陳傳俊陳曉陽陳靜
1.皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院,蕪湖 241002;2.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院口腔頜面外科,合肥 230061;3.安徽濟(jì)民腫瘤醫(yī)院口腔科,合肥 230011
·臨床研究·
下頜髁突矢狀骨折髓內(nèi)髓外雙重內(nèi)固定術(shù)的臨床應(yīng)用
陳傳俊1陳曉陽2陳靜3
1.皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院,蕪湖 241002;
2.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院口腔頜面外科,合肥 230061;
3.安徽濟(jì)民腫瘤醫(yī)院口腔科,合肥 230011
目的 探討髓內(nèi)及髓外雙重內(nèi)固定在下頜髁突矢狀骨折開放復(fù)位內(nèi)固定中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法 采用髓內(nèi)髓外雙重內(nèi)固定術(shù)治療18例24側(cè)髁突矢狀骨折,固定方法:單一螺釘或克氏針行髓內(nèi)固定,配合一塊鈦板行髓外固定,伴發(fā)他處骨折者同期行精確復(fù)位固定。術(shù)后通過拍攝CT和全景X線片評(píng)價(jià)鈦板固定情況、骨折段復(fù)位精準(zhǔn)度及穩(wěn)固性,通過臨床檢查評(píng)價(jià)咬合關(guān)系、開口度、開口型。結(jié)果 術(shù)后X線全景片或CT檢查顯示,24側(cè)髁突矢狀骨折段均未發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后旋轉(zhuǎn)移位,對(duì)位良好;鈦板和螺釘無扭曲、折斷和松脫。術(shù)后咬合關(guān)系、開口度、開口型恢復(fù)良好。結(jié)論 髓內(nèi)髓外雙重內(nèi)固定具有抗骨折段旋轉(zhuǎn)作用,髓內(nèi)螺釘和髓外鈦板在空間上互不干擾,是下頜骨髁突矢狀骨折固定的良好方法。
髁突矢狀骨折; 堅(jiān)強(qiáng)內(nèi)固定; 髓內(nèi)固定; 髓外固定
頜面部外傷患者發(fā)生下頜髁突矢狀骨折(sagittal fracture of the mandibular condyle,SFMC)時(shí),下頜髁突內(nèi)側(cè)的骨折段常因翼外肌的牽拉而發(fā)生向前、內(nèi)、下方的移位,早期多表現(xiàn)為髁突高度降低,后期常發(fā)生顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直,尤其是在伴發(fā)下頜骨前份骨折且沒有精準(zhǔn)復(fù)位的狀態(tài)下更容易發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直[1-4]。對(duì)于發(fā)生了骨折段移位的SFMC,除兒童以外,目前國內(nèi)外在治療方案的選擇上逐漸趨于統(tǒng)一,即采用手術(shù)開放復(fù)位內(nèi)固定進(jìn)行治療;但是就移位骨折段的固定方法而言,則存在多種方法并存的局面:單個(gè)微型鈦板固定[5]、骨折段取出回植雙微型鈦板或單板固定[6-7]、單個(gè)長皮質(zhì)釘固定等[8-9]。上述固定方法常因翼外肌的牽引作用而發(fā)生一些術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,如單個(gè)長皮質(zhì)釘固定可發(fā)生骨折段旋轉(zhuǎn),單個(gè)微型鈦板固定可發(fā)生鈦板扭曲甚至折斷,骨折段取出后再回植有導(dǎo)致骨吸收甚至骨壞死的可能。為解決現(xiàn)有固定方法存在的缺陷,本文使用髓內(nèi)和髓外雙重內(nèi)固定方法治療SFMC,取得了良好的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1 患者資料
本組病例來自2002—2015年累積的18例SFMC患者(共24側(cè)),其中12例為單側(cè)SFMC,6例為雙側(cè)SFMC,伴發(fā)下頜骨他處骨折4例。男14例,女4例,年齡18~80歲。致傷原因:8例為轎車駕駛車禍傷,4例為摩托車駕駛事故傷,3例為騎自行車事故傷,2例為運(yùn)動(dòng)性損傷,1例為斗毆致傷。所有的患者均為單側(cè)或雙側(cè)SFMC伴骨折段移位,且經(jīng)CT或全景X線片確診。受傷至手術(shù)時(shí)間為5~16 d,平均7.8 d。
1.2 外科復(fù)位方法
術(shù)前于上下牙槽突安放支抗釘實(shí)施頜間彈性牽引。全身麻醉下以耳屏前的拐杖型切口入路,分離達(dá)關(guān)節(jié)囊,T形切開髁突頸部的關(guān)節(jié)囊附著從而暴露髁突殘端,由于髁突殘端的阻擋使得術(shù)者的視野和器械難以抵達(dá)移向前下內(nèi)方的骨折段,從而增加了骨折段復(fù)位的難度,故筆者使用提骨鉤勾住下頜乙狀切跡用力向足向牽拉,以加大關(guān)節(jié)間隙及周圍的操作空間(圖1),再輔以神經(jīng)拉鉤或牙周膜剝離子等纖細(xì)的器械輕輕夾持或勾住移位的骨折段使之復(fù)位。固定分兩個(gè)步驟進(jìn)行。1)髓內(nèi)固定:平行于髁突橫軸,在骨折段復(fù)位的狀態(tài)下自髁突外極向內(nèi)極方向鉆孔,穿經(jīng)髁突殘端和骨折段,以等同于髁突內(nèi)外極之間距離長度的皮質(zhì)螺釘旋入或克氏針插入(圖2左)。2)髓外固定:用0.6 mm的四孔微型鈦板橫跨骨折線安放于皮質(zhì)表面,與髓內(nèi)固定螺釘或克氏針呈十字交叉(不平行)并固定(圖2右)。最后將移位或撕裂的關(guān)節(jié)盤復(fù)位縫合,分層關(guān)閉創(chuàng)口。伴發(fā)下頜他處骨折者同期行精確復(fù)位固定。次日實(shí)施頜間牽引并持續(xù)2周,囑患者進(jìn)軟食2周。術(shù)后隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間為10~25個(gè)月,平均為16個(gè)月。
圖 1 使用提骨鉤(左)足向牽拉以擴(kuò)大關(guān)節(jié)間隙和手術(shù)野(右)Fig 1 A lift bone hook used (left) to grapple the sigmoid notch with caudal traction to widen the joint space (right)
圖 2 髓內(nèi)髓外雙重內(nèi)固定Fig 2 Extramedullary fixation combined with intramedullary fixa- tion
1.3 效果評(píng)價(jià)
術(shù)后拍攝CT和全景X線片來評(píng)價(jià)鈦板固定情況、骨折段復(fù)位精準(zhǔn)度及穩(wěn)固性,通過臨床檢查評(píng)價(jià)患者咬合關(guān)系的恢復(fù)情況,并檢查患者的開口度和開口型。
在24側(cè)SFMC中,有2例患者出現(xiàn)暫時(shí)性面神經(jīng)損傷,主要表現(xiàn)為額皺變淺,半年后均恢復(fù)正常;其余無術(shù)中和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后X線全景片或CT檢查顯示:骨折段對(duì)位良好,無旋轉(zhuǎn)移位情況發(fā)生,髁突形態(tài)正常(圖3);無鈦板及螺釘松脫、扭曲或折斷。術(shù)后咬合關(guān)系恢復(fù)良好,開口度及開口型恢復(fù)正常。
圖 3 1例患者的術(shù)前(左)及術(shù)后(右)CTFig 3 Preoperative (left) and postoperative (right) CT scan of a patient
有關(guān)SFMC的內(nèi)固定方式方法有諸多報(bào)道。有學(xué)者[5-6]將前內(nèi)下移位的內(nèi)側(cè)骨折段解剖分離并剝離翼外肌附著后取出,在體外鉆孔并安放內(nèi)固定鈦合金板,然后將骨折段連同鈦合金板復(fù)位回植固定。這種外科處理方法有值得商榷的地方,因?yàn)楣钦鄱我坏┦ゼ∪飧街?,血液循環(huán)即被中斷,骨折段有發(fā)生吸收甚至壞死的可能性[7-8]。有學(xué)者[8-9]曾推薦利用單一長螺釘固定SFMC骨折段,但筆者在使用單一長螺釘固定這一方法時(shí)曾遇見意外情況,即骨折段固定術(shù)后在翼外肌的強(qiáng)力牽引下發(fā)生旋轉(zhuǎn)移位,長螺釘猶如穿插于冰糖葫蘆的中軸,成了骨折段移位的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸。Meng等[10]和Xin等[11]提出可以使用兩個(gè)長螺釘固定,以避免骨折段旋轉(zhuǎn)。也有學(xué)者[6]使用兩個(gè)微型鈦板固定SFMC骨折段,也是為了避免骨折段的旋轉(zhuǎn)移位。這些方法較好地解決了骨折段旋轉(zhuǎn)移位的問題,但從解剖上看,顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)是小關(guān)節(jié),髁突本身是較小的指狀突起,發(fā)生SFMC時(shí),有時(shí)骨折線靠近髁突內(nèi)極,其內(nèi)側(cè)移位的骨折段則是一微小的骨塊,當(dāng)使用兩個(gè)螺釘髓內(nèi)固定或是使用兩個(gè)鈦板髓外固定時(shí),一方面微小的骨折段安放鈦板或螺釘常顯得空間不足,另一方面反復(fù)多個(gè)鉆孔有導(dǎo)致骨折段破碎的可能。筆者也曾使用兩個(gè)長螺釘固定SFMC骨折段,在操作過程中常發(fā)生骨折段破碎的現(xiàn)象。綜上所述,SFMC現(xiàn)有的固定方式均存在一定的缺陷,本文所采用的髓內(nèi)和髓外雙重內(nèi)固定有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)。1)抗旋轉(zhuǎn)作用。髓內(nèi)髓外聯(lián)合雙重固定,特別是固定裝置的十字交叉安放,具有抗旋轉(zhuǎn)作用,避免了單一長螺釘髓內(nèi)固定出現(xiàn)術(shù)后骨折段旋轉(zhuǎn)移位的可能性。2)固定件分配空間合理,髓內(nèi)髓外雙重固定合理地分配了固定件占用的空間,互不干擾,特別適合那些內(nèi)側(cè)移位的小骨折段固定。
SFMC內(nèi)固定方式目前尚不統(tǒng)一,其治療方案的選擇也是從爭議走向趨同的過程。由于SFMC容易導(dǎo)致顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直,故其治療方案的選擇備受關(guān)注[4,9,12-15]。近年來的公開資料越來越多地傾向于對(duì)成人SFMC選擇外科開放復(fù)位內(nèi)固定,兒童的SFMC選擇保守治療方案[16-18]。He等[13-14]通過回顧性調(diào)查分析發(fā)現(xiàn),SFMC伴發(fā)下頜他處骨折可因下頜弓外展而擴(kuò)大,髁突外極或髁突的殘端向外上移位而抵觸顴弓發(fā)生粘連,形成關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直。Duan等[4]通過分析CT及MRI資料顯示,關(guān)節(jié)盤的受損或移位與SFMC的創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直高度相關(guān),這是因?yàn)楣钦鄱位蝼镣煌鈽O殘端與顳骨關(guān)節(jié)面間失去正常阻隔結(jié)構(gòu)而直接相抵,從而誘發(fā)關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直。Meng等[19]于2009年提出翼外肌牽張成骨假說,解釋翼外肌在創(chuàng)傷性顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直發(fā)生中的作用。該假說認(rèn)為,翼外肌的動(dòng)力牽拉使得骨折段和髁突殘端間的間隙漸進(jìn)性成骨,大量的成骨和周邊結(jié)構(gòu)的融合導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直,其骨生成機(jī)制和牽張成骨類似。這一假說已被動(dòng)物模型所證實(shí)[20-21]。綜上所述,伴隨著對(duì)創(chuàng)傷性顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)直發(fā)生機(jī)制的理解深化,SFMC治療方案的選擇也在發(fā)生變化,外科精準(zhǔn)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)逐漸成為被廣泛認(rèn)同的方案。
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(本文編輯 吳愛華)
Extramedullary fixation combined with intramedullary fixation in the surgical reduction of sagittal mandibular condylar fractures
Chen Chuanjun1, Chen Xiaoyang2, Chen Jing3.
(1. Stomatological School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China; 2. Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China; 3. Dept. of Stomatology, Anhui Jimin Tumor Hospital, Hefei 230011, China)
Supported by: National Natural Science Foundation of China (815500037). Correspondence: Chen Chuanjun, E-mail: ccj6318 @sina.com.
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of extramedullary fixation combined with intramedullary fixation during the surgical reduction of sagittal mandibular condylar fractures. Methods Twenty-four sagittal fractures of the mandibular condyle in18 patients were fixed by two appliances: intramedullary with one long-screw osteosynthesis or Kirschner wire and extramedullary with one micro-plate. The radiologically-recorded post-operative stability-associated complications included the screw/micro-plate loosening, micro-plate twisting, micro-plate fractures, and fragment rotation. The occluding relations, the maximalinter-incisal distances upon mouth opening, and the mandibular deflection upon mouth opening were evaluated based on follow-up clinical examination. Results Postoperative panoramic X-ray and CT scans showed good repositioning of the fragment, with no redislocation or rotation, no screw/plate loosening, and no plate-twisting or fracture. Clinical examination showed that all patients regained normal mandibular movements, ideal occlusion, and normal maximal inter-incisal distances upon mouth opening. Conclusion Extramedullary fixation combined with intramedullary fixation is highly recommended for sagittal condylar fractures because of the anti-rotation effect of the fragment and the reasonable placement of the fixation appliances.
sagittal condylar fracture; rigid internal fixation; intramedullary fixation; extramedullary fixation
R 782.4
A [doi] 10.7518/hxkq.2016.05.008
2016-05-23;
2016-07-24
國家自然科學(xué)基金(815500037)
陳傳俊,教授,博士,E-mail:ccj6318@sina.com
陳傳俊,教授,博士,E-mail:ccj6318@sina.com