譚美蕓 楊曉欣 高俊英 周建平 肖明*
口腔黏膜多聚甲醛刺激后小鼠三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)AQP1和TRPV4表達(dá)變化
譚美蕓 楊曉欣 高俊英 周建平 肖明*
目的 為驗(yàn)證三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元上表達(dá)的水通道蛋白1(AQP1)和瞬時(shí)感受器電位離子通道4(TRPV4)可能參與痛覺(jué)傳導(dǎo)提供形態(tài)學(xué)依據(jù)。方法 應(yīng)用免疫熒光染色結(jié)合FG逆行追蹤標(biāo)記技術(shù)比較觀(guān)察口腔黏膜下注射多聚甲醛(PFA)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P徒M和對(duì)照組小鼠三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)AQP1和TRPV4的表達(dá)。結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組比較,模型組三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元AQP1和TRPV4的表達(dá)無(wú)明顯差異。結(jié)論 存在于三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元上的AQP1和TRPV4可能未參與口腔傷害性刺激所引起的三叉神經(jīng)痛覺(jué)的傳遞。
AQP1 TRPV4 三叉神經(jīng)節(jié) 痛覺(jué) 口腔
1.1材料與設(shè)備 8周齡雄性ICR小鼠,由南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供??笰QP1兔源性多克隆抗體(Millipore,美國(guó));抗TRPV4綿羊源性多克隆抗體(Abcam,美國(guó));熒光追蹤劑FG(Fluorochrome Englewood CO,美國(guó));山羊抗兔IgG結(jié)合TRITC﹑山羊抗綿羊IgG結(jié)合TRITC(Millipore,美國(guó));德國(guó)LEICA RM2135 石蠟切片機(jī);德國(guó)LEICA CM1900 冰凍切片機(jī);德國(guó)LEICA DM4000B 半自動(dòng)數(shù)字式顯微鏡。
1.2 方法 (1)熒光追蹤劑熒光金(FG)和多聚甲醛(PFA)的注射:小鼠常溫下經(jīng)3.5%水合氯醛(350 mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉后,應(yīng)用50μl微量注射器,模型組在頰部黏膜下注射1% FG和5% PFA混合液20μl,對(duì)照組在頰部黏膜下注射1% FG和生理鹽水混合液20μl。動(dòng)物蘇醒后正常飲食,3d后灌注取材。(2)組織制備:小鼠常溫下經(jīng)3.5%水合氯醛(350mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉,于左心室經(jīng)升主動(dòng)脈插管,快速滴注37℃的生理鹽水100ml,再灌注4℃含4%PFA磷酸緩沖液(PB,0.1mol/ml,pH7.4)100ml,持續(xù)30min,取頰部組織,開(kāi)顱取三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)后固定2~2.5h。(3)冰凍切片制備:小鼠頰部組織標(biāo)本,置入含30%蔗糖的PB液中48h。OCT包埋,LEICA冰凍切片機(jī)切片,分套收集,片厚35μm,貼于被覆明膠的載玻片上。(4)石蠟切片制備:小鼠三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)標(biāo)本,經(jīng)過(guò)酒精梯度脫水處理,石蠟包埋。應(yīng)用LEICA石蠟切片機(jī)作連續(xù)切片,片厚 7μm,分套收集,再經(jīng)漂片﹑攤片﹑晾干﹑收集﹑標(biāo)記后備用。(5)熒光追蹤劑FG觀(guān)察:頰部組織冷凍切片直接在熒光顯微鏡(UV濾鏡)觀(guān)察熒光染料在注射點(diǎn)黏膜下的擴(kuò)散范圍,以確定FG注射的有效性。(6)免疫熒光標(biāo)記染色:選用頰黏膜下FG注射有效的小鼠三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)石蠟切片用于免疫熒光染色。石蠟切片經(jīng)烤片﹑梯度酒精脫蠟至水,抗熒光淬滅劑封片,在LEICA DM4000B 半自動(dòng)數(shù)字式顯微鏡對(duì)FG逆行標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元數(shù)目相對(duì)集中部位進(jìn)行顯微攝片。已攝片切片PBS洗5min×3次,枸櫞酸鹽緩沖液中92~98℃抗原微波修復(fù)20min,自然冷卻至室溫;10%正常山羊封閉血清封閉1h,加抗AQP1兔源多克隆抗體(1∶800)或抗TRPV4綿羊源多克隆抗體(1∶800),4℃過(guò)夜,PBS洗5min×3次;加入山羊抗兔或綿羊IgG結(jié)合TRITC(1∶200),37℃濕盒避光孵育1h,PBS洗5min×3次;抗熒光淬滅劑封片,LEICA DM4000B 半自動(dòng)數(shù)字式顯微鏡下觀(guān)察﹑攝片。
1.3 圖像分析 FG熒光和AQP1(或TRPV4)免疫熒光染色顯微圖像導(dǎo)入Adobe Photoshop 7.0(Adobe Systems,San Jose,CA,USA),進(jìn)行位置配準(zhǔn)﹑分別進(jìn)行通道拆分,再將FG熒光圖像的紅色通道以AQP1(或TRPV4)免疫熒光圖像的紅色通道替代,融合成FG與AQP1(或TRPV4)的雙標(biāo)記圖像。將AQP1(或TRPV4)免疫熒光顯微圖像,進(jìn)行去色和色彩方向處理,轉(zhuǎn)化為黑白圖像(背景為白色),對(duì)照FG與AQP1(或TRPV4)熒光雙標(biāo)記圖像,將AQP1(或TRPV4)陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元分成兩種類(lèi)型,即AQP1(或TRPV4)/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元和AQP1(或TRPV4)單標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元,應(yīng)用圖像軟件ImagePro-Plus分別測(cè)定其累計(jì)光密度值(IOD)和免疫陽(yáng)性產(chǎn)物的面積百分比,計(jì)算出平均光密度值(MIOD)。每組4~5只動(dòng)物,每只動(dòng)物計(jì)算3張三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)切片。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS11.5統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量資料以(±s)表示,行單因素方差分析(ANOVA)結(jié)合Tukey-Kramer 多重比較檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
觀(guān)察FG+PFA注射組(模型組)和FG+生理鹽水注射組(對(duì)照組)三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)上AQP1/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元(投射至注射頰黏膜處的三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)AQP1免疫陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元)和AQP1單標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元(非投射至注射處頰黏膜的三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)AQP1免疫陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元)。對(duì)AQP1陽(yáng)性信號(hào)進(jìn)行光密度分析,并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)比較,結(jié)果顯示(見(jiàn)圖1):模型組和對(duì)照組AQP1/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元AQP1陽(yáng)性信號(hào)光密度分析比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;兩組組內(nèi)AQP1/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元和AQP1單標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元的AQP1陽(yáng)性信號(hào)光密度差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
觀(guān)察FG+PFA注射組(模型組)和FG+生理鹽水注射組(對(duì)照組)三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)上TRPV4/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元(投射至注射頰黏膜處的三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)TRPV4免疫陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元)和TRPV4單標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元(非投射至注射處頰黏膜的三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)TRPV4免疫陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元)。對(duì)TRPV4陽(yáng)性信進(jìn)行光密度分析,并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)比較,結(jié)果顯示(見(jiàn)圖2):模型組和對(duì)照組TRPV4/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元TRPV4陽(yáng)性信號(hào)光密度分析比較無(wú)明顯差異;兩組組內(nèi)TRPV4/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元和TRPV4單標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元的TRPV4陽(yáng)性信號(hào)光密度無(wú)明顯差異。
圖1 模型組和對(duì)照組小鼠三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元AQP1免疫熒光強(qiáng)度光密度分析。AQP1/FG代表AQP1/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元,AQP1代表AQP1單標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元
圖2 小鼠頰部黏膜下注射FG + PFA或生理鹽水后,三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元AQP1免疫熒光強(qiáng)度光密度分析。TRPV4/FG、TRPV4分別代表TRPV4/FG雙標(biāo)記、TRPV4單標(biāo)記三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元。
三叉神經(jīng)神經(jīng)纖維終末廣泛分布于頭面部的皮膚﹑眼﹑口腔﹑鼻腔﹑鼻旁竇的黏膜﹑牙齒﹑腦膜等,負(fù)責(zé)傳導(dǎo)痛﹑溫﹑觸等多種感覺(jué)。三叉神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)的初級(jí)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元的胞體位于三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)。
水通道蛋白(AQPs),是對(duì)水跨生物膜的進(jìn)行快速轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的蛋白,近年陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了水通道家族中的13種亞型(AQP0-AQP12)廣泛分布于哺乳類(lèi)動(dòng)物的各組織細(xì)胞[6]。AQP1是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)主要的水通道之一。在人和嚙齒類(lèi)動(dòng)物的周?chē)窠?jīng)系統(tǒng),AQP1主要表達(dá)于背根神經(jīng)節(jié)﹑三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)中小型初級(jí)神經(jīng)元上[2,7],AQP1在中﹑小型神經(jīng)元的特異性表達(dá)可能與中﹑小型神經(jīng)元與淺感覺(jué)傳導(dǎo)有關(guān)。目前有數(shù)篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道AQP1在痛覺(jué)傳遞中的作用,但這方面的認(rèn)識(shí)還存在爭(zhēng)議。如早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AQP1基因敲除小鼠對(duì)傷害性熱刺激(甩尾)或化學(xué)刺激(辣椒素)所誘導(dǎo)的疼痛反應(yīng)存在輕度障礙[8]。與此相反,隨后研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AQP1敲除小鼠對(duì)傷害性疼痛反應(yīng)的閾值與野生型并無(wú)顯著性差異[9]。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AQP1敲除小鼠對(duì)舒緩激肽﹑前列腺素E2或辣椒辣素所誘導(dǎo)的熱性炎性疼痛反應(yīng)的敏感性較野生型下降[10]。有關(guān)AQP1是否參與三叉神經(jīng)痛覺(jué)傳遞目前還缺乏直接的功能學(xué)研究證據(jù)。目前僅有一篇文獻(xiàn)觀(guān)察PFA誘導(dǎo)的急性口周炎模型中,免疫組化和免疫印跡結(jié)果均提示在該模型中三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)AQP2而不是AQP1 有表達(dá)變化[11]。本試驗(yàn)應(yīng)用免疫熒光染色結(jié)合FG逆行追蹤標(biāo)記技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),注射示蹤劑FG后,小鼠三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)AQP1/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元和AQP1單標(biāo)神經(jīng)元上的AQP1陽(yáng)性信號(hào)光密度無(wú)明顯差異,提示FG不影響三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元AQP1表達(dá)水平。觀(guān)察結(jié)果FG+PFA注射組和FG+生理鹽水注射組三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)AQP1/FG雙標(biāo)記神經(jīng)元AQP1陽(yáng)性信號(hào)無(wú)明顯差異,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)口腔黏膜的疼痛刺激不引起三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元AQP1的表達(dá)變化。盡管如此,但這些形態(tài)學(xué)結(jié)果還不足以排除AQP1參與痛覺(jué)傳遞功能。更多的功能學(xué),包括AQP1神經(jīng)元條件性基因敲除鼠的構(gòu)建,有助于解決這一科學(xué)問(wèn)題。
TRPV是瞬時(shí)感受器電位離子通道家族(TRP)成員,可被熱﹑細(xì)胞外滲透壓的改變和細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+的減少等多種理化刺激激活。TRPV4最初是作為滲透壓感受器被克隆,因?yàn)樵撏ǖ揽杀唬?0 mosM的滲透壓激活[12,13]。在周?chē)窠?jīng)系統(tǒng),TRPV4高度表達(dá)于背根神經(jīng)節(jié)和三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)等初級(jí)感覺(jué)傳入神經(jīng)元,參與溫度﹑滲透壓改變﹑化學(xué)性和機(jī)械性以及炎癥性刺激所導(dǎo)致的傷害性感覺(jué)的傳遞作用[14]。有系列研究證據(jù)表明TRPV4參與了由機(jī)械性刺激或低﹑高滲透性刺激所導(dǎo)致的痛覺(jué)傳遞過(guò)程[15~17]。本資料結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)G不影響三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元TRPV4表達(dá)水平,同時(shí)口腔黏膜下注射PFA并未顯著上調(diào)三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元TRPV4的表達(dá),這可能與注射的致痛物質(zhì)及觀(guān)察時(shí)間點(diǎn)不同等有關(guān)。有關(guān)TRPV4是否有口腔痛覺(jué)的傳遞,還需進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步形態(tài)學(xué)和功能學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)證明。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)觀(guān)察到TRPV4在三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)有廣泛表達(dá)。既往的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TRPV4 具有介導(dǎo)低滲透性刺激所誘導(dǎo)的鼠肺上皮細(xì)胞下調(diào)AQP5的表達(dá)過(guò)程[18]。結(jié)合本實(shí)驗(yàn)室前期觀(guān)察到AQP1廣泛在口腔黏膜﹑舌﹑唾液腺等三叉神經(jīng)纖維終末上廣泛表達(dá)[19],還觀(guān)察到給ICR小鼠禁水24h后,三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)AQP1陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的比例無(wú)明顯變化,但陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)[20],高度提示可能與口腔渴覺(jué)的傳導(dǎo)有關(guān)。以此推測(cè),TRPV4也可能具有調(diào)節(jié)三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元在脫水或滲透性變化狀態(tài)下AQP1的表達(dá),但此推測(cè)有待于進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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Objective To provide the morphological evidence for the hypothesis that aquaporin 1(AQP1)and transient receptor potential ion channel 4(TRPV4)in the trigeminal ganglion of mice might take participate in pain transduction. Methods The mice were given oral submucosal injection of paraformaldehyde,then immunofl uorescence staining combined fl uorogold(FG)retrograde tracing technique was performed to observe changes in AQP1 and TRPV4 expression in the trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the oral mucosa. Results Expression and distribution of AQP1 and TRPV4 in the trigeminal ganglion neurons that project to the oral mucosa was no signifi cantly different between oral submucosal injection of paraformaldehyde-induced pain group and saline injection control group. Conclusion AOP1 and TRPV4 in the trigeminal ganglion may not take part in pain transduction.caused by the oral harmful stimulating.
AOP1 TRPV4 Trigeminal ganglia Pain sense Oral cavity
江蘇省教育廳高?!扒嗨{(lán)工程”資助(蘇教師﹝2014﹞23號(hào))
210029 江蘇建康職業(yè)學(xué)院人體結(jié)構(gòu)教研室(譚美蕓)210029南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)人體解剖學(xué)系(楊曉欣 高俊英周建平 肖明)
頭面部的溫﹑痛﹑觸﹑壓覺(jué)等多種感覺(jué)信息的傳導(dǎo)是由三叉神經(jīng)完成,其初級(jí)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元的胞體位于三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)。三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元由大﹑中﹑小三種類(lèi)型的假單極神經(jīng)元組成,這些神經(jīng)元含有的神經(jīng)活性物質(zhì)主要是谷氨酸﹑P物質(zhì)﹑降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽和一氧化碳等[1]。除了上述的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)外,近年來(lái)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)元表達(dá)多種膜蛋白,例如水通道蛋白(AQPs)和瞬時(shí)感受器電位離子通道(TRPV)[2,3]等。其中,AQP1和TRPV4均在三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)表達(dá),周?chē)窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)的AQP1和TRPV4均可能參與淺感覺(jué)的傳導(dǎo)[4,5]。2015年2月至7月作者通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,探討AQP1和TRPV4在三叉神經(jīng)口腔痛覺(jué)傳導(dǎo)中表達(dá)的變化。