李志霞,楊俊,葉欣,周凌波譯;楊智榮,孫鳳,詹思延審校
系統(tǒng)綜述與網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明
李志霞1,楊俊1,葉欣1,周凌波1譯;楊智榮2,孫鳳1,詹思延1審校
PRISMA聲明旨在提高系統(tǒng)綜述和META分析報(bào)告的完整性,該聲明已經(jīng)廣泛用于指導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)綜述和META分析的報(bào)告和發(fā)表。原始的PRISMA聲明是針對(duì)兩種干預(yù)措施比較的傳統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)綜述與META分析而制定的,然而,隨著多種干預(yù)措施比較的系統(tǒng)綜述的發(fā)展,實(shí)施和報(bào)告這一類系統(tǒng)綜述面臨較大挑戰(zhàn)。此時(shí),針對(duì)網(wǎng)狀META分析的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,旨在提高網(wǎng)狀META分析系統(tǒng)綜述的報(bào)告質(zhì)量。PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明是由專家們通過(guò)DELPHI調(diào)查、面對(duì)面討論和共識(shí)大會(huì)而最終確立的。PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明是在原始PRISMA聲明的報(bào)告清單的基礎(chǔ)上經(jīng)過(guò)修改,最終確定了32個(gè)條目,每個(gè)條目均與網(wǎng)狀META分析報(bào)告的內(nèi)容直接相關(guān)。本文對(duì)網(wǎng)狀META分析的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明進(jìn)行了闡述,對(duì)報(bào)告清單各條目進(jìn)行了舉例說(shuō)明,并詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了在原始PRISMA聲明的基礎(chǔ)上新增和修改各條目的理由。此外,PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明強(qiáng)調(diào)了在網(wǎng)狀META分析的實(shí)際操作中需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的信息。本文的目標(biāo)讀者包括網(wǎng)狀META分析的作者與讀者,以及期刊雜志的編輯與同行評(píng)審。
系統(tǒng)綜述和Meta分析是為臨床醫(yī)生、決策者和患者總結(jié)可靠醫(yī)療信息的重要工具。系統(tǒng)綜述不僅可以給出有關(guān)臨床干預(yù)措施利弊的信息,以幫助制定臨床推薦意見,同時(shí)還有助于辨明未來(lái)研究的方向。為了提高系統(tǒng)綜述和Meta分析報(bào)告的質(zhì)量,1999年和2009年分別提出了QUOROM聲明[1]和PRISMA聲明[2,3]。隨著這兩份聲明的廣泛使用,系統(tǒng)綜述報(bào)告的質(zhì)量已經(jīng)有所提高[4,5]。
系統(tǒng)綜述和Meta分析常常用于比較干預(yù)措施的有效性。但是由于隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)同時(shí)評(píng)估多種干預(yù)措施利弊時(shí)存在諸多困難;而傳統(tǒng)的療效比較的系統(tǒng)綜述即便是納入了很多個(gè)原始研究,也只是對(duì)部分干預(yù)措施的效果進(jìn)行比較;而且,傳統(tǒng)Meta分析每次只針對(duì)兩種干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行比較,但實(shí)際決策中常常要求基于所有可得的證據(jù)進(jìn)行綜合全面的比較。因此出現(xiàn)了同時(shí)對(duì)多種干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行比較的方法,這些方法被稱為網(wǎng)狀Meta分析,或者混合治療比較Meta分析[6-8]。近幾年網(wǎng)狀Meta分析文章的發(fā)表數(shù)量有明顯增加[9]。2014年已有學(xué)者對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析報(bào)告過(guò)程中所存在的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了概述[10],我們也用Delphi法對(duì)研究者和雜志編輯進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,結(jié)果表明亟需制定一個(gè)針對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的報(bào)告規(guī)范。
本文將對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析報(bào)告規(guī)范的具體內(nèi)容和制定過(guò)程進(jìn)行描述。
我們根據(jù)報(bào)告規(guī)范的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定流程制作了網(wǎng)狀Meta的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明[11]。首先,我們成立了指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)(包括Hutton、Salanti、Moher、Caldwell、Chaimani、Schmid、Thorlund 和Altman),召集了期刊編輯、報(bào)告指南的制定者、在系統(tǒng)綜述和網(wǎng)狀Meta分析領(lǐng)域擁有豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)的研究者等17人,對(duì)現(xiàn)有的關(guān)于網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的報(bào)告質(zhì)量的綜述進(jìn)行了總結(jié),并識(shí)別出與網(wǎng)狀Meta分析報(bào)告質(zhì)量相關(guān)的候選條目[10]。此外,我們同時(shí)在2013年年中通過(guò)Fluid Survey在線軟件對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的作者進(jìn)行了Delphi調(diào)查(共邀請(qǐng)了215人,收到反饋114人,應(yīng)答率53%),以幫助確定哪些條目可以達(dá)成一致意見增加到擴(kuò)展聲明中來(lái)或進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡述,哪些條目仍需要進(jìn)一步討論。
其次,我們舉行了為期一天的面對(duì)面會(huì)議,討論了擴(kuò)展聲明的結(jié)構(gòu)、需要進(jìn)一步討論的內(nèi)容和出版計(jì)劃。會(huì)后,我們邀請(qǐng)了指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)的成員和部分參會(huì)者負(fù)責(zé)完成這份報(bào)告規(guī)范的特定部分。需要說(shuō)明的是,所有參與者均對(duì)這份聲明的初稿進(jìn)行了審閱。
本文為作者、同行評(píng)審和編輯提供了網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的報(bào)告規(guī)范。它同樣可以幫助臨床醫(yī)生、技術(shù)評(píng)估人員和患者解讀網(wǎng)狀Meta分析。我們也希望它能夠幫助讀者更好地理解網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的核心概念、術(shù)語(yǔ)和相關(guān)問(wèn)題。
考慮到關(guān)于網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的制作和解讀已經(jīng)有足夠多的參考資料[6,12-51],本文就不再贅述。本文主要針對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的結(jié)果如何報(bào)告提供指南,說(shuō)明報(bào)告時(shí)應(yīng)該包括哪些重要信息。對(duì)于那些在原始PRISMA聲明基礎(chǔ)上修改的條目,我們均輔以實(shí)例對(duì)這部分內(nèi)容可能用到的方法進(jìn)行了說(shuō)明。但是需要注意的是,除了本文提到的方法以外,也可以用其他改進(jìn)的方法對(duì)這些條目進(jìn)行報(bào)告。
本文主要描述了如何修改原始PRISMA聲明中的條目,以滿足網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的報(bào)告要求。同時(shí)也對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析中新增加的條目進(jìn)行了描述。網(wǎng)狀Meta分析PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明共包含32個(gè)條目,本文根據(jù)這32個(gè)條目解釋說(shuō)明了如何對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的結(jié)果進(jìn)行清楚透明的報(bào)告。該說(shuō)明(見http://www.prisma-statement.org/documents/ PRISMA%20NMA%20Annals%202015.pdf)不僅對(duì)每個(gè)條目進(jìn)行了一一描述,而且對(duì)于新增加的和經(jīng)過(guò)修改的條目均輔以實(shí)例進(jìn)行了解釋。需要說(shuō)明的是,新增加的條目均是按照邏輯順序插入到原始PRISMA聲明中的,但是在實(shí)際報(bào)告的過(guò)程中,不一定要按照清單上的順序進(jìn)行報(bào)告。此外,這份說(shuō)明還包含了五個(gè)信息欄,針對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析在方法學(xué)方面需要考慮的因素分別進(jìn)行了闡述(表1)。
表格中列出了網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明,供相關(guān)作者在報(bào)告時(shí)進(jìn)行參考。擴(kuò)展聲明不僅包含了原始PRISMA的核心條目,還包含了修改的條目以及針對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析新增的條目。擴(kuò)展聲明中基于網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的特點(diǎn)而新增加的條目被命名為“New Item”,標(biāo)記為S1~S5。帶有“Addition”標(biāo)記的條目均來(lái)源于原有的PRISMA聲明,但已針對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了修改擴(kuò)展。在附加的解釋說(shuō)明中,均對(duì)這兩種類型的條目提供了相關(guān)參考案例。
對(duì)多種治療措施同時(shí)進(jìn)行比較的網(wǎng)狀Meta分析,其復(fù)雜程度高于僅對(duì)兩種治療措施進(jìn)行比較的傳統(tǒng)Meta分析。網(wǎng)狀Meta分析用網(wǎng)狀圖的形式展示各個(gè)干預(yù)措施的研究數(shù)量和納入的患者數(shù)量(圖1)。網(wǎng)狀圖由結(jié)點(diǎn)(每一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)代表一種干預(yù)措施)和連線(結(jié)點(diǎn)之間的連線表示納入的研究中,兩種干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行了直接比較)組成。網(wǎng)狀圖中結(jié)點(diǎn)的大小和連線的粗細(xì)分別代表了對(duì)應(yīng)干預(yù)措施納入的患者數(shù)量和直接比較的干預(yù)措施的研究數(shù)量。有時(shí)候會(huì)增加附加線條用以區(qū)分某兩個(gè)干預(yù)措施的比較是來(lái)自某些多臂研究。
網(wǎng)狀圖還可以幫助讀者了解干預(yù)措施的網(wǎng)狀證據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)特征,包括識(shí)別網(wǎng)狀圖中的閉合環(huán)。當(dāng)三種或以上的干預(yù)措施均進(jìn)行了兩兩比較,此時(shí)就會(huì)形成一個(gè)閉合環(huán)。如圖1中的干預(yù)措施A、B 和C,它們兩兩之間均進(jìn)行過(guò)直接比較,形成了閉合環(huán)路(AB、AC和BC),這個(gè)環(huán)可以同時(shí)用于直接比較和間接比較(框1中給出了直接比較和間接比較的定義,圖2用圖示對(duì)該定義作了說(shuō)明)。
在臨床研究的整個(gè)過(guò)程中,如果提出的問(wèn)題不合理、采用的研究方法不恰當(dāng)、報(bào)告不詳實(shí)、成果傳播不充分等,都將會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的浪費(fèi)。其中,報(bào)告不詳實(shí)并不是什么難懂的問(wèn)題,然而它可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)干預(yù)效果的估計(jì)產(chǎn)生偏倚,進(jìn)而對(duì)病人照護(hù)和決策制定產(chǎn)生影響。雜志期刊經(jīng)常會(huì)出版一些關(guān)于不充分報(bào)告新證據(jù)的文章[52]。實(shí)踐表明,通過(guò)提高研究報(bào)告的完整性和透明度能有效地減少這種浪費(fèi),這也解釋了目前越來(lái)越多報(bào)告規(guī)范陸續(xù)發(fā)布[53,54]和EQUATOR協(xié)作網(wǎng)快速發(fā)展的原因。
原始PRISMA聲明旨在改善傳統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)綜述和Meta分析的報(bào)告質(zhì)量,它受到了數(shù)百個(gè)雜志期刊和編輯部的支持。此外,一些PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明已經(jīng)發(fā)布,包括系統(tǒng)綜述摘要的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明[55]和關(guān)于公平性評(píng)價(jià)的系統(tǒng)綜述的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明[56]。另外一些擴(kuò)展聲明還正在制定中,包括個(gè)體病例資料Meta分析的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明以及安全性評(píng)價(jià)的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明。
本文主要描述了網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明,包括32個(gè)條目和流程圖。該擴(kuò)展聲明針對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的特點(diǎn),在原始PRISMA聲明的基礎(chǔ)上新增了5個(gè)條目,并且對(duì)其中原有的11個(gè)條目進(jìn)行了修訂,多數(shù)是一些微調(diào),部分是更全面的修改,例如第20條和21條中要求作者對(duì)各個(gè)研究的結(jié)果及相應(yīng)的合并結(jié)果進(jìn)行描述。
圖1 網(wǎng)狀圖示例(上圖展示了4種干預(yù)措施A、B、C和D,用直線相連的兩種干預(yù)措施表示開展了直接比較;結(jié)點(diǎn)的大小代表對(duì)應(yīng)干預(yù)措施納入的患者數(shù)量,直線的粗細(xì)代表兩種干預(yù)措施直接比較的研究數(shù)量)
圖2 圖示網(wǎng)狀圖涉及的術(shù)語(yǔ)(術(shù)語(yǔ)詳細(xì)解釋參考框1。第一個(gè)圖,干預(yù)措施B和C均與干預(yù)措施A進(jìn)行了直接比較,B和C通過(guò)A構(gòu)建了間接比較的關(guān)系;第二個(gè)圖,8種干預(yù)措施和1個(gè)常見對(duì)照A組成的網(wǎng)狀圖,既有干預(yù)措施和對(duì)照A的直接比較,也有某兩個(gè)干預(yù)措施之間的直接比較;第三個(gè)圖,在第二個(gè)網(wǎng)狀圖的基礎(chǔ)上,增加了幾個(gè)直接比較,形成了幾個(gè)閉合環(huán)路)
與傳統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)綜述相比,網(wǎng)狀Meta分析包含了更多的干預(yù)措施,納入了更多的原始研究,因此作者在投稿時(shí)可能需要準(zhǔn)備一些附件作為補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明材料。雜志編輯應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮到這種情況。
對(duì)某些條目進(jìn)行的修改(例如,模型擬合的評(píng)估,合并干預(yù)措施的基本原理和研究特征的列表展示等)同樣適用于傳統(tǒng)Meta分析中兩兩比較的情況。有些修改雖然不一定是必須的,但卻是很有意義的,因?yàn)檫@些條目雖然在原始PRISMA聲明中沒有被明確強(qiáng)調(diào),但在網(wǎng)狀Meta分析時(shí)可能會(huì)經(jīng)常遇到。參與制定網(wǎng)狀Meta分析PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明的幾個(gè)共同作者同樣是原始PRISMA聲明制作團(tuán)隊(duì)中的成員,今后對(duì)原始PRISMA聲明進(jìn)行更新時(shí),他們也將會(huì)對(duì)這些修改的條目重新進(jìn)行考慮。
我們希望雜志期刊會(huì)像認(rèn)可原始PRISMA聲明一樣認(rèn)可網(wǎng)狀Meta分析PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明。最好是在雜志期刊中對(duì)網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的作者提出明確的要求,我們?cè)诟戒浿校ㄒ奾ttp://www.prismastatement.org/documents/PRISMA%20NMA%20Ann als%202015.pdf)提供了范例文本以供參考。
期刊的認(rèn)可固然重要,但如果實(shí)施不利則毫無(wú)意義。最簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)施方法,就是要求作者填寫網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明,如果不提供該聲明,雜志可以拒絕發(fā)表。然而,有資料表明,某些規(guī)模較小的出版社,發(fā)表了很多的系統(tǒng)綜述[57],對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō),接受和實(shí)施這一擴(kuò)展聲明可能阻礙了他們接收網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的文章。編輯應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到推廣和實(shí)施報(bào)告規(guī)范是提高所發(fā)表文章的完整性和透明度的重要途徑[58,59],這也是對(duì)Helsinki宣言[60]核心原則的支持。這樣做同時(shí)可以減少所報(bào)告研究中的信息浪費(fèi)。
近幾年網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的文章發(fā)表數(shù)量呈現(xiàn)出急劇上升趨勢(shì)[8,9],其研究方法也迅速得到發(fā)展和關(guān)注。為保證網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的PRISMA擴(kuò)展聲明盡可能與時(shí)偕行和有據(jù)可循,我們誠(chéng)邀讀者及時(shí)反饋以幫助我們今后對(duì)該擴(kuò)展聲明進(jìn)行更新。
翻譯聲明:
本文翻譯已得到American College of Physicians雜志社和PRISMA官網(wǎng)的授權(quán)。本文翻譯由北京大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院李志霞、楊俊、葉欣、周凌波合作完成,楊智榮、孫鳳、詹思延審校。本翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性由譯者全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé),原版權(quán)單位American College of Physicians(ACP)不對(duì)本翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性負(fù)責(zé)。
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本文編輯:翁鴻,田國(guó)祥
·循證理論與實(shí)踐·論著·
·循證理論與實(shí)踐·論著·
The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network metaanalyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations
Brian Hutton, PhD, MSc; Georgia Salanti, PhD; Deborah M. Caldwell, PhD, MA, BA; Anna Chaimani,PhD;Christopher H. Schmid, PhD; Chris Cameron, MSc; John P.A. Ioannidis, MD, DSc; Sharon Straus, MD, MSc; Kristian Thorlund, PhD;Jeroen P. Jansen, PhD; Cynthia Mulrow, MD, MSc; Ferrán Catalá-López, PhD, MPH, PharmD; Peter C. Gozsche, MD, MSc;Kay Dickersin, PhD, MA; Isabelle Boutron, MD, PhD; Douglas G. Altman, DSc; and David Moher, PhD
The PRISMA statement is a reporting guideline designed to improve the completeness of reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Authors have used this guideline worldwide to prepare their reviews for publication. In the past, these reports typically compared 2 treatment alternatives. With the evolution of systematic reviews that compare multiple treatments, some of them only indirectly, authors face novel challenges for conducting and reporting their reviews. This extension of the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) statement was developed specifically to improve the reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses. A group of experts participated in a systematic review, Delphi survey, and face-to-face discussion and consensus meeting to establish new checklist items for this extension statement. Current PRISMA items were also clarified. A modified, 32-item PRISMA extension checklist was developed to address what the group considered to be immediately relevant to the reporting of network meta-analyses. This document presents the extension and provides examples of good reporting, as well as elaborations regarding the rationale for new checklist items and the modification of previously existing items from the PRISMA statement. It also highlights educational information related to key considerations in the practice of network meta-analysis. The target audience includes authors and readers of network meta-analyses, as well as journal editors and peer reviewers.
R4
A
1674-4055(2016)06-0656-05
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)青年基金項(xiàng)目支持(81302508)
譯者單位:1100191 北京,北京大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院;2劍橋大學(xué)初級(jí)醫(yī)療中心
原文刊載于Ann Intern Med, 2015, 162: 777-784.
URL: http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2299856.
? 2016 American College of Physicians www.acponline.org.
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2016.06.05