王嬌 季一飛 何蕓 楊紅梅 袁丹 杜勝男 陳臻 唐國(guó)華
(川北醫(yī)學(xué)院第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院·南充市中心醫(yī)院, 四川 南充 637000)
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牙列缺損程度及義齒修復(fù)與缺血性腦卒中相關(guān)性研究*
王嬌季一飛何蕓楊紅梅袁丹杜勝男陳臻唐國(guó)華
(川北醫(yī)學(xué)院第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院·南充市中心醫(yī)院, 四川 南充 637000)
目的分析牙列缺損、義齒修復(fù)與缺血性腦卒中的相關(guān)性,為臨床防治腦卒中提供參考。方法選取100例缺血性腦卒中患者為試驗(yàn)觀察組,同期選取100例健康人為對(duì)照組;比較兩組口腔狀況、缺牙情況、義齒修復(fù)及無功能咬合情況。結(jié)果口腔狀況:觀察組患者缺牙數(shù)、牙周炎患病率均明顯高于對(duì)照組[(7.05±0.85 vs 2.85±0.32), 68.00% vs 38.00%](t/2=18.065~46.243,P<0.05);缺牙情況:觀察組牙列完整15.00%明顯低于對(duì)照組39.00%,復(fù)雜牙列缺失69.00%明顯高于對(duì)照組37.00%(2=14.612~20.554,P<0.05);義齒修復(fù)情況:兩組未修復(fù)、活動(dòng)義齒修復(fù)、固定義齒修復(fù)、活動(dòng)+固定義齒修復(fù)、部分修復(fù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(2=0.234~1.706,P>0.05); 無功能咬合單位情況:觀察組完整功能咬合34.00%明顯低于對(duì)照組58.00%,復(fù)雜無功能咬合28.00%明顯高于對(duì)照組7.00%(2=11.594~15.273,P>0.05)。結(jié)論缺血性腦卒中患者牙列損失情況、復(fù)雜牙列缺失、復(fù)雜牙無功能咬合均明顯高于正常人,與缺血性腦卒中存在一定的相關(guān)性。
牙列缺損; 缺血性腦卒中; 義齒修復(fù); 無功能咬合
缺血性腦卒中(ischemic stroke)是一種較為常見的心腦血管疾病,隨著病情進(jìn)展,患者腦損傷也會(huì)隨之加重,影響患者的生存及生活質(zhì)量,因而加強(qiáng)腦梗死(TIA)的早期防治對(duì)患者健康具有重要意義[1]。該病多發(fā)于老年患者,而此類患者腦血管疾病病發(fā)率、致殘率及病死率均較高[2]。近年來有研究顯示口腔器官功能損傷易影響人體營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝取、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及腦血流[3]。Abnet CC等[4]通過對(duì)29584例中國(guó)健康人群5~15年跟蹤調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),嚴(yán)重牙列缺損者發(fā)生中風(fēng)的危險(xiǎn)系數(shù)大于一般牙列缺損者12個(gè)百分點(diǎn),于勝利等[5]研究指出,牙列缺損(tooth loss)與TIA發(fā)病密切相關(guān),尤其是老年患者,應(yīng)引起高度重視。為了進(jìn)一步研究牙列缺損與TIA的相關(guān)性并為更好地防治TIA提供科學(xué)依據(jù),本研究分別選取100例牙列缺損患者和正常健康者,對(duì)其資料進(jìn)行了回顧性分析,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
1.1一般資料選取我院2014年1月~2015年6月收治的100例缺血性腦卒中患者為觀察組,所有患者均經(jīng)MR、頭顱CT等檢查確診病情,且符合《中國(guó)急性缺血性腦卒中診治指南》[6]。其中男53例,女47例; 年齡65~92歲,平均(78.5±1.5)歲。同期選取來院體檢的健康人100例為對(duì)照組:男52例,女48例; 年齡64~93歲,平均(78.4±1.6)歲。兩組研究對(duì)象的性別、年齡差別無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),基線具有一致性。
1.2方法由口腔專業(yè)醫(yī)師對(duì)所有患者口腔內(nèi)牙列缺損及缺失情況進(jìn)行檢查,所有檢查者試驗(yàn)前進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)。檢查程序、器械、診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考WHO1997年出版的第4版《口腔健康調(diào)查基本方法》[5]。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)①觀察兩組研究對(duì)象的口腔內(nèi)牙列缺損、缺失及牙周炎情況。②根據(jù)檢查情況判斷患者牙缺損程度。③義齒修復(fù)情況:包括有無義齒修復(fù)、義齒類型等。④無功能咬合單位數(shù),包括簡(jiǎn)單無功能咬合、復(fù)雜無功能咬合等。
1.4判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)牙周炎:其中至少一顆牙的牙周附著喪失>2 mm或牙齒松動(dòng)>1°。牙列缺損程度:①嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷為3個(gè)或以上不相連牙齒伴有缺牙間隙。②一般損傷為1~2個(gè)不相連牙齒伴有缺牙間隙。③無損傷為無缺牙間隙。簡(jiǎn)單無功能咬合為3單位無功能咬合數(shù)以內(nèi),復(fù)雜無功能咬合為3單位無功能咬合數(shù)以上。
2.1兩組口腔狀況比較觀察組患者缺牙及牙周炎數(shù)量均顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),兩組牙結(jié)石數(shù)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
Table 1Comparision of tooth loss, periodontitis and dental calculus between the two groups
組別n缺牙牙周炎牙結(jié)石觀察組1007.05±0.8568(68.00)88(88.00)對(duì)照組1002.85±0.3238(38.00)93(93.00)t/246.24318.0651.454P<0.05<0.05>0.05
2.2兩組缺牙情況分析觀察組牙列完整15.00%明顯低于對(duì)照組39.00%,復(fù)雜牙列缺失69.00%明顯高于對(duì)照組37.00%(P<0.05);兩組簡(jiǎn)單牙列缺損、牙列缺失比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2。
表2 兩組缺牙情況比較[n(×10-2)]
2.3除牙列完整病例外,觀察組85例,對(duì)照組61例的義齒修復(fù)情況觀察組未修復(fù)、活動(dòng)義齒修復(fù)、固定義齒修復(fù)、活動(dòng)+固定義齒修復(fù)、部分修復(fù)情況與對(duì)照組相比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表3。
表3 兩組義齒修復(fù)情況比較[n(×10-2)]
2.4兩組無功能咬合單位情況比較觀察組完整功能咬合34.00%明顯低于對(duì)照組58.00%,復(fù)雜無功能咬合28.00%明顯高于對(duì)照組7.00%(P<0.05),兩組簡(jiǎn)單無功能咬合比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表4。
表4 兩組無功能咬合單位情況比較[n(×10-2)]
牙列缺損是部分牙齒缺損而致恒牙牙列不完整,不但影響美觀和咀嚼功能,還影響口頜系統(tǒng)健康,是老年人群多發(fā)及常見疾病。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),牙齒口腔衛(wèi)生清潔能力下降、牙齒咀嚼磨耗致咬合關(guān)系不良等因素的共同影響導(dǎo)致牙周病等口腔疾病的發(fā)生率顯著增加,最終引起牙列缺損的病發(fā)率提升[9-10]。研究報(bào)道[11],牙列缺損越嚴(yán)重,牙周病變的發(fā)生率及嚴(yán)重程度也會(huì)顯著提高。而隨著牙周病的進(jìn)行性、不可逆進(jìn)展,患者的咀嚼功能也逐步受到影響,口腔健康狀態(tài)明顯低于正常人。與此同時(shí),牙周病、齲病等口腔疾病患者常伴有咀嚼功能損傷,而牙列損失患者也多伴有牙周炎、顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)病變,在對(duì)口腔功能影響的同時(shí),患者攝取營(yíng)養(yǎng)也受限,在一定程度上也可能對(duì)患者腦功能有影響[12]。有研究者分析其原因:充分的咀嚼運(yùn)動(dòng)能促進(jìn)腦部活化,促使小腦血流量增加。若患者咀嚼功能受限,機(jī)體維持健康所需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)也無法及時(shí)補(bǔ)給,進(jìn)而病發(fā)TIA的機(jī)率也更高[13-14]。
缺血性腦卒中即腦梗死(TIA)也是老年人多發(fā)、常見疾病,有調(diào)查研究結(jié)果表明該類患者人群余留牙多有磨損、齲壞,而這些缺損牙若沒有得到及時(shí)有效的治療則常累及多個(gè)牙齒,導(dǎo)致基牙條件極為不理想[14-15]。加之TIM患者多伴有高血壓、糖尿病等全身性系統(tǒng)疾病,不宜拔牙或暫緩拔牙,義齒修復(fù)率較低,而活動(dòng)義齒雖能在一定程度上改善口腔咀嚼功能,但也易因摩擦牙周正常軟硬組織而引起炎癥,促使機(jī)體炎癥因子增加,進(jìn)一步影響病情[16-17]。黃建靜等研究[18]指出,牙列缺損會(huì)影響患者咀嚼功能,而咀嚼功能受損傷的同時(shí),牙列缺損易導(dǎo)致牙周炎等病癥發(fā)生,嚴(yán)重影響人體健康狀態(tài)及腦血流,正常的咀嚼依賴于牙列的完整性??梢?,正常咀嚼功能是促進(jìn)腦部活化、維持身體健康的重要因素,一旦伴有牙列缺損應(yīng)及早修復(fù),避免牙周疾病病發(fā),降低TIA病發(fā)機(jī)率[19-20]。同時(shí),針對(duì)TIA患者,應(yīng)及早、定期行口腔健康檢查,若伴有牙列損失,應(yīng)及時(shí)行口腔修復(fù),以免加重病情,影響TIA康復(fù)治療療效。
本文研究中,觀察組患者缺牙數(shù)、牙周炎數(shù)明顯高于對(duì)照組,與上述研究結(jié)果一致。提示牙列缺損及牙周炎等疾病與TIA存在相關(guān)性。嚴(yán)重牙列缺損明顯高于對(duì)照組,提示牙列缺損程度與牙周炎等疾病存在正相關(guān),同時(shí)也間接與TIA病發(fā)或病情進(jìn)展存在相關(guān)性。進(jìn)一步分析表明,兩組患者義齒修復(fù)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),而觀察組完整功能咬合明顯低于對(duì)照組,復(fù)雜無功能咬合明顯高于對(duì)照組。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者也有類似的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[21-22]。分析原因?yàn)槔夏昊颊呖谇恍l(wèi)生狀況多為不佳,牙列缺損情況也較為嚴(yán)重,而同時(shí)患者咀嚼、吞咽食物等功能也較弱,若未及時(shí)治療前后相互影響,牙列缺損不斷加重,咀嚼、吞咽食物功能也不斷減弱,機(jī)體健康狀態(tài)嚴(yán)重受影響下,腦活化也受限[13]。此情況下,發(fā)生TIA機(jī)率也隨之提升,若患者本身伴有TIA則會(huì)加重病情,影響康復(fù)治療效果。
本文資料顯示,牙列缺損與缺血性腦卒中存在相關(guān)性,臨床應(yīng)針對(duì)患者病情及早進(jìn)行檢查和防治,能有效阻止TIA病發(fā)或病情進(jìn)展,進(jìn)而提升患者生存、生活質(zhì)量。但本文未對(duì)研究對(duì)象身體健康指數(shù)進(jìn)行比較,存在一定的局限性,牙列缺損與缺血性腦卒中的相關(guān)機(jī)制,也有待進(jìn)一步研究和證實(shí)。
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Correlation study of tooth loss and prosthodontics with ischemic stroke
WANG Jiao, JI Yifei,HU Yun,et al
(CentralHospitalofNanchong,TheSecondClinicalMedicalCollegeofNorthSichuanMedicalCollege,Nanchong637000,Sichuan,SiChuan)
ObjectiveTo analize the correlation of tooth loss, prosthodontics with ischemic stroke, as a reference for clinical prevention and treatment of stroke. Methods100 patients with ischemic stroke were selected as observation group and 100 healthy people were selected to be control group. The oral condition, missing teeth, prosthodontics, unfunction biting units were compared between the two groups. ResultsTooth missing and periodontal disease of observation group were significantly higher than that of the control group [(7.05±0.85 vs 2.85±0.32), 68.00% vs 38.00%](t/2=18.065~46.243,P<0.05). The rate of dentition integrity of observation group (15.00%) was significantly lower than that of the control group (39.00%). The dental complex column loss of observation group (69.00%) were significantly higher than that of the control group (37.00%) (2=14.612~20.554,P<0.05). There were no statistically difference of denture repair, activities denture repair, fixed denture repair, activities denture+ fixed denture repair, partial repair between the two groups (2=0.234~1.706,P>0.05). The complete functional occlusal of observation group (34.00%) was significantly lower than that of the control group (58.00%). The complex unfunction bite of observation group (28.00%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (7.00%) (2=11.594~15.273,P>0.05). ConclusionIschemic stroke patients with the tooth loss, complex with missing teeth and complex unfunction bite of ischemic stroke patient were significantly higher than that of normal people, which may have a certain correlation with ischemic stroke.
Tooth loss; Ischemic stroke; Prosthodontics; Unfunction biting units
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(81271317)
季一飛,醫(yī)學(xué)博士后,E-mail:jiyifei-2003@163.com
R 783.6; R 743.3
Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3511.2016.10.008
2016-02-03; 編輯: 王小菊)