張莉 李亞東 陳晨 李凌佳 謝玉燕 劉彤云 寸韡
650000昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院皮膚科(張莉、李凌佳、謝玉燕、劉彤云);中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 醫(yī)學(xué)生物學(xué)研究所(李亞東、陳晨、寸韡)
shRNA沉默神經(jīng)導(dǎo)向分子5A基因?qū)375細(xì)胞系增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲能力的影響
張莉 李亞東 陳晨 李凌佳 謝玉燕 劉彤云 寸韡
650000昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院皮膚科(張莉、李凌佳、謝玉燕、劉彤云);中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 醫(yī)學(xué)生物學(xué)研究所(李亞東、陳晨、寸韡)
目的探討慢病毒介導(dǎo)短發(fā)夾RNA(shRNA)沉默神經(jīng)導(dǎo)向分子5A(Semaphorin 5A)基因?qū)盒院谒亓鯝375細(xì)胞系生物活性的影響。方法針對Semaphorin 5A設(shè)計2對shRNA引物及1對陰性對照引物,構(gòu)建慢病毒載體,轉(zhuǎn)染至人胚腎上皮HEK293T細(xì)胞系收獲慢病毒,利用慢病毒感染A?375細(xì)胞系并通過嘌呤霉素篩選,成功獲得穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞系,實驗分為實驗組細(xì)胞(A375?shRNA1和A375?shRNA2)、陰性對照組細(xì)胞(A375?con)及空白對照組細(xì)胞(A375)。通過反轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR(RT?PCR)、Western印跡比較實驗組細(xì)胞、陰性對照組細(xì)胞及空白對照組細(xì)胞Semaphorin 5A mRNA、蛋白表達(dá)水平的差異。噻唑藍(lán)(MTT)檢測細(xì)胞生長情況;侵襲試驗及劃痕試驗比較轉(zhuǎn)染前后細(xì)胞的侵襲運動能力。結(jié)果Semaphorin 5A成功轉(zhuǎn)染A375細(xì)胞后,經(jīng)嘌呤霉素篩選,成功獲得穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染實驗組A375?shRNA2細(xì)胞系及對照組A375?con。反轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR及Western印跡檢測,干擾后實驗組A375?shRNA2較對照組A375?con、A375 Semaphorin 5A的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平及蛋白表達(dá)水平表達(dá)下調(diào)。MTT實驗結(jié)果顯示,A375?con與A375細(xì)胞生長差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),A375?shRNA2細(xì)胞生長明顯減慢,與A375和A375?con比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。劃痕實驗結(jié)果顯示,A375?shRNA2劃痕處細(xì)胞無明顯遷移,劃痕未得到修復(fù),而A375及A375?con劃痕處細(xì)胞最終幾乎將劃痕覆蓋。侵襲實驗結(jié)果顯示,A375組與A375?con組穿過的細(xì)胞數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而A375?shRNA2通過小室的細(xì)胞明顯少于A375及A375?con組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論慢病毒介導(dǎo)shRNA沉默Semaphorin 5A基因能使A375中的Semaphorin 5A有效下調(diào),并抑制細(xì)胞的生長,降低細(xì)胞的侵襲以及運動能力。
黑色素瘤;Semaphorin 5A;慢病毒屬;RNA,小分子干擾;腫瘤侵潤
神經(jīng)導(dǎo)向分子5A(Semaphorin 5A)基因是Semaphorins家族成員,最初發(fā)現(xiàn)與中樞神經(jīng)發(fā)育過程相關(guān),之后研究發(fā)現(xiàn),該基因在胃癌、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤、胰腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌以及黑素瘤中高表達(dá),Semaphorin 5A可能與腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移和預(yù)后相關(guān)[1?5]。Woodhouse等[6]用 Western 印跡法在人黑素瘤細(xì)胞A2058的膜提取物中檢測到Semaphorin 5A的表達(dá),但該基因的表達(dá)是否影響腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移,尚待研究。我們擬在人惡性黑素瘤(MM)細(xì)胞株A375中觀察Semaphorin 5A的表達(dá)水平,并通過shRNA沉默Semaphorin 5A來探討Semaphorin 5A是否影響黑素瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。
HEK293T細(xì)胞和人MM細(xì)胞系A(chǔ)375為本實驗室保存。南美胎牛血清、DMEM培養(yǎng)基(美國Hyclone公司);慢病毒載體 pLKO.1?Puro(美國Addgene公司);Trizol總RNA提取試劑盒及PCR擴增試劑盒(大連寶生物工程有限公司),反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(美國Thermo公司);Lipofectamine3000脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染試劑(美國Invitrogen公司);pEGFPN2質(zhì)粒(美國Clontech公司);BAC蛋白定量試劑盒(美國Thermo公司);Semaphorin 5A蛋白多克隆抗體、β肌動蛋白單克隆抗體(美國Abcam公司),辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔二抗(上海圣克魯斯生物技術(shù)有限公司)、羊抗鼠二抗(美國Thermo Pierce公司),化學(xué)發(fā)光底物(Thermo Pierce);嘌呤霉素、噻唑藍(lán)(MTT)、二甲基亞砜(DMSO)(北京索萊寶科技有限公司),Matrigel基質(zhì)膠室(BD BiocoatTM)。
表1 引物名稱及對應(yīng)序列
1.細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):細(xì)胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng)在含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基中,于37℃,5%CO2孵育箱中培養(yǎng),每隔2~3 d采用0.25%胰酶將貼壁生長的細(xì)胞消化后傳代培養(yǎng)。
2.慢病毒載體構(gòu)建:根據(jù)Semaphorin 5A序列(基因庫登錄號NM_003966.2)設(shè)計2組shRNA引物P1、P2、P3、P4及1組陰性對照Control引物P5、P6(表1),由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。2條引物之間退火配對形成雙鏈,慢病毒載體pLKO.1?Puro采用AgeI/EcoRI雙酶切,分別與退火形成雙鏈的shRNA干擾序列、Control序列連接,獲得攜帶Semaphorin 5A干擾序列、對照序列的慢病毒質(zhì)粒。構(gòu)建好的攜帶干擾序列(shRNA1和shRNA2)及對照序列(Control)的質(zhì)粒采用Lipofectamine3000脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染試劑轉(zhuǎn)染至HEK293T細(xì)胞獲得慢病毒。同時設(shè)立不含有任何干擾或?qū)φ招蛄锌蛰d體對照組(Mock對照組)檢測轉(zhuǎn)染試劑的細(xì)胞毒性,轉(zhuǎn)染pEGFPN2質(zhì)粒48 h后觀察綠色熒光檢測轉(zhuǎn)染效率。
3.嘌呤霉素濃度確定:將A375細(xì)胞按照5×105/孔傳至24孔板,第2天分別加入0、0.1、0.5、1、5、10 mg/L嘌呤霉素,每個梯度4孔,連續(xù)3 d觀察細(xì)胞生長狀況,確定嘌呤霉素最佳使用濃度。
4.穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞系建立:收獲攜帶干擾序列、陰性對照序列及空載體對照組的慢病毒感染A375細(xì)胞,在培養(yǎng)基中加入適當(dāng)濃度的嘌呤霉素篩選被慢病毒感染并整合的細(xì)胞,從而建立攜帶Semaphorin 5A干擾序列及對照序列的A375穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞系。為方便后續(xù)實驗,將未做處理的空白對照組記為A375,陰性對照組記為A375?con,Semaphorin 5A轉(zhuǎn)染組記為 A375?shRNA1、A375?shRNA2。因攜帶shRNA1的A375?shRNA1細(xì)胞大量死亡,幾乎無法存活,而攜帶shRNA2的A375?shRNA2細(xì)胞系雖然生長受到明顯抑制,但仍可繼續(xù)生長,因此選取穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞系A(chǔ)375?shRNA2、陰性對照組A375?con以及空白對照組A375進行傳代培養(yǎng)用于后續(xù)實驗研究,每次傳代均加入嘌呤霉素進行篩選。
5.RT?PCR檢測轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞系Semaphorin 5A mRNA情況:收集A375及A375?shRNA2、A375?con 3組細(xì)胞,采用Trizol法按照說明書步驟提取細(xì)胞RNA,用反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒以胸腺嘧啶組成的核苷酸鏈Oligo(dT)為引物,按照說明書進行反轉(zhuǎn)錄獲得cDNA,采用Semaphorin 5A上下游引物P7、P8;β肌動蛋白上下游引物 P9、P10[7](表 1)分別 PCR 擴增Semaphorin 5A基因、內(nèi)參β肌動蛋白基因序列,驗證Semaphorin 5A基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄是否被干擾,反應(yīng)條件參照文獻[7],引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
6.Western印跡檢測Semaphorin 5A蛋白表達(dá):收集A375及A375?shRNA2、A375?con 3組細(xì)胞,采用RIPA裂解液裂解細(xì)胞,收集上清,BAC法測定裂解液總蛋白濃度,采用Semaphorin 5A蛋白多克隆抗體、人β肌動蛋白單克隆抗體及辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔二抗、羊抗鼠二抗進行Western印跡進一步檢測蛋白表達(dá)情況。
7.MTT實驗檢測細(xì)胞生長能力:胰酶消化對數(shù)生長期A375及A375?shRNA2、A375?con 3組細(xì)胞并計數(shù),按照2 000個/孔鋪板于5塊96孔板中,每塊板每種細(xì)胞設(shè)定8個復(fù)孔,37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中常規(guī)培養(yǎng)。分別于24、48、72、96、120 h在96孔板加入5 g/L MTT 20 μl,繼續(xù)37 ℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)4 h。小心吸棄上清,每孔加入150 μl DMSO,搖床搖動10 min,使結(jié)晶充分溶解,在酶標(biāo)儀上測定各孔490 nm吸光度,繪制細(xì)胞生長曲線。
8.劃痕實驗比較細(xì)胞遷移能力:在6孔板背面用直尺均勻劃5條橫線,消化對數(shù)生長期A375及A375?shRNA2、A375?con 3組細(xì)胞并計數(shù),按照1.5 × 106/孔傳至6孔板,每種細(xì)胞2孔,于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)16 h,細(xì)胞長滿后,用200 μl滅菌吸頭按照垂直板背后劃線的垂直方向劃痕,每孔劃痕3條,PBS洗2次,以除去脫落細(xì)胞,換無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。每孔選取3個劃痕與板背面劃線交點,分別于劃痕0、24、72 h換新鮮無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基并拍照(×100),沿細(xì)胞劃痕區(qū)外緣繪制水平線,測量出0、24、72 h水平線間的垂直距離,比較不同細(xì)胞的遷移能力。
9.侵襲實驗比較細(xì)胞侵襲能力:將9個Transwell小室放于24孔板內(nèi),Matrigel基質(zhì)膠從-20℃冰箱取出,冰上融化,稀釋至1 g/L后按照50 μl/孔包被Transwell小室底部。每個小室上室加入200 μl無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基,下室加入500 μl含10%FBS的DMEM完全培養(yǎng)基。消化對數(shù)生長期A375及A375?shRNA2、A375?con 3組細(xì)胞,500 ×g離心5 min,采用無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基重懸細(xì)胞并計數(shù),吸棄上室內(nèi)DMEM培養(yǎng)基,按照1×105/200 μl/孔加入小室上室,于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h。棄上室培養(yǎng)基,用濕棉簽輕輕擦去膜上未穿過膜的細(xì)胞,4%甲醛固定10 min,PBS洗2次,結(jié)晶紫染色10 min,PBS洗2次,顯微鏡下觀察穿過膜的細(xì)胞并隨機選取5個視野計數(shù)(×100)。
10.統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法:計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用x±s表示,組間均數(shù)比較使用方差分析(ANOVA)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
加入嘌呤霉素后第2天A375細(xì)胞開始死亡,2 d后未加嘌呤霉素的細(xì)胞基本無死亡,加入0.1、0.5 mg/L嘌呤霉素的細(xì)胞不同程度死亡,但仍有存活細(xì)胞并增殖,加入1、5、10 mg/L嘌呤霉素的細(xì)胞全部死亡,因此確定嘌呤霉素最佳濃度為1 mg/L。
將帶有干擾序列、對照序列的慢病毒載體及不含有任何干擾或?qū)φ招蛄蠱ock對照組轉(zhuǎn)染至HEK293T細(xì)胞12、24、48、72 h后,各組細(xì)胞無明顯死亡,轉(zhuǎn)染pEGFPN2質(zhì)粒組能觀察到熒光蛋白表達(dá),且表達(dá)熒光蛋白的細(xì)胞約占總細(xì)胞的80%,轉(zhuǎn)染效率能夠滿足本實驗研究。于轉(zhuǎn)染后72 h收獲含有慢病毒的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液,分別用慢病毒感染生長狀態(tài)良好的A375,第2天加入1 mg/L嘌呤霉素。培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞72 h后,空白對照組與A375?con細(xì)胞生長狀態(tài)正常,兩者差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;而A375?shRNA1和A375?shRNA2細(xì)胞生長受到明顯抑制,尤其攜帶shRNA1的細(xì)胞無存活細(xì)胞,A375?shRNA2細(xì)胞雖有明顯抑制,但仍有細(xì)胞生長且可以穩(wěn)定傳代(圖1)。因此,選擇空白對照組、A375?con及A375?shRNA2進行后期試驗。
1.RT?PCR檢測干擾后Semaphorin5A基因轉(zhuǎn)錄情況:結(jié)果顯示(圖2),3組細(xì)胞β肌動蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄正常,A375及A375?con可正常轉(zhuǎn)錄Semaphorin 5A基因,但A375?shRNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄明顯受到抑制。
2.Western印跡檢測干擾后Semaphorin 5A蛋白表達(dá)情況:3組細(xì)胞β肌動蛋白表達(dá)無明顯差異,A375?shRNA2相 較 于 A375、A375?con中 的Semaphorin 5A蛋白表達(dá)明顯降低(圖3)。
同一細(xì)胞同一時間點不同復(fù)孔之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),A375?con與A375細(xì)胞生長無明顯差別(P> 0.05);A375?shRNA2細(xì)胞生長速度明顯減慢,與A375和A375?con相比差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖4。
常規(guī)培養(yǎng)72 h后,A375?shRNA2劃痕處的細(xì)胞向劃痕區(qū)域遷移相對距離較小,劃痕未得到修復(fù),而A375及A375?con劃痕處的細(xì)胞逐漸向劃痕區(qū)域中間遷移,最終幾乎將劃痕覆蓋。A375?shRNA2較A375、A375?con細(xì)胞遷移的相對距離明顯縮短,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而A375和A375?con細(xì)胞差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見圖5。
微孔膜下層細(xì)胞計數(shù)結(jié)果顯示,A375、A375?con穿過的細(xì)胞數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而A375?shRNA2通過小室的細(xì)胞明顯比A375及A375?con通過小室的細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少(P<0.05),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(圖5)。
Semaphorin 5A是Semaphorins家族的一員,其N端含有一個高度保守的、富含半胱氨酸殘基的“sema”域[8],并擁有一特征性結(jié)構(gòu)域“TSP?1”,即在胞膜外含有7個1型血小板反應(yīng)素(thrombospondin?1,TSP?1)重復(fù)序列[9]。目前研究資料已經(jīng)證實,TSP?1是TGF?β1的重要激活物[10],TGF?β1在人類多種腫瘤中高表達(dá),并且其表達(dá)水平與腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān),與患者的預(yù)后呈負(fù)相關(guān)[11?14]。Kolodkin等[8]采用Western印跡方法在人類黑素瘤細(xì)胞A2058的膜提取物中檢測到Semaphorin 5A的表達(dá)。我們預(yù)實驗采用免疫組化方法發(fā)現(xiàn),MM組織標(biāo)本中有Semaphorin 5A的表達(dá)。本實驗證實,人MM細(xì)胞株A375存在Semaphorin 5A表達(dá),與Elisa等結(jié)果一致。
圖1 同等培養(yǎng)條件下,慢病毒感染A375 72 h后細(xì)胞生長狀態(tài)(×100) 1A:空白對照組A375細(xì)胞生長正常;1B:陰性對照組A375?con細(xì)胞生長正常;1C:實驗組A375?shRNA1細(xì)胞生長受到明顯抑制,大量死亡,幾乎不能生長;1D:實驗組A375?shRNA2細(xì)胞生長受到抑制,但可以繼續(xù)生長
圖2 不同處理組A375細(xì)胞β肌動蛋白及Semaphorin 5A的RT?PCR檢測 1:空白對照組A375;2:陰性對照組 A375?Con;3:實驗組A375?shRNA2
圖3 不同處理組A375細(xì)胞Western印跡檢測β肌動蛋白及Semaphorin 5A蛋白表達(dá) 1:空白對照組A375;2:陰性對照組A375?Con;3:實驗組A375?shRNA2
圖4 MTT法檢測各組A375細(xì)胞不同時間點490 nm吸光度(A值) A375?shRNA2細(xì)胞生長速度明顯減慢
圖5 不同處理組A375遷移能力及細(xì)胞侵襲實驗穿過Transwell小室細(xì)胞數(shù)比較
RNA干擾技術(shù)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為研究基因功能的有效方法,本實驗通過構(gòu)建慢病毒載體并成功感染A375細(xì)胞后得到 A375?shRNA2。RT?PCR 及Western印跡檢測到A375?shRNA2較陰性對照組A375?con和空白對照組A375的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平及蛋白表達(dá)水平表達(dá)下調(diào),提示慢病毒介導(dǎo)shRNA在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平及蛋白水平有效抑制Semaphorin 5A在A375的表達(dá),進一步驗證穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞系內(nèi)Semaphorin 5A的表達(dá)被沉默。MTT實驗中,A375?shRNA2較對照組A375?con及A375的生長曲線明顯下移,證實Semaphorin 5A可促進黑素瘤細(xì)胞的生長,沉默Semaphorin 5A后A375?shRNA2生長受到抑制。而細(xì)胞侵襲實驗與劃痕實驗提示,與A375?con、A375相比,A375?shRNA2侵襲能力及運動能力受到明顯抑制。這些結(jié)果提示,慢病毒介導(dǎo)shRNA沉默Semaphorin 5A基因能使A375中的Semaphorin 5A有效下調(diào),并可抑制細(xì)胞的生長,降低細(xì)胞的侵襲以及運動能力。
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Effects of short hairpin RNA?mediated semaphorin 5A gene silencing on proliferation,metastasis and invasion of malignant melanoma cell line A375
Zhang Li,Li Yadong,Chen Chen,Li Lingjia,Xie Yuyan,Liu Tongyun,Cun Wei
Department of Dermatology,First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,Kunming 650000,China(Zhang L,Li LJ,Xie YY,Liu TY);Institute of Medical Biology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Kunming 650031,China(Li YD,Chen C,Cun W)
ObjectiveTo study the effects of semaphorin 5A(SEMA5A)gene silencing by lentivirus?mediated short hairpin RNA(shRNA)on biological activity of malignant melanoma cell line A375.MethodsTwo pairs of interference sequences for SEMA5A gene(shRNA1 and A375?shRNA2)and a pair of control interference sequences were designed to build lentiviral vectors,which were then transfected into HEK293T cells to gain lentivirus.A375 cells were divided into three groups:experimental group(A375?shRNA1 and A375?shRNA2 cells)transfected with the lentivirus containing shRNA1 or shRNA2,negative control group(A375?con cells)transfected with that containing the control shRNA,and blank control group(A375 cells)receiving no transfection.The A375 cells with stable knockdown of SEMA5A gene expression were screened by puromycin.Subsequently,reverse transcription?PCR and Western?blot analysis were performed to detect mRNA and protein expressions of Semaphorin 5A in these cells,and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)assay was applied to evaluate the growth of cells.The scratch assay and invasion assay were conducted to estimate migration and invasion ability of cells.ResultsThe lentivirus containing the SEMA5A?targeting shRNAs or control shRNA was successfully transfected into A375 cells,and stably transfected cells were gained after puromycin selection.The expressions of semaphorin 5A mRNA and protein in the A375?shRNA2 cells were significantly reduced compared with those in the A375?con and A375 cells(allP< 0.05).MTT assay showed that the growth of A375?shRNA2 cells was significantly slower than that of A375?con and A375 cells(bothP<0.05),while there was no significant difference in the growth rate between A375?con and A375 cells(P> 0.05).The scratch assay showed that there was no obvious cell migration into the scratch in the experiment group,whereas the scratch was almost covered by cells in the negative control group and blank control group.The invasion assay showed that the number of A375?shRNA2 cells passing through the Transwell chamber was significantly smaller than that of A375 and A375?con cells(bothP< 0.05),while there was no significant difference between that of A375 and A375?con cells(P> 0.05).ConclusionThe silencing of SEMA5A gene by lentivirus?mediated shRNA could effectively down?regulate the expression of semaphorin 5A,and inhibit the growth,invasion and migration of A375 cells.
Melanoma;Semaphorin 5A;Lentivirus;RNA,small interfering;Neoplasm invasiveness
s:Liu Tongyun,Email:tongyun91@126.com;Cun Wei,Email:cunwei@foxmail.com
劉彤云,Email:tongyun91@126.com;寸韡,Email:cunwei@foxmail.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412?4030.2016.08.011
云南省科技廳-昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究聯(lián)合專項(2013FB138)
Fund program:Basic and Applied Research Programs of the Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province?Kunming Medical University(2013FB138)
2015?10?19)
(本文編輯:吳曉初)