5、6服用達(dá)比加群酯110 mg,2次/d,患者3使用華法林抗凝治療,復(fù)查國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值均維持在2.0~3.0。12例患者3、6個(gè)月動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖復(fù)查無(wú)陣發(fā)性AF發(fā)生,患者5、8心悸發(fā)作時(shí)心電圖提示竇性心動(dòng)過速。12例AF患者CBCA過程中臨床資料見表2。
表2 12例AF患者CBCA過程中臨床資料
注:AF=心房顫動(dòng),PNP=膈神經(jīng)麻痹
LINHART等[6]以抗心律失常藥物治療無(wú)效的有癥狀陣發(fā)性AF患者為研究對(duì)象,比較CBCA與RFCA的有效性和安全性,隨訪6個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn),CBCA消融時(shí)間、X線曝光時(shí)間、血栓栓塞事件發(fā)生率及AF復(fù)發(fā)率不劣于RFCA。XU等[7]通過Meta分析顯示,行CBCA治療AF患者手術(shù)時(shí)間〔MD=29.65,95%CI(8.54,50.77),P=0.006〕、X線曝光時(shí)間〔MD=14.13,95%CI(2.82,25.45),P=0.014〕均優(yōu)于RFCA治療,而術(shù)后AF復(fù)發(fā)率〔OR=0.75,95%CI(0.30,1.88),P=0.538〕、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率〔OR=0.46,95%CI(0.11,1.83),P=0.269〕未見差異。
PNP的發(fā)生與球囊直徑、右上肺靜脈消融溫度及第一、二代“單大球囊”的使用有關(guān)[8]。右側(cè)肺靜脈消融時(shí),將電極導(dǎo)管置于上腔靜脈內(nèi)消融位置上方,通過導(dǎo)管起搏膈神經(jīng),同時(shí)連續(xù)腹部觸診,在觸診到膈肌收縮減弱停止消融,本研究據(jù)此防止PNP的發(fā)生,但仍出現(xiàn)1例PNP。本組患者8出現(xiàn)右側(cè)PNP,術(shù)后3 d膈神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)正常,圍術(shù)期及術(shù)后3、6個(gè)月隨訪均無(wú)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),PNP是CBCA的主要并發(fā)癥[9];Meta分析顯示,CBCA治療AF患者PNP發(fā)生率為5.4%,與RFCA并無(wú)差異〔RR=1.30,95%CI(0.91,1.85)〕[10]。膈肌電圖(EMG)能夠早期客觀識(shí)別膈神經(jīng)變化,其通過記錄膈復(fù)合肌肉動(dòng)作電位(CMAP)反映膈神經(jīng)功能。研究顯示,通過EMG可使偏側(cè)膈肌癱瘓的發(fā)生率降低30%[11]。
本組患者隨訪中均未出現(xiàn)肺靜脈狹窄、血栓栓塞、腦缺血事件等并發(fā)癥。
2014年,美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)/美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(ACC)/美國(guó)心律學(xué)會(huì)(HRS)AF患者管理指南推薦,消融治療已成為陣發(fā)性和持續(xù)性AF的一線治療方案[12]。隨著對(duì)AF發(fā)生機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí)及臨床診治經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累,從最初模仿外科迷宮術(shù)的肺靜脈肌袖處異常點(diǎn)位消融,發(fā)展至整個(gè)肺靜脈肌袖隔離,到現(xiàn)在常用的肺靜脈隔離聯(lián)合左心房碎裂電位消融術(shù)和線性消融術(shù),已被證明有較好的療效和安全性[13]。然而,復(fù)雜三維指導(dǎo)下采用高頻電流局部加熱逐點(diǎn)消融、隔離肺靜脈傳導(dǎo),耗時(shí)長(zhǎng)、手術(shù)操作復(fù)雜。冷凍球囊技術(shù)利用液態(tài)制冷劑新能源在導(dǎo)管引入消融位置后,降低病變部位溫度,“凍死”其細(xì)胞組織,同時(shí)減少心內(nèi)膜損傷和附壁血栓形成,易于操作,降低復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。
綜上所述,CBCA治療AF安全有效,但其長(zhǎng)期效果及預(yù)后需大樣本、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間隨訪進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
作者貢獻(xiàn):詹碧鳴、孫文華、胡建新進(jìn)行課題設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施、資料收集整理、成文并對(duì)文章負(fù)責(zé);俞建華、陳琦、洪葵、程曉曙進(jìn)行課題設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施、評(píng)估、資料收集整理;鮑慧慧、李菊香進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制及審校。
本文無(wú)利益沖突。
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(本文編輯:吳立波)
Analysis of 12 Cases of Atrial Fibrillation Treated by Cryoballoon Catheter Ablation
ZHANBi-ming,SUNWen-hua,BAOHui-hui,YUJian-hua,CHENQi,LIJu-xiang,HUJian-xin,HONGKui,CHENGXiao-shu.
DepartmentofCardiology,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofNanchangUniversity,Nanchang330000,China
HUJian-xin,DepartmentofCardiology,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofNanchangUniversity,Nanchang330000,China;E-mail:hujianxin@medmail.com.cn
ObjectiveAtrial fibrillation (AF) is one of most common cardiac arrhythmias.Cryoballoon catheter ablation (CBCA) is easy to be operated and has lower rate of complications,such as pulmonary vein stenosis and thrombo-embolism.We summarized clinical experiences of CBCA in this paper.MethodsClinical data of 12 patients with AF who were treated by CBCA in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from April to October 2014,and relevant literatures were reviewed.ResultsAF disappeared after pulmonary vein isolation for one patient.One patient experienced right diaphragmatic nerve palsy.None patient suffered from stroke,transient cerebral ischemia,complications in groin,cardiac tamponade and pulmonary vein stenosis during perioperative period.After procedure 3 and 6 months,and paroxysmal AF were not found by dynamic electrocardiogram for all patients.Two patients showed sinus tachycardia on electrocardiogram when palpitation occurred.ConclusionCryoballoon catheter ablation is effective in treating atrial fibrillation.Long term effect and prognosis need to be observed with long term follow-up.
Atrial fibrillation;Cryoballoon catheter ablation;Postoperative complications
330000江西省南昌市,南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
胡建新,330000江西省南昌市,南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科;E-mail:hujianxin@medmail.com.cn
R 541.75
B
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.23.023
2015-11-30;
2016-05-18)