方 潁,黃永祿,蔡加昌,林曉偉,張 嶸,呂火烊
金黃色葡萄球菌臨床株對(duì)利奈唑胺耐藥性及耐藥機(jī)制
方 潁1,黃永祿2,蔡加昌2,林曉偉3,張 嶸2,呂火烊3
目的 了解金黃色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)臨床株對(duì)利奈唑胺耐藥性及耐藥機(jī)制。方法 收集2011-2014年浙江省人民醫(yī)院900株金葡菌,采用紙片擴(kuò)散法測(cè)定利奈唑胺藥敏,對(duì)篩選到的耐藥菌株采用瓊脂稀釋法測(cè)定常用藥物的最低抑菌濃度(MIC),同時(shí)對(duì)其耐藥基因cfr、optrA、23S rRNA基因第5功能區(qū)進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增和序列分析。對(duì)cfr或optrA基因陽(yáng)性的菌株進(jìn)行基因周圍序列分析和菌株多位點(diǎn)序列分型(MLST)。結(jié)果 臨床分離金葡菌對(duì)利奈唑胺耐藥率為0.1% (1/900),僅發(fā)現(xiàn)1株耐藥株,該菌株為耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA),對(duì)利奈唑胺MIC為8 mg/L、頭孢西丁48 mg/L、青霉素32 mg/L、環(huán)丙沙星128 mg/L、克林霉素32 mg/L、氯霉素128 mg/L、萬古霉素0.75 mg/L、替考拉寧0.5 mg/L。除萬古霉素和替考拉寧,對(duì)其他抗菌藥物均耐藥。PCR結(jié)果顯示該菌株cfr基因?yàn)殛?yáng)性,optrA陰性,無23S rRNA突變。該菌株攜帶的cfr基因位于“Tn4001-like轉(zhuǎn)座子-cfr-orf1-ISEnfa4”復(fù)合轉(zhuǎn)座子中,并定位于一個(gè)39 504 bp的質(zhì)粒上。該菌株的MLST分型為ST5。結(jié)論 臨床分離金葡菌對(duì)利奈唑胺耐藥率低,發(fā)現(xiàn)1株cfr基因介導(dǎo)的利奈唑胺耐藥株,cfr基因位于質(zhì)粒上一個(gè)常見的復(fù)合轉(zhuǎn)座子中。
金黃色葡萄球菌; cfr基因; 利奈唑胺; 耐藥
金黃色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)可引起皮膚和軟組織感染、肺炎、感染性心內(nèi)膜炎、骨關(guān)節(jié)感染、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)感染、血流感染和中毒性休克等。上世紀(jì)40年代青霉素問世后有效地控制了葡萄球菌引起的感染,但是很快便出現(xiàn)青霉素耐藥菌株。甲氧西林可用于治療耐青霉素葡萄球菌的感染,然而臨床應(yīng)用2年之后便分離到甲氧西林耐藥菌株。根據(jù)2013年CHINET細(xì)菌耐藥性監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)的比例為45.2 %,耐甲氧西林凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的比例高達(dá)73.5 %[1]。利奈唑胺是首個(gè)唑烷酮類抗菌藥物,于2000年在美國(guó)被批準(zhǔn)用于臨床,2007年進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng),該藥對(duì)大多數(shù)革蘭陽(yáng)性菌具有很強(qiáng)的抗菌作用,是治療MRSA的一個(gè)重要選擇。
利奈唑胺耐藥的主要機(jī)制有細(xì)菌核糖體23S rRNA點(diǎn)突變、核糖體L3或L4蛋白的氨基酸突變以及耐藥基因cfr[2]。最近,WANG等[3]報(bào)道在糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌中發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)利奈唑胺耐藥的新基因optrA。cfr甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶可使23S rRNA的A2503位核苷酸發(fā)生甲基化,導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌對(duì)氯霉素、氟苯尼考、克林霉素和利奈唑胺等多種藥物耐藥[4-5]。近年來隨著利奈唑胺的廣泛應(yīng)用,利奈唑胺耐藥的葡萄球菌屬在世界范圍內(nèi)流行[6]。2011年浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院檢測(cè)出16株凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌攜帶有cfr基因[7]。2013年,YANG等[8]報(bào)道杭州2所醫(yī)院分離到9株cfr陽(yáng)性的凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌。最近,CAI等[9]在國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了cfr基因?qū)е碌睦芜虬纺退幍腗RSA。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)浙江省人民醫(yī)院的金葡菌進(jìn)行篩選,并對(duì)其耐藥機(jī)制進(jìn)行了分析。
1.1菌株來源
收集2011-2014年浙江省人民醫(yī)院臨床分離的金葡菌900株。其中2011年188株,2012年312株,2013年200株,2014年200株。
1.2儀器與試劑
基質(zhì)輔助激光解析電離飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜儀(matrix-assisted laser desorpt/ionionization time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS)購(gòu)自德國(guó)Bruker Dahonics公司;PCR擴(kuò)增儀購(gòu)自德國(guó)Biometra公司;DYY-1 1型水平電泳儀購(gòu)自北京市六一儀器廠;脈沖場(chǎng)凝膠電泳儀及成像系統(tǒng)購(gòu)自德國(guó)Biometra公司;引物合成自上海生工生物工程股份有限公司;Taq酶及PCR相關(guān)試劑購(gòu)自日本TaKaRa公司。
1.3細(xì)菌鑒定
采用MALDI-TOF MS進(jìn)行鑒定,具體操作步驟參見文獻(xiàn)[10]。分別使用flexcontrol 3.3軟件和MALDI Biotyper 3軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)采集和結(jié)果分析。
1.4藥敏試驗(yàn)
采用紙片擴(kuò)散法對(duì)900株金葡菌進(jìn)行利奈唑胺及頭孢西丁藥敏試驗(yàn),藥敏試驗(yàn)結(jié)果按CLSI M100-S24標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判斷。采用肉湯稀釋法測(cè)定頭孢西丁、環(huán)丙沙星、克林霉素、氯霉素、利奈唑胺、萬古霉素、青霉素、替考拉寧的最低抑菌濃度(MIC)。具體實(shí)驗(yàn)操作參照CLSI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11]。
1.5PCR檢測(cè)
PCR擴(kuò)增利奈唑胺耐藥菌株的cfr、optrA、23S rRNA基因[3-4,12]和7個(gè)用于多位點(diǎn)序列分型(MLST)的管家基因。采用根據(jù)cfr陽(yáng)性質(zhì)粒設(shè)計(jì)的26對(duì)引物進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增和序列分析(GenBank No.KJ922127)。
2.1菌種鑒定
采用MALDI-TPF MS鑒定900株菌株,結(jié)果均為金葡菌。
2.2利奈唑胺耐藥菌株篩選結(jié)果
采用紙片擴(kuò)散法篩選到1株對(duì)利奈唑胺耐藥的金葡菌,該菌株為MRSA。分離自感染科1例女性患者的呼吸道標(biāo)本。臨床診斷為吸入性肺炎,住院期間曾用過哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、異帕米星和氯康唑等抗菌藥物,未使用過利奈唑胺。
2.3MIC測(cè)定
MIC結(jié)果顯示,頭孢西丁對(duì)該菌株的MIC為48 mg/L,為MRSA,利奈唑胺MIC為8 mg/L,為利奈唑胺耐藥。青霉素為32 mg/L、環(huán)丙沙星為128 mg/L、克林霉素為32 mg/L、氯霉素為128 mg/L、萬古霉素為0.75 mg/L、替考拉寧為0.5 mg/ L。除了萬古霉素和替考拉寧,對(duì)其他抗菌藥物均耐藥。
2.4PCR擴(kuò)增和序列分析
PCR擴(kuò)增結(jié)果顯示該株為cfr陽(yáng)性,optrA陰性,無23S rRNA突變。MLST分型顯示該菌株為ST5。
就26對(duì)引物的PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行序列拼接及分析,結(jié)果顯示cfr基因位于質(zhì)粒pLRSA417上。基因周圍結(jié)構(gòu)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)cfr基因位于“Tn4001-like轉(zhuǎn)座子-cfr-orf 1-ISEnfa4”復(fù)合轉(zhuǎn)座子中,見圖1。
圖1 復(fù)合轉(zhuǎn)座子結(jié)構(gòu)圖Figure 1 The schematic structure of the Tn4001-like composite transposon
利奈唑胺耐藥的機(jī)制有4種,其中cfr基因介導(dǎo)的利奈唑胺耐藥引起越來越多的關(guān)注。本研究檢出1株耐利奈唑胺的MRSA,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示該菌株為cfr陽(yáng)性。2000年,SCHWARDS等[18]首先從牛體分離到1株松鼠葡萄球菌攜帶cfr基因并定位于16.5 kb的質(zhì)粒(命名為pSCFS1)上,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)該基因可導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌對(duì)氯霉素和氟苯尼考同時(shí)耐藥,但由于cfr表達(dá)出的蛋白與已知的介導(dǎo)氯霉素和氟苯尼考耐藥的蛋白并無同源性,說明cfr是一種由新的耐藥機(jī)制介導(dǎo)的耐藥。后續(xù)研究表明,cfr基因是通過編碼rRNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶使23S rRNA的A2503位核苷酸發(fā)生甲基化,并抑制C2498位的甲基化從而影響藥物與細(xì)菌核糖體的結(jié)合導(dǎo)致耐藥。2007年,TOH等[12]首次報(bào)道1株分離自臨床患者的攜帶cfr基因的菌株—MRSA CM05,利奈唑胺對(duì)該菌的MIC值為16 mg/L,因未檢測(cè)到其他導(dǎo)致利奈唑胺耐藥的機(jī)制,通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)cfr基因是導(dǎo)致其對(duì)利奈唑胺耐藥的原因。在國(guó)內(nèi),2015年CAI等[9]報(bào)道了攜帶cfr基因的MRSA對(duì)利奈唑胺耐藥,并對(duì)cfr基因所在質(zhì)粒進(jìn)行全質(zhì)粒測(cè)序和分析,結(jié)果顯示cfr基因位于一個(gè)39 504 bp的質(zhì)粒上;TIAN等[19]在上海也分離到了cfr基因陽(yáng)性耐利奈唑胺的金葡菌,說明cfr介導(dǎo)的利奈唑胺耐藥正在逐漸重視。
目前臨床患者來源的cfr基因,除了來自哥倫比亞的MRSA菌株CM05位于染色體,其他有關(guān)cfr基因的報(bào)道以質(zhì)粒攜帶居多。本研究篩選到的菌株cfr基因定位于質(zhì)粒pLRSA417上,大小為39 504 pb的質(zhì)粒pLRSA417,該質(zhì)粒首先報(bào)道自浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院檢測(cè)到的1株利奈唑胺耐藥的金葡菌中[9],對(duì)cfr周圍序列分析得到cfr周圍包括 Tn4001-like轉(zhuǎn)座子,cfr、orf 1、ISEnfa4構(gòu)成一個(gè)可移動(dòng)元件。這個(gè)DNA片段跟WANG等[20]報(bào)道過的科氏葡萄球菌在結(jié)構(gòu)上除了3個(gè)單核苷酸多態(tài)性和2個(gè)缺失外均相同,相似的結(jié)構(gòu)在杭州分離的頭狀葡萄球菌、北京和瑞安分離的科氏葡萄球菌、美國(guó)分離的表皮葡萄球菌中也有報(bào)道[21-23]。說明這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)可導(dǎo)致cfr基因有跨菌種的轉(zhuǎn)移。
本次研究表明,目前中國(guó)cfr基因在金葡菌中攜帶率低(1/900),與之前報(bào)道的低攜帶率一致[24-25]。但cfr基因大多位于質(zhì)粒上,可在不同種細(xì)菌或不同屬細(xì)菌之間水平轉(zhuǎn)移,導(dǎo)致耐藥性在臨床分離細(xì)菌之間、甚至動(dòng)物來源細(xì)菌以及環(huán)境細(xì)菌之間相互傳播,世界范圍內(nèi)的cfr基因傳播需要引起警惕。
[1]汪復(fù),朱德妹,胡付品,等.2013年中國(guó)CHINET細(xì)菌耐藥性監(jiān)測(cè)[J]. 中國(guó)感染與化療雜志,2014,14(5):365-374.
[2]BIEDENBACH DJ,F(xiàn)ARRELL DJ,MENDES RE,et al. Stability of linezoilid activity in an era of mobile oxazolidinone resistance determinants:results from the 2009 Zyvox?Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum program[J]. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis,2010,68(4):459-467.
[3]WANG Y,LV Y,CAI J,et al. A novel gene,optrA,that confers transferable resistance tooxazolidinones and phenicols and its presence in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium of human and animal origin[J]. J AntimicrobChemother,2015,70(8):2182-2190.
[4]KEHREBERG C,SCHWARZ S,JACCOBSEN L,et al. A new mechanism for choramphenicol,florfenicol and clindamycin resistance:methlation of 23S ribosomal RNA at A2503[J]. Mol Microbiol,2005,57(4):1064-1073.
[5]LONG KS,POEHLSGAARD J,KEHRENBERG C,et al. The cfr rRNA methyltransferase confers resistance to Phenicols,Lincosamides,Oxazolidinones,Pleuromutilins,and Streptogramin A antibiotics[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2006,50(7):2500-2505.
[6]崔蘭卿,呂媛.cfr基因介導(dǎo)葡萄球菌對(duì)利奈唑胺耐藥的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 中國(guó)感染與化療雜志,2014,14(6):541-544.
[7]蔡加昌,周宏偉,胡燕燕,等.耐甲氧西林凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌對(duì)利奈唑胺的耐藥機(jī)制及分子流行病學(xué)研究[J]. 中華微生物學(xué)和免疫學(xué)雜志,2012,32(6):532-536.
[8]YANG XJ,CHEN Y,YANG Q,et al. Emergence ofcfr harbouring coagulase-negative staphylococci among patients who received linezolid therapy in two hospitals in China[J]. J Med Microbiol,2013,62( Pt 6):845-850.
[9]CAI JC,HU YY,ZHOU HW,et al. Dissemination of the same cfr-carrying plasmid among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates in China[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2015 ,59(6):3669-3671.
[10]張明新,朱敏,王玫,等.應(yīng)用基質(zhì)輔助激光解析電離飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜鑒定常見細(xì)菌和酵菌[J].中華檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,201l,34(11):988-992.
[11]Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Methods for dilution anfimierobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically[S]. eighth edt.2009,M07-A8.
[12]TOH SM,XIONG L,ARIAS CA,et al. Acquisition of a natural resisitance gene renders a clinical strain of methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the synthetic antibiotic linezolid[J]. Mol Microbiol,2007,64(6):1506-1514.
[13]WILSON DN,SCHLUENZEN F,HARMS JM,et al. The oxazolidinone antibiotics perturb theribosomal peptidyltransferase center and effect tRNA positioning[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2008,105(36):13339-13344.
[14]BONILLA H,HUBAND MD,SEIDEL J,et al. Multicity outbreak of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis associated with clonal spread of a cfr-containing strain [J]. Clin Infect Dis,2010,51(7):796-800.
[15]MORALES G,PICAZO JJ,BAOS E,et al. Resistance to linezolid is mediated by the cfr gene in the first report of an outbreak of linezolid-resisitant Staphylococcus aureus [J]. Clin Infect Dis,2010,50(6):821-825.
[16]胡付品,朱德妹,汪復(fù),等. 2011年中國(guó)CHINET細(xì)菌耐藥性監(jiān)測(cè)[J]. 中國(guó)感染與化療雜志,2012,12(5):321-329.
[17]汪復(fù),朱德妹,胡付品,等. 2012年中國(guó)CHINET細(xì)菌耐藥性監(jiān)測(cè)[J]. 中國(guó)感染與化療雜志,2013,13(5):321-330.
[18]SCHWARZ S,WERCKENTHIN C ,KEHRENBERG C. Identification of a plasmid-borne chloramphenicol-florfenicol resisitance gene in Staphylococcus sciuri [J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother ,2000 ,44(9) :2530-2533.
[19]TIAN Y,LI Y,WANG B,et al. Mechanisms of linezolid resistance in staphylococci and enterococci isolated from two teaching hospitals in Shanghai,China[J]. BMC Microbiol,2014,14:292.
[20]WANG Y,ZHANG W,WANG J,et al. Distribution of the multidrug resistance gene cfr in Staphylococcus species isolates from swine farms in China[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2012,56(3):1485-1490.
[21]YANG XJ,CHEN Y,YANG Q,et al. Emergence ofcfrharbouring coagulase-negative staphylococci among patients receiving linezolid therapy in two hospitals in China[J]. J Med Microbiol. 2013,62(Pt 6):845-850.
[22]CHEN H,WU W,NI M,et al. Linezolid-resistant clinical isolates of enterococci and Staphylococcus cohnii from a multicentre study in China:molecular epidemiology and resistance mechanisms[J]. Int J Antimicrob Agents,2013,42 (4):317-321.
[23]LAMARRE J,MENDES RE,SZAL T,et al. The genetic environment of the cfr gene and the presence of other mechanisms account for the very high linezolid resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate 426-3147L[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2013,57(3):1173-1179.
[24]JONES RN,ROSS JE,CASTANHEIRA M,et al. United States resistancesurveillance results for linezolid( LEADER Program for 2007)[J]. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis,2008,62(4):416-426.
[25]SIERRA JM,CAMOEZ M,TUBAU F,et al. Low prevalence of Cfr-mediated linezolid resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Spanish hospital:case report on linezolid resistance acquired during linezolid therapy[J]. PLoS One,2013,8(3):e59215.
Antibiotic resistance profile and mechanism of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains
FANG Ying,HUANG Yonglu,CAI Jiachang,LIN Xiaowei,ZHANG Rong,Lü Huoyang. (Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310014,China)
Objective To investigate the linezolid resistance in clinical isolates of S. aureus and the underlying mechanisms. Methods A total of 900 S. aureus strains were isolated from Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital during the period from 2011 to 2014. Linezolid-resistant strains were screened using disk diffusion method,and confirmed by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)determination. Resistance genes cfr,optrA,and the fifth functional region of 23S rRNA gene were identified by PCR amplification and sequencing analysis. The cfr or optrA positive strains were further characterized by surrounding sequence analysis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results The prevalence of linezolid-resistant isolates was 0.1% (1/900). Only one strain was found resistant to linezolid,and also methicillin-resistant (MRSA). The MIC value of linezolid,cefoxitin,penicillin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin,chloramphenicol,vancomycin,teicoplanin against this strain was 8,48,32,128,32,128,0.75 and 0.5 mg/L,respectively. This isolate was susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin,but resistant to other antibiotics. PCR results indicated that cfr gene was positive,while optrA was negative in this strain. No 23S rRNA mutation was found. The cfr gene located in a composite transposon “Tn4001-like transposon-cfr-orf 1-ISEnfa4”,which was in a 39 504 bp plasmid. MLST showed that this isolate was ST5. Conclusions Linezolid resistance is very low in the clinical isolates of S. aureus in our hospital. Only one strain was positive for cfr gene,which is located in a common composite transposons in a plasmid.
Staphylococcus aureus; cfr gene; linezolid;antibiotic resistance
R378.11
A
1009-7708(2016)04-0477-04
10.16718/j.1009-7708.2016.04.018
浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技項(xiàng)目(2015112173);浙江省自然科學(xué)基金(LQ13H200001)。
1. 浙江工業(yè)大學(xué),杭州 310014;2. 浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科;3. 浙江省人民醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科。
方潁 (1992—),女,碩士研究生,主要從事細(xì)菌檢驗(yàn)工作。
張嶸,E-mail:brigitte_zx@163.com。
2015-07-31
2015-08-19