王季,蔡錦方,王建超,李宗玉,曹學(xué)成,張繼黨
(1.第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)濟(jì)南臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院骨創(chuàng)科,山東 濟(jì)南 250031;2.解放軍第401醫(yī)院骨創(chuàng)科,山東青島 260071)
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兒童復(fù)雜跟腱缺損的修復(fù)重建
王季1,2,蔡錦方1*,王建超1,李宗玉1,曹學(xué)成1,張繼黨1
(1.第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)濟(jì)南臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院骨創(chuàng)科,山東 濟(jì)南250031;2.解放軍第401醫(yī)院骨創(chuàng)科,山東青島260071)
目的了解應(yīng)用帶腓腸肌腱膜的腓動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣修復(fù)兒童復(fù)雜跟腱缺損的效果。方法2009年10月至2014年12月收治兒童復(fù)雜跟腱缺損12 例,采用帶腓腸肌腱膜的腓動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣進(jìn)行修復(fù)。其中男7 例,女5 例;年齡3~13 歲。車輛輪輻傷8 例,砸傷2 例,擠壓傷1 例,交通事故傷1 例。5 例為新鮮缺損,7 例為陳舊性缺損。皮膚缺損范圍22~64 cm2,跟腱缺損長(zhǎng)度3.5~7.0 cm。統(tǒng)計(jì)手術(shù)前后踝關(guān)節(jié)動(dòng)度、AOFAS評(píng)分、SF36評(píng)分,對(duì)療效進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果一期愈合8 例,皮瓣表皮壞死2 例,皮瓣遠(yuǎn)端壞死1 例,感染復(fù)發(fā)1 例。術(shù)后1年踝關(guān)節(jié)跖屈明顯優(yōu)于術(shù)前和術(shù)后3個(gè)月,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);術(shù)后1年踝關(guān)節(jié)背伸優(yōu)于術(shù)后3個(gè)月,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),略低于術(shù)前,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.01)。術(shù)后1年AOFAS評(píng)分及SF36評(píng)分均較術(shù)前和術(shù)后3個(gè)月明顯增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。結(jié)論帶腓腸肌腱膜的腓動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣是一種修復(fù)兒童復(fù)雜跟腱缺損的較理想方法。
跟腱;組織缺損;腓腸肌腱瓣;修復(fù)
1.1臨床資料本組病例中,男7 例,女5 例;年齡3~13 歲,中位年齡8 歲。初次損傷原因:車輛輪輻傷8 例,砸傷2 例,擠壓傷1 例,交通事故傷1 例。其中5 例為新鮮損傷,7 例為陳舊性缺損。陳舊性缺損入院前平均病程19 d(12~28 d),4 例伴有細(xì)菌感染(3 例金黃色葡萄球菌,1 例銅綠假單胞菌)。皮膚平均缺損36.5 cm2(22~64 cm2),肌腱平均缺損4.8 cm(3.5~7.0 cm)。
1.2手術(shù)方法新鮮損傷,清創(chuàng)后直接重建。陳舊性損傷,術(shù)前經(jīng)傷口換藥、數(shù)次清創(chuàng)術(shù),創(chuàng)面情況良好后重建。感染病例,術(shù)前經(jīng)靜脈使用敏感抗生素、換藥、清創(chuàng),傷口分泌物細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陰性后行重建術(shù)。測(cè)量皮膚軟組織缺損的面積。分別于膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲30°及踝關(guān)節(jié)跖屈30°位,測(cè)量跟腱缺損的長(zhǎng)度。手持多普勒探測(cè)腓動(dòng)脈穿支并于皮膚表面標(biāo)記,根據(jù)患者皮膚及跟腱缺損情況,設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)合組織瓣及旋轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn),皮瓣略大于傷口面積。手術(shù)在氣囊止血帶止血下進(jìn)行,術(shù)中再次清創(chuàng)后進(jìn)行皮瓣切取。先顯露旋轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)并確認(rèn)穿支動(dòng)脈后,依照皮瓣設(shè)計(jì)輪廓切開皮膚及深筋膜,筋膜蒂寬2~3 cm,注意皮膚與深筋膜的縫合保護(hù),防止分離,于皮瓣內(nèi)側(cè)及上端顯露腓腸肌腱膜,根據(jù)腱膜瓣設(shè)計(jì)外形,切開頂端及兩側(cè),與皮瓣一起向下掀開,注意保護(hù)腱膜與皮瓣相連的筋膜組織,防止分離。腱膜游離至設(shè)計(jì)長(zhǎng)度后,切斷腱膜瓣遠(yuǎn)端,將腱膜瓣向中心折疊并縫合成卷型跟腱修復(fù)體,旋轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)合皮瓣,卷型跟腱修復(fù)體與跟腱殘端行端-端縫合。對(duì)于跟腱止點(diǎn)缺損者,采用Anchor釘重建跟腱止點(diǎn)。供區(qū)直接縫合或皮片移植,皮瓣下置入半管引流。術(shù)后短踝關(guān)節(jié)石膏或外固定架固定于跖屈15°~20°位。
1.3術(shù)后管理引流半管于術(shù)后24~36 h拔除。術(shù)后常規(guī)靜脈滴注肝素,敏感抗生素常規(guī)治療5 d,術(shù)前感染患者,可適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)抗生素使用時(shí)間?;贾Ц?0 cm,烤燈治療,觀察皮瓣血運(yùn)和張力情況,有血管危象表現(xiàn)時(shí),及時(shí)拆除部分縫線,并局部罌粟堿注射。術(shù)后10 d后行膝關(guān)節(jié)0°~30°練習(xí),術(shù)后3周更換石膏或調(diào)整外固定架至踝關(guān)節(jié)中立位,術(shù)后6周去除外固定,行踝關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉,術(shù)后8周扶拐下地行走,術(shù)后16周正常負(fù)重行走。
1.4評(píng)價(jià)方法隨訪期間記錄患者術(shù)后踝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度、跖屈動(dòng)度、背伸動(dòng)度、足趾站立、足趾行走、跟腱黏連情況。采用美國(guó)矯形足踝協(xié)會(huì)(American orthopaedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS)踝與后足評(píng)分評(píng)定療效。簡(jiǎn)明健康調(diào)查量表(SF-36量表)評(píng)定患者健康狀況。SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析。數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,踝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度、跖屈動(dòng)度、背伸動(dòng)度、AOFAS評(píng)分、SF-36評(píng)分比較采用Fisher檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.01。
術(shù)后一期愈合8 例,跟腱功能重建良好,2 例感染控制不良,移植跟腱部分壞死。皮瓣完全成活8 例。2 例皮瓣遠(yuǎn)端表皮壞死,換藥后愈合。1 例皮瓣遠(yuǎn)端部分壞死,經(jīng)清創(chuàng)植皮后愈合。1 例感染復(fù)發(fā),經(jīng)清創(chuàng)、抗生素治療、局部皮瓣移位術(shù)后愈合。平均隨訪18個(gè)月,隨訪期間均無(wú)重建跟腱斷裂發(fā)生。所有患者外觀評(píng)價(jià)均為優(yōu)良,隨訪初期有色素沉著,遠(yuǎn)期色澤良好,無(wú)色素沉著或輕度色素沉著?;颊卟綉B(tài)均正常,足踝無(wú)跖屈畸形,提踵功能良好,均能腳尖站立及足趾行走,未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯黏連僵直。術(shù)后3個(gè)月踝關(guān)節(jié)跖屈動(dòng)度略高于術(shù)前,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.01);術(shù)后3個(gè)月踝關(guān)節(jié)背伸動(dòng)度差于術(shù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。術(shù)后1年踝關(guān)節(jié)跖屈動(dòng)度明顯高于術(shù)前及術(shù)后3個(gè)月,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);術(shù)后1年踝關(guān)節(jié)背伸動(dòng)度略低于術(shù)前,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.01)。術(shù)后1年的背伸動(dòng)度與健側(cè)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.01)。術(shù)后1年AOFAS評(píng)分較術(shù)前及術(shù)后3個(gè)月分別增加83.8%與31.2%,術(shù)后1年SF 36評(píng)分較術(shù)前及術(shù)后3個(gè)月分別增加51.1%與26%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01,見表1)。
表1 患者手術(shù)前后踝關(guān)節(jié)動(dòng)度、AOFAS評(píng)分、SF36評(píng)分比較
典型病例一為12 歲男性患者,車輪絞傷致右側(cè)跟腱及皮膚缺損6 h入院。右側(cè)跟區(qū)皮膚缺損4.5 m×8.0 cm,軟組織挫傷重,清創(chuàng)后,自跟腱止點(diǎn)缺損5 cm行帶腓腸肌腱膜的腓動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣修復(fù)術(shù),Anchor釘重建跟腱止點(diǎn)。術(shù)后隨訪14個(gè)月,踝關(guān)節(jié)功能良好,外觀滿意,手術(shù)前后影像學(xué)資料見圖1~4。
典型病例二為10 歲女性患者,跟腱修復(fù)術(shù)后19 d入院。右側(cè)跟區(qū)7 cm×10 cm皮膚缺損,跟腱缺損6.5 cm,創(chuàng)面感染,細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)為金黃色葡萄球菌,給予傷口清創(chuàng)換藥3次、靜滴抗生素治療,感染控制后行帶腓腸肌腱膜的腓動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣修復(fù)術(shù)。術(shù)后隨訪16個(gè)月,踝關(guān)節(jié)功能良好,外觀滿意,患者恢復(fù)正常生活,手術(shù)前后影像學(xué)資料見圖5~8。
目前,兒童的跟腱損傷仍比較常見,主要的致傷原因?yàn)檩嗇梻D壓傷、砸傷。對(duì)于組織挫傷較輕或缺損較少的兒童跟腱損傷,通過(guò)清創(chuàng)和肌腱縫合術(shù)通常可以獲得一期愈合,但是,部分組織碾挫較重或治療時(shí)對(duì)初始損傷估計(jì)不足的兒童跟腱損傷,常演變?yōu)檩^大范圍跟腱及被覆組織壞死,可伴有局部感染或跟骨骨髓炎,使得治療變得相對(duì)困難。
裸露跟腱極容易壞死,需要盡早完成跟腱的軟組織覆蓋[5-6]。治療周期的長(zhǎng)短,與術(shù)后跟腱黏連及踝關(guān)節(jié)僵硬密切相關(guān),為更好地恢復(fù)跟腱功能,采取最便捷方式進(jìn)行早期跟腱修復(fù)十分必要[5-6]。因而,設(shè)計(jì)一種簡(jiǎn)單易行、效果可靠的手術(shù)方法,對(duì)于兒童復(fù)雜跟腱缺損的修復(fù)重建具有重要的臨床意義。
已報(bào)道的跟腱缺損修復(fù)方法有很多,可分為兩類,即帶血運(yùn)的跟腱重建和非帶血運(yùn)的跟腱重建。雖然近期的一篇Mata分析[7]認(rèn)為,兩類方法在術(shù)后踝關(guān)節(jié)動(dòng)度和跟腱肌力改善無(wú)明顯差別,但不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為帶血運(yùn)的腱性組織移植能促進(jìn)復(fù)合缺損的一期重建,血運(yùn)良好的軟組織覆蓋能增加耐磨性及改善跟腱滑動(dòng)[8-9]。我們支持這種觀點(diǎn)。隨著皮瓣技術(shù)的進(jìn)展,復(fù)合性皮瓣技術(shù)在臨床上得到大量應(yīng)用,多源性血液供應(yīng)是復(fù)合性皮瓣設(shè)計(jì)的解剖基礎(chǔ),血管區(qū)的概念認(rèn)為皮膚與骨骼之間每一層組織由源動(dòng)靜脈提供三維血液供應(yīng),各個(gè)血管區(qū)的交界由直接吻合血管(平時(shí)都關(guān)閉)和各源血管微細(xì)分支之間的吻合組成[10-12]。在小腿區(qū)域,腓腸肌外側(cè)頭與其表面皮膚、深筋膜存在廣泛的微血管吻合,因此腓動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣與腓腸肌外側(cè)腱膜間存在微血管的側(cè)支循環(huán)[11-12]。以此為基礎(chǔ),我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了帶腓腸肌腱膜的腓動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣,用于修復(fù)跟腱及其被覆軟組織缺損。
跟腱缺損重建的目的應(yīng)更關(guān)注于具體的功能結(jié)果,即:建立穩(wěn)定的步態(tài)周期,充分的關(guān)節(jié)動(dòng)度,良好的跖屈肌力,穩(wěn)定耐磨的軟組織覆蓋,避免二次手術(shù)。在一個(gè)正常的步態(tài)周期中,跟腱應(yīng)滑動(dòng)4 cm[13],因此充分的跟腱移植長(zhǎng)度對(duì)于功能恢復(fù)很重要,腓腸肌腱纖維起自肌腹下緣,纖維長(zhǎng)11~26 cm,可提供足夠長(zhǎng)度的跟腱移植體,同時(shí)腱膜切取位置可以靈活選擇,能夠適應(yīng)不同部位、大小的跟腱缺損的修復(fù)要求。帶血運(yùn)的組織愈合得更快,并且改善功能預(yù)后,Singer等[14]利用靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)脈模型數(shù)字模擬肌腱重建,修復(fù)后5個(gè)月,血管化肌腱組在關(guān)節(jié)主動(dòng)動(dòng)度方面明顯好于非血管化組。本組病例應(yīng)用帶腓腸肌腱膜的腓動(dòng)脈穿支皮瓣修復(fù)兒童復(fù)雜跟腱缺損取得了良好的效果。術(shù)后1年踝關(guān)節(jié)動(dòng)度達(dá)到健側(cè)的85.9%(50°,57.4°,P=0.150),跖屈達(dá)健側(cè)的80.5%(33.2°,39°,P=0.001),背伸達(dá)健側(cè)的87.5%(16.1°,18.4°,P=0.400)。AOFAS評(píng)分較術(shù)前增加83.8%(50.2分,92.3分,P=0.000)。SF36評(píng)分較術(shù)前增加51.1%(76.3分,116.3分,P=0.000)。
帶腓腸肌腱膜的腓腸神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)皮瓣修復(fù)Kuwade Ⅳ型跟腱缺損的操作注意要點(diǎn):a)良好的清創(chuàng)基礎(chǔ):壞死的跟腱清除不徹底及細(xì)菌的大量繁殖,會(huì)破壞跟腱周圍血供及修復(fù)區(qū)持續(xù)炎癥,導(dǎo)致手術(shù)失敗[15];b)穿支血管的解剖順序:從前向后解剖不易看清穿支,建議采用從后向前解剖腓動(dòng)、靜脈發(fā)出的肌間隔皮膚穿支[16];c)腱膜和皮瓣間連接的筋膜組織的保護(hù):切取復(fù)合皮瓣時(shí),勿在皮瓣下分離顯露腱膜層,將皮膚、深筋膜、腱膜一體固定后,再切取腱膜,防止分離,腱膜近端、內(nèi)外兩側(cè)邊緣切開后,與皮瓣一起向遠(yuǎn)端掀起,至腱膜切取長(zhǎng)度后,銳性刀片輕輕將腱膜遠(yuǎn)端切斷;d)腱膜的縫合:將腱膜瓣制成卷狀,可以和跟腱殘端良好對(duì)合,延卷狀邊緣與殘端縫合,使吻合部光滑;e)蒂部處理:筋膜蒂保留1~2 cm寬皮層,向旋轉(zhuǎn)側(cè)分離筋膜組織,擴(kuò)大通道容積,可有效避免蒂部卡壓。
帶腓腸肌腱膜的腓動(dòng)脈穿支復(fù)合皮瓣是修復(fù)兒童復(fù)雜跟腱缺損的一種較理想辦法,跟腱與軟組織的修復(fù)可一期完成。充分的腱膜移植長(zhǎng)度,能滿足大段跟腱缺損的修復(fù)要求,同時(shí)有利于重建良好的步態(tài)周期。皮瓣位置與腱膜位置的靈活結(jié)合更易滿足受區(qū)缺損形狀和大小的多樣性要求。通過(guò)腱膜與皮瓣間的筋膜蒂連接,可以為游離腱膜提供血運(yùn),有利于跟腱的修復(fù)重建和提高抗感染能力[15-16]。手術(shù)操作相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,對(duì)供區(qū)損傷較小。
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Repair of Complex Achilles Tendon Defect in Children
Wang ji1,2,Cai Jinfang1,Wang Jianchao1,et al
(1.Department of Orthopedics,Jinan Clinical Medical College of Second Military Medical University,Jinan 250031,China;2.Department of Orthopedic and Traumatic Surgery,401 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army,Qingdao 266071,China)
ObjectiveTo observe the clinical effect of peroneal artery perforator flap combined gastrocnemius aponeurosis on repairing complex Achilles tendon defect in Children.MethodsBetween October 2009and December 2014,12 cases of complex Achilles tendon defects in children were repaired with peroneal artery perforator flap combined gastrocnemius aponeurosis.5 cases were fresh injury,7 cases were old defects.The size of the wounds ranged from 22 cm2to 64 cm2.The length of tendon defect ranged from 3.5 cm to 7.0 cm.The clinical outcome was evaluated by Ankle joint dynamic degree,AOFAS score and SF36 score before and after operation.Results8 cases were primary healed.2 cases with skin necrosis and 2 cases with donor site necrosis.1 cases experience recurrent infection.The plantar extension at 1 year was significantly better than that at 3 months after operation and pre-operation.The dorsal extension at 1 year was significantly better than that at 3 months after operation,but no significant difference was found between at 1 year and pre-operation.The AOFAS score and SF36 score at 1 year after operation were significantly larger than those at 3 months after operation and pre-operation.ConclusionPeroneal artery perforator flap with gastrocnemius aponeurosis is an ideal repair method in repairing complex achilles tendon defect in Children.
tendon;soft tissue defect;peroneal artery perforator flap;repair
1008-5572(2016)08-0697-04
R686.1
B
2016-01-31
王季(1977- ),男,主治醫(yī)師,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)濟(jì)南臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院骨創(chuàng)科,250031。
*本文通訊作者:蔡錦方