王鴻超,何 芳,劉金明*,謝亞囡,李 芳,王文素
(1.河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,河北 石家莊 050000;2.河北省威縣中醫(yī)院內(nèi)科,河北 邢臺(tái) 054700;3.河北省保定市第三中心醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,河北 保定 071000)
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·論著·
冠心病合并慢性腎病患者應(yīng)用重組人腦利鈉肽預(yù)防造影劑加重腎臟損害的機(jī)制研究
王鴻超1,何芳2,劉金明1*,謝亞囡1,李芳1,王文素3
(1.河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,河北 石家莊 050000;2.河北省威縣中醫(yī)院內(nèi)科,河北 邢臺(tái) 054700;3.河北省保定市第三中心醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,河北 保定 071000)
目的探討合并中度慢性腎功能不全的不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者在接受冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(coronary angiography,CAG)及非急診經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)時(shí),重組人腦利鈉肽(recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide,rhBNP)對造影劑腎病(contrast-induced nephropathy,CIN)的預(yù)防作用。方法將209例入選患者隨機(jī)分為:水化組(103例)于術(shù)前12 h至術(shù)后12 h給予0.9%氯化鈉1.0 mL·kg-1·h-1靜脈滴注;rhBNP組(106例)于術(shù)前24 h給予低劑量rhBNP(0.005 μg·kg-1·min-1)靜脈滴注。分別于術(shù)前和術(shù)后24 h、48 h、1周 、1個(gè)月測定胱抑素C(Cystatin C,Cys C)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、腎小球?yàn)V過率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)等指標(biāo)。并于術(shù)前、術(shù)后24 h檢測血清腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)和醛固酮(aldosterone,ALD)。主要終點(diǎn)為CIN發(fā)生率,次要終點(diǎn)觀察Cys C、SCr、 eGFR及TNF-α、ALD手術(shù)前后的變化。結(jié)果rhBNP組CIN發(fā)生率8.5%顯著低于水化組的23.3%(P<0.01),無論是行CAG還是PCI(均P<0.05)。2組Cys C均于術(shù)后24 h升高達(dá)峰值,術(shù)后1個(gè)月恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平,但rhBNP組升高幅度比水化組小。2組SCr及eGFR均于術(shù)后24h開始升高或下降:水化組SCr及eGFR于術(shù)后1周達(dá)到最大變化值,1個(gè)月恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平;而rhBNP組于術(shù)后48 h達(dá)到最大變化值,1周恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平,且SCr及eGFR變化幅度更小。2組術(shù)后TNF-α和ALD較術(shù)前均有明顯升高(P<0.05),水化組升高更明顯(P<0.05)。結(jié)論于CAG或非急診PCI術(shù)前使用低劑量rhBNP預(yù)防CIN安全、有效,其效果優(yōu)于水化治療。rhBNP能減輕腎功能損傷程度,并且縮短腎功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間。rhBNP預(yù)防CIN的作用可能是通過抑制炎癥反應(yīng)和腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)的機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
腎病;冠狀血管造影術(shù);利鈉肽doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2016.10.009
造影劑腎病(contrast-induced nephropathy,CIN)是冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(coronary angiography,CAG)及經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)中一個(gè)重要的并發(fā)癥,是急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury,AKI)的重要原因。CIN的發(fā)生,可以導(dǎo)致住院時(shí)間延長,增加腎臟及心血管事件的發(fā)生率,增加透析及病死率[1-2]。多種內(nèi)源性及外源性危險(xiǎn)因素影響著CIN的發(fā)生,包括基礎(chǔ)的腎功能不全、低血壓、心力衰竭、糖尿病、高齡、貧血、造影劑的數(shù)量和類型等[3-7],這些因素中,基礎(chǔ)腎功能不全是最重要的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因子之一。PCI術(shù)后急性腎功能不全的發(fā)病率從2%(基礎(chǔ)腎功能正常)波動(dòng)至20%~30%(術(shù)前肌酐>176 μmol/L或20 mg/L)。所以,對于那些合并慢性腎臟疾病(chronic kidney diseases,CKD)的不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者來說,積極預(yù)防性保護(hù)腎功能是至關(guān)重要的[8-9]。重組人腦利鈉肽(recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide,rhBNP)能改善CAG及PCI圍手術(shù)期的腎功能,被認(rèn)為是預(yù)防CIN極有前景的藥物。臨床上習(xí)慣應(yīng)用水化療法預(yù)防CIN的發(fā)生[10]。目前已有研究表明,術(shù)前使用低劑量rhBNP對預(yù)防CIN有效,其效果優(yōu)于水化治療;而且即使發(fā)生CIN,rhBNP也能減輕腎功能損傷程度,并且縮短腎功能恢復(fù)正常的時(shí)間[11]。在預(yù)防合并CKD的不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者的CIN方面,rhBNP是否同樣安全、有效尚未見報(bào)道。本研究探討rhBNP對合并中度CKD的不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者CIN的預(yù)防作用,旨在為提出預(yù)防高?;颊逤IN的新方法提供臨床依據(jù)。
1.1一般資料選擇2012年10月—2015年10月于河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科住院、年齡18~80歲、擬行CAG或非急診PCI合并中度CKD的不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者209例。隨機(jī)分為:水化組103例,男性71例,女性32例,年齡52~75歲,平均(67.6±6.8)歲;rhBNP組106例,男性73例,女性33例,年齡51~76歲,平均(68.1±7.2)歲。
本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有入選患者均為自愿,并且簽署知情同意書。
1.2相關(guān)定義和計(jì)算公式
1.2.1CINCIN是指應(yīng)用造影劑后48 h內(nèi)出現(xiàn)血肌酐上升,相對值超過基礎(chǔ)值的25%或絕對值超過基礎(chǔ)值5 mg/L(44 μmol/L)。
1.2.2腎小球?yàn)V過率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)計(jì)算公式eGFR=186.3(血清肌酐)-1.154(年齡)-0.203(女性:×0.742)。
1.2.3中度腎功能不全分期中度腎功能不全分期采用美國國家腎臟病基金會(huì)的《腎臟病生存質(zhì)量指導(dǎo)》(K/DOQI)分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),CKD3期為中度腎功能不全:eGFR為30~59 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1。
1.3方法水化組于CAG或非急診PCI術(shù)前12 h至術(shù)后12 h給予0.9%氯化鈉1.0 mL·kg-1·h-1靜脈滴注;rhBNP組于CAG或非急診PCI術(shù)前24 h給予低劑量rhBNP(0.005 μg·kg-1·min-1)靜脈滴注。所有患者于術(shù)前及術(shù)后24 h、48 h、1周、1個(gè)月檢測胱抑素C(Cystatin C,Cys C)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)及eGFR,評(píng)估2組CIN的發(fā)生率及CAG或非急診PCI術(shù)前后腎功能的變化情況。并觀察術(shù)前、術(shù)后24 h血清腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)和醛固酮(aldosterone,ALD)變化情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料比較分別采用獨(dú)立樣本的t檢驗(yàn)、配對t檢驗(yàn)和重復(fù)測量的方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.12組CIN發(fā)病率比較rhBNP組CIN發(fā)生率顯著低于水化組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。行CAG和PCI的患者中,rhBNP組CIN發(fā)生率均顯著低于水化組(P<0.05)。見表1。
表1 2組術(shù)后CIN發(fā)病率比較Table 1 Comparison of incidence of CIN between rhBNP group and hydration group B in patients undergoing CAG or PCI (例數(shù),%)
2.22組術(shù)前、術(shù)后腎功能變化情況2組Cys C和SCr均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的趨勢,eGFR則呈先降低后升高的趨勢。2組Cys C水平均于術(shù)后24 h達(dá)高峰,術(shù)后48 h逐漸回落,術(shù)后1個(gè)月恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平,但rhBNP組升高幅度比水化組小。2組SCr水平均于術(shù)后24 h逐漸升高,水化組高峰在術(shù)后1周,術(shù)后1個(gè)月降至術(shù)前水平,rhBNP組高峰在術(shù)后48 h,術(shù)后1周降至術(shù)前水平;2組eGFR水平均于術(shù)后24 h逐漸下降,水化組谷底在術(shù)后1周,術(shù)后1個(gè)月升至術(shù)前水平,rhBNP組谷底在術(shù)后48 h,術(shù)后1周升至術(shù)前水平;rhBNP組SCr升高幅度及eGFR下降幅度更小。2組Cys C、SCr和eGFR組間、時(shí)點(diǎn)間、組間·時(shí)點(diǎn)間交互作用差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
表22組手術(shù)前后腎功能變化比較
Table 2Change of renal function before and after the procedure between the two groups
組別例數(shù)CysC(mg/L)術(shù)前術(shù)后24h術(shù)后48h術(shù)后1周術(shù)后1個(gè)月水化組1031.98±0.363.48±0.443.12±0.942.64±0.822.01±0.26rhBNP組1061.92±0.223.28±0.312.63±0.292.12±0.241.91±0.20組間F=11.564 P=0.007時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=14.892 P=0.000組間·時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=13.354 P=0.000組別例數(shù)SCr(μmol/L)術(shù)前術(shù)后24h術(shù)后48h術(shù)后1周術(shù)后1個(gè)月水化組103120.5±14.7137.4±14.1151.2±15.9159.7±13.8129.6±14.6rhBNP組106117.2±13.1133.2±14.1140.1±13.9123.8±14.4120.7±15.1組間F=12.312 P=0.034時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=15.534 P=0.018組間·時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=16.985 P=0.016
表2 (續(xù))
2.3 2組術(shù)前、術(shù)后24 h TNF-α和ALD變化2組術(shù)前TNF-α和ALD水平差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);2組術(shù)后24 h TNF-α和ALD均較術(shù)前明顯升高(P<0.05),術(shù)后24 h水化組TNF-α和ALD 水平高于rhBNP組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見表3。
表32組手術(shù)前后TNF-α和ALD變化比較
組別 例數(shù)TNF-α術(shù)前術(shù)后24hALD術(shù)前術(shù)后24h水化組103384.2±92.3662.6±102.4*154.1±40.7232.4±47.9*rhBNP組106393.7±93.8512.5±118.6*148.8±36.3188.5±41.4* t0.5043.2940.4963.532 P0.5960.0020.6230.001
*P<0.01與術(shù)前比較(配對t檢驗(yàn))
隨著造影劑的廣泛應(yīng)用,CIN已成為醫(yī)院獲得AKI的第三大原因,僅次于腎灌注不足和腎毒性藥物引起的AKI,占全部醫(yī)院獲得性腎衰竭的11%[12-13]。CIN的病理生理機(jī)制極其復(fù)雜,且尚不完全明確,目前研究其發(fā)生可能與以下因素有關(guān):內(nèi)源性縮血管物質(zhì)如腺苷及內(nèi)皮素釋放增多、腎血管的收縮、造影劑的直接毒性作用、氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥和腎小管阻塞等;此外,造影劑產(chǎn)生的高滲透性可能損害腎小管細(xì)胞的運(yùn)輸功能及能量代謝[14-17]。多種危險(xiǎn)因素可以導(dǎo)致CIN的發(fā)生,大量研究表明CKD是患者腎功能惡化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[18-19]。CKD患者由于各種病理改變使得有效腎單位明顯減少,腎臟的代償能力明顯減弱,輕微的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變或腎臟損傷因素的作用,如造影劑的使用會(huì)使GFR進(jìn)一步下降,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致發(fā)生CIN。CIN中國專家共識(shí)指出,女性SCr水平≥10 mg/L、男性SCr水平≥13 mg/L時(shí)CIN的危險(xiǎn)增加。CKD3、4、5 期患者及eGFR<4 5 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1的患者使用造影劑后CIN的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加。因此,對于基礎(chǔ)腎功能不全的患者,預(yù)防CIN的發(fā)生,就顯得尤為重要。
rhBNP已經(jīng)被證實(shí)對腎功能有多種保護(hù)作用。腎臟暴露于造影劑后,會(huì)導(dǎo)致腎臟血流一過性增加,之后由于造影劑的直接收縮血管作用,腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)、交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)被激活,內(nèi)源性縮血管物質(zhì)腺苷、內(nèi)皮素分泌增加,導(dǎo)致腎臟血管收縮,腎血流減少,進(jìn)而損傷腎功能。而rhBNP恰恰可以抑制腎和腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)、交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的激活,同時(shí)抑制內(nèi)皮素釋放。rhBNP還可以通過擴(kuò)張入球小動(dòng)脈、收縮出球小動(dòng)脈,進(jìn)而增加腎血流和eGFR。此外,BNP還可能減小對造影劑介導(dǎo)的組織缺血損傷的程度[20]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,合并中度CKD的不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者于CAG或非急診PCI術(shù)前預(yù)防性使用rhBNP,術(shù)后24 h及48 h,eGFR較水化組更高,而Cys C及SCr較水化組更低;CIN的發(fā)病率明顯下降。
腎臟暴露于造影劑后,SCr值在24~48 h開始上升,3~5 d達(dá)峰值,7~10 d回到術(shù)前水平。然而,對于腎功能不全的患者,SCr值會(huì)出現(xiàn)達(dá)峰延遲,于術(shù)后7~21 d達(dá)峰[21]。Cys C是除血清SCr之外的一個(gè)新的反映eGFR變化的內(nèi)源性標(biāo)志物,影響因素少,其血清水平主要由eGFR決定,用其反映腎功能變化的敏感度較高[22]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,2組Cys C水平均于術(shù)后24 h達(dá)峰,術(shù)后1個(gè)月恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平,但rhBNP組較水化組的變化相對不明顯;水化組SCr及eGFR均于術(shù)后1周達(dá)到最大變化值,1個(gè)月左右逐漸恢復(fù);而rhBNP組于術(shù)后48 h達(dá)到最大變化值后即開始恢復(fù),1周左右即逐漸恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平,且SCr及eGFR水平的變化幅度更小。這些結(jié)果均表明預(yù)防性應(yīng)用rhBNP更有利于腎功能的恢復(fù)。
另外,本研究結(jié)果顯示術(shù)后rhBNP組TNF-α和ALD水平較水化組低,提示rhBNP預(yù)防CIN的作用可能是通過抑制炎癥反應(yīng)和腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)的機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)的,這為預(yù)防CIN提供了一種新的思路。
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(本文編輯:許卓文)
The pathogenesis of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for prevention of further renal damage in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography or non-emergent percutaneous coronary intervention
WANG Hong-chao1, HE Fang2, LIU Jin-ming1*, XIE Ya-nan1, LI Fang1, WANG Wen-su3
(1.Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China;2.Department of Cardiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Weixian,Hebei Province,Weixian 054700, China; 3.Department of Nephrology, the Third Center Hospital of Baoding City, Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide (rhBNP) for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN) in unstable angina patients with moderate chronic kidney disease(CKD) undergoing coronary angiography(CAG) or non-emergent percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). MethodsTwo hundred and nine cases of selected patients were randomly divided into: Hydration group(103 cases) who received intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride with 1.0 mL·kg-1·h-1in the preoperative and postoperative 12 h; rhBNP group(106 cases) who received the low dose rhBNP(0.005 μg · kg-1·min-1) in the preoperative 24 h.Cystatin C(Cys C), serum creatinine(SCr) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels were collected before procedure, at 24 h, 48 h, 1 week and 1 month after procedure. And we detected tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and aldosterone(ALD) in the preoperative and postoperative 12 h . The primary outcome was CIN incidence. The secondary endpoint was the changes in the Cys C, SCr, eGFR, TNF-α and ALD before and after procedure. ResultsThe incidence of CIN in patients on rhBNP group was 8.5%, which was significantly lower than those on hydration group of 23.3%(P<0.01), whether performing CAG or PCI(allP<0.05). Cys C of the two groups was elevated to peak at postoperative 24 h, and returned to the preoperative levels one month after operation. But rhBNP group elevated to a lesser extent than hydration group. The SCr and eGFR of the two groups began to increase or decrease at postoperative 24h, hydration group achieved to maximum change at postoperative 1 week, and returned to the preoperative levels one month after operation. rhBNP group achieved to maximum change at postoperative 48 h, and returned to the preoperative levels one week after operation. And the variation width of SCr and eGFR was smaller. After operation the levels of TNF-α and ALD were significantly higher compared with before operation(P<0.05), hydration group increased more significantly(P<0.05). Conclusion Exogenous administration of low dose of rhBNP before CAG or non-emergent PCI has a protective effect on renal function and can significantly decrease the incidence of CIN, the effect is better than hydration treatment. rhBNP can reduce the degree of renal damage and shorten the time of recovery of renal function. The effect of prevented CIN of rhBNP may be through the mechanism of inhibiting the inflammatory response and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
nephrosis; coronary angiography; natriuretic peptide
2016-07-12;
2016-08-12
王鴻超(1982-),男,河北石家莊人,河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)
。E-mail:liujinming74@163.com
R256.59
A
1007-3205(2016)10-1149-05
第二醫(yī)院主治醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,從事心血管內(nèi)科疾病診治研究。