屈曉倩,劉新梅
1 西安交通大學(xué) 管理學(xué)院,西安 710049 2 西安交通大學(xué) 過(guò)程控制與效率工程教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安 710049
信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂影響團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的作用機(jī)理研究
屈曉倩1,2,劉新梅1
1 西安交通大學(xué) 管理學(xué)院,西安 710049 2 西安交通大學(xué) 過(guò)程控制與效率工程教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安 710049
信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂如何促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力已經(jīng)成為團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂領(lǐng)域有待厘清的重要理論問(wèn)題。基于團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂理論和分類-加工模型,探討團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向在信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力之間的調(diào)控機(jī)理,研究團(tuán)隊(duì)反思能否直接促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力,進(jìn)一步探索團(tuán)隊(duì)反思對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向在信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力之間調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)的中介效應(yīng),通過(guò)SPSS 20.0和AMOS 17.0等統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件和路徑分析方法,對(duì)陜西省和山東省14家高科技企業(yè)中的66個(gè)研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)樣本進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析。
研究結(jié)果表明,①團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向顯著調(diào)節(jié)信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的關(guān)系,即當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向高(+1SD)時(shí),信息型斷裂對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力具有積極促進(jìn)作用,而當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向低(-1SD)時(shí)二者關(guān)系不顯著;②團(tuán)隊(duì)反思對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力具有直接促進(jìn)作用;③團(tuán)隊(duì)反思能夠中介團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向、信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力之間的調(diào)節(jié)關(guān)系,當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向高(+1SD)時(shí),信息型斷裂能夠通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思提升團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力,而團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向低(-1SD)時(shí)該中介效應(yīng)不顯著。
以信息型斷裂為前因變量,探索其促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的作用機(jī)理,豐富了基于信息加工觀的團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂中介機(jī)制研究,擴(kuò)展了團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的前因影響因素,整合了傳統(tǒng)成就目標(biāo)理論、斷裂理論和創(chuàng)造力理論,回答了信息型斷裂何時(shí)以及如何促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的重要理論和實(shí)踐問(wèn)題,為上述研究領(lǐng)域做出理論和實(shí)踐貢獻(xiàn)。由于“人以群分”已經(jīng)成為企業(yè)中的普遍現(xiàn)象,急需出臺(tái)可操作性強(qiáng)的管理措施對(duì)出現(xiàn)信息型斷裂的多樣化團(tuán)隊(duì)實(shí)施管理。因此,依據(jù)研究結(jié)論為高科技研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)新管理實(shí)踐提出指導(dǎo)和建議,包括領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為促進(jìn)和團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)導(dǎo)向氛圍建設(shè)等相關(guān)措施。
信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂;分類-加工模型;團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力;團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向;團(tuán)隊(duì)反思
面對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的全球化市場(chǎng),組織必須持續(xù)創(chuàng)造有價(jià)值的新想法和新點(diǎn)子促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新。知識(shí)和信息是企業(yè)創(chuàng)新的重要源泉[1],由于分工的持續(xù)深化和技術(shù)的快速更新,知識(shí)和信息的創(chuàng)造和占有空前分散化。因此,以跨職能、跨學(xué)科、跨文化為基本特征的研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)成為當(dāng)下企業(yè)創(chuàng)新的重要組織形式。但正是由于上述特征,使研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)極易出現(xiàn)分裂,形成多個(gè)內(nèi)部相對(duì)同質(zhì)、彼此異質(zhì)的子團(tuán)隊(duì)[2],產(chǎn)生信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂(以下簡(jiǎn)稱信息型斷裂)。如華為公司引進(jìn)的海外技術(shù)人才與本土員工在工作理念、教育背景上存在較大分歧和差異,從而形成界限分明的“海龜”和“土鱉”群體。團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂的出現(xiàn),一方面會(huì)影響創(chuàng)造性結(jié)果的數(shù)量和獨(dú)特性[3],另一方面會(huì)抑制團(tuán)隊(duì)合作、激發(fā)沖突、造成內(nèi)耗[4]。因此,系統(tǒng)闡釋信息型斷裂的作用機(jī)理,最大化利用其益處以提升團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力,對(duì)建設(shè)中國(guó)擁有高度自主創(chuàng)新能力的優(yōu)秀研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)具有重要意義。
分類-加工模型(categorization-elaboration model, CEM)是當(dāng)前團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂研究領(lǐng)域的統(tǒng)領(lǐng)式理論框架[5],該模型提出任務(wù)動(dòng)機(jī)是激發(fā)信息型斷裂積極效應(yīng)、決定團(tuán)隊(duì)能否投入到信息加工/決策制定過(guò)程的核心調(diào)控機(jī)制之一[6],而任務(wù)相關(guān)動(dòng)機(jī)將受到團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向這一動(dòng)機(jī)氛圍的直接激發(fā)[7]。另外,該模型認(rèn)為有利情景條件下(如高度學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向),信息型斷裂能夠通過(guò)促進(jìn)信息加工影響團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)出[6]。由此,團(tuán)隊(duì)反思反映對(duì)任務(wù)相關(guān)信息深度的、系統(tǒng)的加工過(guò)程,可能是信息型斷裂影響團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的中介機(jī)制[8]。本研究以團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向?yàn)檫吔鐥l件,以團(tuán)隊(duì)反思為中介變量,探索信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力之間的作用機(jī)理。
根據(jù)構(gòu)成屬性的工作關(guān)聯(lián)度,團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂可分為信息型斷裂和社會(huì)分類型斷裂[9]。信息型斷裂是指基于任務(wù)相關(guān)屬性聯(lián)合效應(yīng)所形成的、將團(tuán)隊(duì)劃分為若干同質(zhì)子團(tuán)隊(duì)的潛在分裂線[10]。在工作過(guò)程中,成員間任務(wù)相關(guān)特征差異得到凸顯,增加比較性擬合,產(chǎn)生信息型子團(tuán)隊(duì)[9]。團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂描述了多樣性屬性格局[11],探討多個(gè)個(gè)體屬性間交互、協(xié)同效應(yīng)[5],具有更強(qiáng)理論解釋和預(yù)測(cè)力[4]。
在研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)中,由于教育經(jīng)歷、專業(yè)背景和工作理念等與任務(wù)相關(guān)性更高的因素對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的影響更大,相較于社會(huì)分類型斷裂(由性別及年齡等與任務(wù)相關(guān)性較低的個(gè)體屬性的聯(lián)合效應(yīng)而構(gòu)成),信息型斷裂更容易被激活并發(fā)揮作用,但圍繞信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)出的研究較為滯后[12]。目前,極少有研究直接考察信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力關(guān)系,而有關(guān)信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)出的結(jié)論也存在矛盾[13]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為信息型斷裂顯著抑制團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效,如CHOI et al.[14]的研究。也有學(xué)者實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)信息型斷裂(也稱任務(wù)型斷裂)對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)出所產(chǎn)生的積極作用,如衛(wèi)旭華等[15]和陳偉等[16]的研究。然而,還有學(xué)者通過(guò)實(shí)證研究得出信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效并無(wú)顯著關(guān)系的結(jié)論,如COOPER et al.[12]的研究。因此,急需更多實(shí)證研究明晰信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力間的關(guān)系。在特定情景因素下(如任務(wù)較為復(fù)雜時(shí)),信息型斷裂能促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)出[5],因此權(quán)變因素在激發(fā)信息型斷裂積極效應(yīng)方面扮演關(guān)鍵角色[12]。但當(dāng)前調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制主要聚焦于任務(wù)、外部環(huán)境及目標(biāo)特征,動(dòng)機(jī)的重要作用被忽視[6]。除陳偉等[16]探討交互記憶系統(tǒng)的中介作用,團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂影響團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)出的路徑機(jī)制多聚焦于社會(huì)分類過(guò)程?;谛畔⒓庸び^的過(guò)程機(jī)制探索極為缺乏,不利于全面深化信息型斷裂中介機(jī)理的研究[2]。
信息型斷裂對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力具有“雙刃劍”作用[13]。一方面,信息型斷裂能夠通過(guò)異質(zhì)性知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及共同體效應(yīng)抑制團(tuán)體思維,提高團(tuán)隊(duì)決策質(zhì)量[10];另一方面,信息型斷裂帶來(lái)差異化的行業(yè)、技術(shù)語(yǔ)言和迥異信息處理方式的聯(lián)合,極易引發(fā)社會(huì)分類過(guò)程,激發(fā)子團(tuán)隊(duì)間偏見(jiàn)[17],阻礙認(rèn)知資源整合。CEM整合了多樣性研究中的社會(huì)分類觀和信息加工觀[6],為解決信息型斷裂的“雙刃劍”效應(yīng)提供了理論基礎(chǔ)和有效途徑[12]。該模型認(rèn)為,任務(wù)相關(guān)動(dòng)機(jī)能夠改善團(tuán)隊(duì)面對(duì)多樣性斷裂的認(rèn)知、情感和行為,削弱子團(tuán)隊(duì)間的偏見(jiàn)和刻板印象,促進(jìn)成員跨越子團(tuán)隊(duì)障礙開(kāi)展主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)[6]。團(tuán)隊(duì)的目標(biāo)選擇和目標(biāo)達(dá)成構(gòu)成了團(tuán)隊(duì)動(dòng)機(jī)基礎(chǔ)[18]。因此,團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向?yàn)閳F(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)和認(rèn)知?jiǎng)訖C(jī)提供源動(dòng)力[19],實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)過(guò)程和成員行為的有效引導(dǎo),對(duì)激發(fā)信息型斷裂資源和結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)勢(shì)、促進(jìn)其與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力之間關(guān)系起重要作用。
團(tuán)隊(duì)反思指團(tuán)隊(duì)成員公開(kāi)反省和溝通團(tuán)隊(duì)的目標(biāo)、策略和流程,以適應(yīng)團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)外部當(dāng)前或預(yù)期的情景[20],是研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)面臨的不確定性環(huán)境中信息型斷裂影響團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)新的關(guān)鍵過(guò)程。信息型斷裂凸顯了子團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)任務(wù)解決方案或方式的差異化偏好,提升了決策制定過(guò)程的復(fù)雜性[5],而多樣性偏好是促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思的重要誘因[8]。因此,在高度學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,團(tuán)隊(duì)具有對(duì)多元化觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反復(fù)斟酌考慮、敏銳關(guān)注外部動(dòng)態(tài)的傾向,并據(jù)此主動(dòng)、一致地對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)、策略和流程進(jìn)行評(píng)估、調(diào)整和改進(jìn),消除不利于團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)展的障礙。團(tuán)隊(duì)反思增強(qiáng)團(tuán)隊(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)能力,帶來(lái)一系列積極產(chǎn)出,如創(chuàng)新績(jī)效[21]。
團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向指成員對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)在多大程度上重視學(xué)習(xí)的共享感知,該感知有助于推進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)制定決策、解決問(wèn)題和團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作[19]。團(tuán)隊(duì)中的信號(hào)(如領(lǐng)導(dǎo)評(píng)價(jià)焦點(diǎn))給成員提供了哪些行為是被期望和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的關(guān)鍵信息,成員對(duì)環(huán)境信號(hào)感知逐漸聚合,最終形成涌現(xiàn)狀態(tài)的共享學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向[7]。高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向使團(tuán)隊(duì)將新知識(shí)和新技能的獲取、掌握以及勝任力發(fā)展作為優(yōu)先目標(biāo),激發(fā)成員的求知欲望和好奇心[18]。根據(jù)CEM,團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)知和學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)的增加有助于消除偏見(jiàn),激發(fā)信息型子團(tuán)隊(duì)間“積極差異化”感知,視不同知識(shí)、信息和觀點(diǎn)、視角差異為能夠有效促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的珍稀可得資源[6],從而促進(jìn)跨越學(xué)科和職能邊界的學(xué)習(xí)行為,使成員從其他子團(tuán)隊(duì)獲取新知識(shí)以及思考問(wèn)題的新方式和新視角。因此,在高度學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,子團(tuán)隊(duì)間認(rèn)知差異產(chǎn)生的溝通障礙不但會(huì)被克服,學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)的提升還會(huì)使成員主動(dòng)尋求挑戰(zhàn)[7],將對(duì)不同領(lǐng)域新知識(shí)的探索以及“共同體效應(yīng)”激發(fā)的爭(zhēng)辯和沖突視為學(xué)習(xí)的重要途徑,從而使信息型斷裂激發(fā)信息精細(xì)化加工過(guò)程,即成員在個(gè)體層面交換、共享并加工信息或觀點(diǎn),進(jìn)而將結(jié)果反饋到團(tuán)隊(duì)層面,討論并整合其意義和啟示的過(guò)程[5]。該過(guò)程充分整合和利用團(tuán)隊(duì)異質(zhì)性認(rèn)知資源,使不同范疇的知識(shí)、認(rèn)知方式相互結(jié)合的幾率增大,提升決策的新穎性和有用性[6]。
然而,當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向水平低時(shí),團(tuán)隊(duì)缺乏針對(duì)問(wèn)題本質(zhì)展開(kāi)思考和探索的動(dòng)機(jī)和意愿,傾向于采用粗淺、啟發(fā)式信息加工方法快速達(dá)成決議[7]。此時(shí),信息型斷裂帶來(lái)的認(rèn)知差異所引發(fā)的爭(zhēng)辯被視為阻礙決策制定、降低團(tuán)隊(duì)效率的妨礙性過(guò)程,易激發(fā)子團(tuán)隊(duì)間偏見(jiàn)、沖突或?qū)χ臶5],阻礙團(tuán)隊(duì)合作[12]。同時(shí),團(tuán)隊(duì)成員風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)意愿和心理安全感降低,抑制子團(tuán)隊(duì)間展開(kāi)問(wèn)詢、幫助和反饋尋求的跨界學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng),使成員更傾向于與自己持相同意見(jiàn)的個(gè)體開(kāi)展互動(dòng)和交流。使各個(gè)子團(tuán)隊(duì)都僅僅收集能夠佐證自己原有觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù),使其觀點(diǎn)更為極端,導(dǎo)致子團(tuán)隊(duì)極化[22],子團(tuán)隊(duì)極化被認(rèn)為是團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂抑制團(tuán)隊(duì)知識(shí)共享和信息交換、激發(fā)情緒沖突、阻礙社會(huì)整合的本質(zhì)原因[23]。因此,在低團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,信息型斷裂的積極作用非但不能充分發(fā)揮,反而使其帶來(lái)的負(fù)面效應(yīng)占據(jù)主導(dǎo),抑制異質(zhì)性認(rèn)知資源的交換和整合,阻礙團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造力。因此,本研究提出假設(shè)。
H1在高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向影響下,信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂會(huì)促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力;在低團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向影響下,信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂會(huì)抑制團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力。
研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)面臨外部環(huán)境的復(fù)雜性、動(dòng)態(tài)性和模糊性,使團(tuán)隊(duì)反思和自省過(guò)程成為影響團(tuán)隊(duì)生存和發(fā)展的重要環(huán)節(jié)[24]。完整的團(tuán)隊(duì)反思活動(dòng)主要包含反省、計(jì)劃和行動(dòng)/調(diào)整3個(gè)方面[25]。高反思的團(tuán)隊(duì)會(huì)不斷在團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)部進(jìn)行自我審視,包括對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)當(dāng)前任務(wù)分配是否合理、目標(biāo)和策略乃至團(tuán)隊(duì)的規(guī)范和價(jià)值觀是否反映并適應(yīng)外部動(dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境的變化,并根據(jù)反思結(jié)果及時(shí)調(diào)整后續(xù)計(jì)劃和行為,從而使團(tuán)隊(duì)能夠時(shí)刻保持敏銳洞察并展開(kāi)批判式思考,在計(jì)劃和行為修正過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)尚未引起其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手注意、又極具突破性的創(chuàng)新機(jī)會(huì)[21]。團(tuán)隊(duì)反思還會(huì)使團(tuán)隊(duì)以深入、系統(tǒng)、兼顧任務(wù)各個(gè)方面的方式處理任務(wù)相關(guān)信息,盡最大努力搜尋并充分討論各種不同替代方案、分歧異議和未共享的獨(dú)特信息,力求對(duì)環(huán)境和任務(wù)有準(zhǔn)確、全方位的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解[20]。同時(shí),團(tuán)隊(duì)反思還在一致的自我完善過(guò)程中增強(qiáng)了團(tuán)隊(duì)共享認(rèn)知,提升成員為團(tuán)隊(duì)整體做貢獻(xiàn)的意愿,并使成員在互動(dòng)過(guò)程中熟知和了解彼此擁有的專長(zhǎng)和技能,促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)資源的高效協(xié)同運(yùn)作,使不同觀點(diǎn)、不同視角間相互借鑒[26]。由于創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生于原本不相關(guān)領(lǐng)域知識(shí)或視角之間的新穎關(guān)聯(lián)之中[27],因此,團(tuán)隊(duì)反思能促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)新思維。
實(shí)證研究表明,團(tuán)隊(duì)反思能夠促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)效能[20]和團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)新[21]。因此,本研究提出假設(shè)。
H2團(tuán)隊(duì)反思促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力提升。
高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂還能通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生間接效應(yīng)。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),即使現(xiàn)狀已經(jīng)反映出團(tuán)隊(duì)運(yùn)作可能存在問(wèn)題,團(tuán)隊(duì)仍有按習(xí)慣方式持續(xù)運(yùn)行的傾向,而極少主動(dòng)進(jìn)行公開(kāi)的自我批判和反思[20]。本質(zhì)上,團(tuán)隊(duì)反思行為的發(fā)生需要兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵誘因:首先,當(dāng)發(fā)生團(tuán)隊(duì)反思行為時(shí),將使成員直面錯(cuò)誤,承擔(dān)修正成本。因此,需要團(tuán)隊(duì)具有較高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)意愿以及“從錯(cuò)誤中學(xué)習(xí)”的信念和動(dòng)機(jī)[21]。其次,團(tuán)隊(duì)若要對(duì)任務(wù)和過(guò)程進(jìn)行反思,需要具備一定資源和能力[20]。而信息多樣化斷裂能夠提升團(tuán)隊(duì)的專業(yè)化信息加工能力,使團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)各領(lǐng)域信息動(dòng)態(tài)做出快速覺(jué)察和準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估[9],在高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,這一優(yōu)勢(shì)有助于團(tuán)隊(duì)清晰認(rèn)識(shí)外部變化,并以此為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)、流程和策略進(jìn)行反思。同時(shí),信息型斷裂意味著不同子團(tuán)隊(duì)成員對(duì)解決問(wèn)題方案偏好存在差異[8]。SCHIPPERS et al.[20]驗(yàn)證了多樣性具有促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思的潛在作用。而由于共同體效應(yīng)消除了團(tuán)隊(duì)“評(píng)估恐懼”[12],成員不再擔(dān)心自己的觀點(diǎn)無(wú)人支持,從而使每個(gè)子團(tuán)隊(duì)都積極參與團(tuán)隊(duì)討論,將分歧意見(jiàn)和偏好主動(dòng)呈現(xiàn)至團(tuán)隊(duì)層面,使團(tuán)隊(duì)更易知覺(jué)到當(dāng)前策略、目標(biāo)和流程是否存在問(wèn)題。在高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向影響下,團(tuán)隊(duì)成員愿意花費(fèi)更多時(shí)間探究上述分歧意見(jiàn)之間的差異[18],習(xí)慣性的重新評(píng)估和審視決策是否滿足各個(gè)子團(tuán)隊(duì)的偏好和需求,是否適應(yīng)當(dāng)前或預(yù)期環(huán)境,且更傾向于以突破團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)T性思維和做法的方式完成任務(wù)[19]。此外,高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向激發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員學(xué)習(xí)和合作的共享愿景,促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)合作式?jīng)_突管理[28]。從而使團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)少數(shù)群體的異議和質(zhì)疑持包容和吸收態(tài)度,坦誠(chéng)交換和探討不同意見(jiàn)和想法,對(duì)以往忽視或考慮不周的環(huán)節(jié)重新思考,避免達(dá)成草率決議,對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)全面回顧、反思各項(xiàng)流程和機(jī)制具有重要促進(jìn)作用[21],并從反思行為中發(fā)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新機(jī)遇,促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力。
相反,當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向低時(shí),團(tuán)隊(duì)不再將學(xué)習(xí)和掌握新知識(shí)、新技術(shù)視為團(tuán)隊(duì)優(yōu)先目標(biāo)和評(píng)價(jià)團(tuán)隊(duì)成功或失敗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),從而抑制團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)和認(rèn)知需求[7]。此時(shí),信息型斷裂導(dǎo)致的、針對(duì)分歧意見(jiàn)所展開(kāi)的探討過(guò)程不但不被視為達(dá)成任務(wù)的必要途徑,反而導(dǎo)致團(tuán)隊(duì)溝通障礙、情緒沖突和協(xié)調(diào)性下降[7]。團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)耗分散團(tuán)隊(duì)成員對(duì)當(dāng)前任務(wù)的注意力,消耗團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)知資源,導(dǎo)致團(tuán)隊(duì)采用表層、粗淺方式加工信息,抑制團(tuán)隊(duì)反思[8]。較低學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)使成員將注意力集中于彼此之間的差異和不同,凸顯子團(tuán)隊(duì)偏見(jiàn)[6],降低團(tuán)隊(duì)信任感和集體認(rèn)同感,損害團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)部人際關(guān)系[5]。而團(tuán)隊(duì)反思是一種高度關(guān)系活動(dòng),嚴(yán)重依賴于人際關(guān)系和集體認(rèn)同[20]。由此,從意義建構(gòu)視角看,集體認(rèn)同和人際信任度下降將抑制團(tuán)隊(duì)“公開(kāi)一致地從不斷自我批判、自我審視中發(fā)現(xiàn)和正視當(dāng)前做法的不適之處以加以改正或調(diào)整”這種伴隨著高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的團(tuán)隊(duì)自省行為。當(dāng)任務(wù)過(guò)程出現(xiàn)偏差或失誤時(shí),集體認(rèn)同感的下降和關(guān)系資本的缺失使團(tuán)隊(duì)無(wú)法協(xié)同一致地討論問(wèn)題和失誤并通過(guò)深度反省而創(chuàng)新性地改善當(dāng)前狀況,抑制了團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力。因此,本研究提出假設(shè)。
H3在高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向影響下,信息型斷裂能夠通過(guò)促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思進(jìn)而提升團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力;在低團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向時(shí),信息型斷裂會(huì)抑制團(tuán)隊(duì)反思,進(jìn)而損害團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力。
依據(jù)CEM,以信息型斷裂、團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向、團(tuán)隊(duì)反思和團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力為基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)建理論研究模型,見(jiàn)圖1。
圖1 理論研究模型Figure 1 Theoretical Research Model
本研究使用的研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)樣本來(lái)自于西安和青島等中小型和大型企業(yè)的研發(fā)部門,大型企業(yè)4家,中型和小型企業(yè)10家。數(shù)據(jù)收集活動(dòng)從2013年10月持續(xù)至2014年12月,全部問(wèn)卷均由研究者親自發(fā)放,并由被調(diào)研者現(xiàn)場(chǎng)填寫(xiě)以確保填寫(xiě)質(zhì)量。為避免共同方法偏差,全部量表分為成員和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)兩份問(wèn)卷,分別進(jìn)行發(fā)放。問(wèn)卷一由團(tuán)隊(duì)成員填寫(xiě),包括個(gè)人基本信息、團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向、團(tuán)隊(duì)反思等;問(wèn)卷二包括團(tuán)隊(duì)成立年限、團(tuán)隊(duì)規(guī)模和團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力等團(tuán)隊(duì)基礎(chǔ)信息,由團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)填寫(xiě)。發(fā)放90份團(tuán)隊(duì)問(wèn)卷,回收69份;發(fā)放511份成員問(wèn)卷,回收401份。剔除回收率不足80%的團(tuán)隊(duì)樣本(如5人團(tuán)隊(duì)回收問(wèn)卷數(shù)量?jī)H3份)及信息和題項(xiàng)填寫(xiě)不完整的團(tuán)隊(duì)或成員問(wèn)卷,最終得到66個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)和382個(gè)成員的配對(duì)樣本數(shù)據(jù)。團(tuán)隊(duì)問(wèn)卷有效率為73.333%,成員問(wèn)卷有效率為74.755%。63.089%的被調(diào)查者為男性員工;所有被調(diào)查者的平均年齡為32.417(SD=6.390);60.995%的被調(diào)查者擁有大專及本科學(xué)歷,26.963%的被調(diào)查者擁有碩士學(xué)歷;團(tuán)隊(duì)規(guī)模為4人~7人。
(1)信息型斷裂強(qiáng)度。本研究采用THATCHER et al.[29]提出的計(jì)算公式測(cè)量團(tuán)隊(duì)層面的斷裂強(qiáng)度,該方法被其他研究者廣泛運(yùn)用在團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂研究中[9,22]。該計(jì)算方法基于多元聚類分析,評(píng)估個(gè)體特征的聯(lián)合在多大程度上將團(tuán)隊(duì)分為兩個(gè)同質(zhì)子團(tuán)隊(duì)。該方法通過(guò)計(jì)算組間方差和與總方差之間的比值得到團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂強(qiáng)度值,該比值越高,斷裂強(qiáng)度越高;比值越低,斷裂強(qiáng)度就越低。具體計(jì)算公式為
(1)
(2)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力。本研究采用SHIN et al.[30]開(kāi)發(fā)的量表測(cè)量團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力,采用Likert 7級(jí)量表,最終量表由7個(gè)題項(xiàng)構(gòu)成。
(3)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思。本研究所使用的樣本來(lái)源于研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì),因此,選取由張文勤等[25]以研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)為被測(cè)樣本開(kāi)發(fā)的團(tuán)隊(duì)反思量表,包含11個(gè)題項(xiàng)。
(4)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向。本研究采用GONG et al.[19]的量表,包含5個(gè)題項(xiàng)。由于該量表來(lái)源于英文期刊,本研究采取嚴(yán)格的翻譯-回譯過(guò)程,以確保量表的信度和效度以及表述方式適合中國(guó)人的閱讀習(xí)慣。
(5)控制變量。工作團(tuán)隊(duì)成立時(shí)間和團(tuán)隊(duì)成員人數(shù)能夠?qū)F(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)部斷裂的形成以及團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造過(guò)程產(chǎn)生一定影響[4],本研究將團(tuán)隊(duì)成立年限和團(tuán)隊(duì)規(guī)模設(shè)置為控制變量。團(tuán)隊(duì)成立年限指團(tuán)隊(duì)成立至今的總時(shí)間,團(tuán)隊(duì)規(guī)模指團(tuán)隊(duì)正式的員工人數(shù)。此外,還需排除信息型多樣性的影響,以檢驗(yàn)信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂是否能夠?qū)F(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生額外影響[4]。信息型多樣性由工作年限、職能和專業(yè)多樣化平均值得到,借鑒BLAU[31]開(kāi)發(fā)的多樣性指標(biāo)進(jìn)行測(cè)量,公式為1-(pq)2,pq為團(tuán)隊(duì)成員在第q個(gè)分類中的人數(shù)比例。此外,團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效證明目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向與團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向一樣能夠促進(jìn)信息交換[19],為排除該變量的影響,本研究也將其作為控制變量,使用GONG et al.[19]的量表測(cè)量該變量,包括4個(gè)題項(xiàng)。
本研究涉及5個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)層面變量,分別為信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂、團(tuán)隊(duì)反思、團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向、團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效證明導(dǎo)向和團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力。通過(guò)計(jì)算,信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂已經(jīng)成為團(tuán)隊(duì)層面變量;團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力由團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)填寫(xiě),不需要進(jìn)行個(gè)體向團(tuán)隊(duì)層面的數(shù)據(jù)聚合過(guò)程;而團(tuán)隊(duì)反思、團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向、團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效證明導(dǎo)向需要由個(gè)體層面團(tuán)隊(duì)成員分別打分,經(jīng)過(guò)平均或加總形成團(tuán)隊(duì)層面變量的聚合過(guò)程,該過(guò)程的可靠性需要聚合指標(biāo)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
個(gè)體層面至團(tuán)隊(duì)層面的數(shù)據(jù)聚合驗(yàn)證需計(jì)算組內(nèi)一致度(rwg)、組內(nèi)相關(guān)ICC(1)和組內(nèi)相關(guān)ICC(2)等3個(gè)指標(biāo)。組內(nèi)一致度是指回答者對(duì)問(wèn)卷有相同的反應(yīng)程度,ICC(1)通常采用組間方差與總方差之比進(jìn)行計(jì)算,ICC(2)是指團(tuán)隊(duì)平均數(shù)的信度,即將個(gè)體變量聚合為團(tuán)隊(duì)層次變量時(shí)的信度。具體檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。
表1 個(gè)體層面變量向團(tuán)隊(duì)層面聚合的統(tǒng)計(jì)驗(yàn)證及變量信度指標(biāo)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果Table 1 The Test Results of Statistical Verification of Variables from Individual-Level to Group-Level and Reliability Test
注:團(tuán)隊(duì)樣本數(shù)量為66,下同。
由表1可知,團(tuán)隊(duì)反思、團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向和團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效證明導(dǎo)向的rwg值均大于閾值0.700,ICC(1)均大于閾值0.120,ICC(2)均大于閾值0.600,符合變量從個(gè)體層面聚合至團(tuán)隊(duì)層面的統(tǒng)計(jì)要求。
進(jìn)行回歸分析之前必須對(duì)問(wèn)卷的信度和效度進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,以保證研究結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。
本研究采用內(nèi)部一致性信度反映量表的信度水平,各個(gè)潛變量的測(cè)量量表的Cronbach′sα值見(jiàn)表1,可以看出各潛變量Cronbach′sα值均大于0.700的門檻值,證明量表具有良好信度。
本研究采用構(gòu)念效度指標(biāo)檢驗(yàn)量表效度,構(gòu)念效度包括聚合效度和區(qū)分效度。聚合效度是指不同的觀察變量是否可用來(lái)測(cè)量同一觀測(cè)變量,具體可采取對(duì)潛變量進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證性因子分析(CFA),觀察因子載荷來(lái)完成。因子載荷大于0.700,證明變量的測(cè)量量表具有良好的聚合效度。本研究采用AMOS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證性因子分析,所有題項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化因子載荷均大于或等于0.700(團(tuán)隊(duì)反思量表中有1個(gè)題項(xiàng)的因子載荷為0.699,若取1位小數(shù)為0.7,因此也符合因子載荷閾值要求),驗(yàn)證結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2,表明問(wèn)卷中各個(gè)潛變量具有良好的聚合效度。檢驗(yàn)區(qū)分效度是指驗(yàn)證不同的潛變量之間是否存在顯著差異,可采取計(jì)算每個(gè)潛變量的AVE的平方根值的方法,通過(guò)AMOS 17.0軟件計(jì)算。若該值大于自身與其他所有變量的相關(guān)系數(shù),則證明變量測(cè)量具有良好的區(qū)分效度,具體結(jié)果見(jiàn)表3。
由表3可知,各個(gè)變量的AVE平方根值均大于其與其他所有變量之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)的絕對(duì)值。因此,各個(gè)變量之間具有良好的區(qū)分效度。
本研究提出的假設(shè)涉及到兩類研究模型。H1是簡(jiǎn)單調(diào)節(jié)模型,在該模型中調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)的顯著取決于自變量(X)與調(diào)節(jié)變量(W)交互項(xiàng)的系數(shù)點(diǎn)估計(jì)值的統(tǒng)計(jì)顯著性以及其置信區(qū)間(95%)是否顯著包含零。H2和H3涉及有條件的間接效應(yīng)模型,本研究中,只有在團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向(W)的調(diào)節(jié)作用下,信息型斷裂(X)才能對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力(Y)產(chǎn)生直接效應(yīng)以及通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思(M)對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生間接影響,團(tuán)隊(duì)反思(M)中介團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向(W)、信息型斷裂(X)與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力(Y)之間的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)。簡(jiǎn)單調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)和被中介的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)是否顯著取決于調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)與中介調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)估計(jì)值及其置信區(qū)間(95%),若置信區(qū)間顯著不包含零,該中介調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)顯著[32]。為保證路徑效應(yīng)點(diǎn)估計(jì)的正態(tài)性,PREACHER et al.[32]建議采用偏差校正重復(fù)抽樣方法。
依據(jù)PREACHER et al.[32]提供的簡(jiǎn)單調(diào)節(jié)和中介調(diào)節(jié)檢驗(yàn)方法,通過(guò)SPSS macro對(duì)理論模型進(jìn)行假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)。該方法以最小二乘回歸法和路徑分析法為基礎(chǔ),輸出非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差和置信區(qū)間,具體結(jié)果見(jiàn)表4和表5。
表4結(jié)果顯示,信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向交互項(xiàng)的系數(shù)值為0.165,95%置信區(qū)間為(0.179,0.523),p<0.010,顯著不包含零。結(jié)合表5可知,在簡(jiǎn)單調(diào)節(jié)模型中,當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向高(+1SD)時(shí),調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)值為0.284,置信區(qū)間為(0.133,0.437);當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向低(-1SD)時(shí),調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)值為-0.088,置信區(qū)間為(-0.156,0.035)。即當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向高時(shí),調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)值顯著,置信區(qū)間內(nèi)不包含零值。因此,當(dāng)排除控制變量的影響后,團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向越高,信息型斷裂越能促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力;然而,當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向低時(shí),信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力間系數(shù)雖然為負(fù),但置信區(qū)間包含零,表明并不存在顯著負(fù)向關(guān)系。因此,H1得到部分驗(yàn)證。
由表4可知,在排除控制變量影響后,團(tuán)隊(duì)反思到團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的路徑系數(shù)值為0.308,95%置信區(qū)間為(0.153,0.475),p<0.001,該區(qū)間中顯著不包含零。由此,H2得到完全驗(yàn)證。
表4結(jié)果顯示,信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向交互項(xiàng)顯著促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思。表5結(jié)果顯示,在中介調(diào)節(jié)模型中,當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向高(+1SD)時(shí),中介調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)值為0.196,95%置信區(qū)間為(0.097,0.361);當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向低(-1SD)時(shí),中介調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)值為-0.077,中介調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)的點(diǎn)估計(jì)值沒(méi)有達(dá)到統(tǒng)計(jì)顯著標(biāo)準(zhǔn),置信區(qū)間為(-0.287,0.023),包含零值。因此,當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向高(+1SD)時(shí),信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂正向促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思并進(jìn)而提升團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力;當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向低(-1SD)時(shí),團(tuán)隊(duì)反思并沒(méi)有在信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力之間起顯著中介作用。H3得到部分驗(yàn)證。
表2 變量聚合效度Table 2 The Convergent Validity of Variables
表3 變量均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、相關(guān)系數(shù)和AVE平方根值Table 3 The Mean Value, Standard Deviations, Correlation Coefficients and AVE Square of Variables
注:對(duì)角線上黑體數(shù)據(jù)為各個(gè)潛變量的AVE平方根值;**為p<0.001,*為p<0.010,下同。
表4 路徑效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果Table 4 Path Effect Test Results
注:偏差校正重復(fù)抽樣次數(shù)為5 000,下同。
表5 調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果 Table 5 The Mediated Moderation and Simple Moderation Test Results
為直觀反映團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的調(diào)節(jié)作用,本研究采用簡(jiǎn)單斜率法繪制調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)圖[33],見(jiàn)圖2和圖3。由圖2可知,當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向高(+1SD)時(shí),信息型斷裂正向顯著促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思,b=0.372,p<0.001;當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向低(-1SD)時(shí),信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)反思之間關(guān)系不顯著,b=-0.011,p>0.010。由圖3可知,當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向高(+1SD)時(shí),信息型斷裂正向促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力,b=0.434,p<0.001;當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向低(-1SD)時(shí),信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力之間關(guān)系不顯著,b=-0.018,p>0.010。
圖2 團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向在信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)反思之間的調(diào)節(jié)作用Figure 2 The Moderating Effect of Team Learning Goal Orientation in the Relationship between Informational Faultlines and Team Reflexivity
圖3 團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向在信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力之間的調(diào)節(jié)作用Figure 3 The Moderating Effect of Team Learning Goal Orientation in the Relationship between Informational Faultlines and Team Creativity
(1)表4可知,信息型斷裂對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的回歸系數(shù)為0.172,p>0.010,二者沒(méi)有顯著直接影響,這一結(jié)論與現(xiàn)有理論分析基本一致,信息型斷裂作用機(jī)理的復(fù)雜性使得僅考察二者直接效應(yīng)不能得出有意義的結(jié)論,必須置于特定情景中展開(kāi)探討[5]。本研究采用的檢驗(yàn)方法與層次回歸法相比,不但驗(yàn)證了團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向在信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力之間具有顯著調(diào)節(jié)作用,還能夠提供不同調(diào)節(jié)因素水平下變量間直接或間接效應(yīng)量大小。結(jié)果顯示,在高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,信息型斷裂對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力具有顯著促進(jìn)作用;在低團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,雖然與高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向時(shí)相比,信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力間關(guān)系受到抑制,卻并非如理論假設(shè)所述,前者對(duì)后者具有顯著負(fù)向效應(yīng)。該結(jié)論說(shuō)明,高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向是引發(fā)信息型斷裂積極效應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵因素,卻并非導(dǎo)致子團(tuán)隊(duì)偏見(jiàn)的深層誘因。原因可能在于構(gòu)成斷裂的屬性類型是信息相關(guān)型而非關(guān)系型屬性[34]。不利情景下,信息型斷裂也可能通過(guò)社會(huì)分類過(guò)程導(dǎo)致偏見(jiàn),但其發(fā)生概率較低[35]。因此,低團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,信息型斷裂與創(chuàng)造力之間關(guān)系有可能如本研究結(jié)論那樣,只是被減弱,而不會(huì)顯著抑制。
(2)高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,信息型斷裂對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生的積極效應(yīng)部分能夠通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思實(shí)現(xiàn);低團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,該中介路徑并不顯著。這一結(jié)論表明,信息型斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)出之間存在復(fù)雜的路徑機(jī)制:有利情景下,信息型斷裂確實(shí)能夠通過(guò)激發(fā)信息加工過(guò)程促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力;但在不利情景下,信息型斷裂可能通過(guò)差異化作用路徑產(chǎn)生影響,使在后續(xù)研究中引入“雙通道”模型成為必要[5]。同時(shí),團(tuán)隊(duì)反思是反映團(tuán)隊(duì)信息加工的重要過(guò)程,也是決定工作團(tuán)隊(duì)有效性的關(guān)鍵因素,但已有理論研究卻缺乏對(duì)其決定因素的探索[20]。本研究彌補(bǔ)了已有研究不足,證實(shí)在高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,信息型斷裂能夠顯著促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思活動(dòng),為企業(yè)研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)營(yíng)造反思氛圍提供了重要啟示。
(3)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生積極效應(yīng)這一結(jié)論與前人研究一致[21],說(shuō)明研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)面臨的模糊、動(dòng)態(tài)、復(fù)雜環(huán)境使他們必須時(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)行自我審視,并不斷通過(guò)從外部環(huán)境獲取關(guān)鍵的和前沿信息修正目標(biāo)、戰(zhàn)略或計(jì)劃,才有可能在激烈市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中求得生存和發(fā)展。
本研究基于團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂理論和分類-加工模型,以信息型斷裂作為前因變量,探尋其影響團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的中介調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,將目標(biāo)成就理論與團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂理論、創(chuàng)造力理論相結(jié)合,驗(yàn)證團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向在激發(fā)信息型斷裂促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的積極效應(yīng)中扮演的角色,揭示了不同團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向水平下信息型斷裂通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果表明,團(tuán)隊(duì)反思能夠?qū)F(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生直接促進(jìn)效應(yīng);在高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,信息型斷裂不但能夠直接促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力,還能通過(guò)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思間接促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力;在低團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,信息型斷裂并沒(méi)有對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)生顯著影響,且團(tuán)隊(duì)反思的中介作用不顯著。
本研究結(jié)論對(duì)于指導(dǎo)中國(guó)企業(yè)研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新管理具有一定實(shí)踐意義。首先,隨著研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)中成員構(gòu)成呈現(xiàn)越來(lái)越多元化趨勢(shì),“人以群分”已經(jīng)成為組織內(nèi)不可避免的普遍現(xiàn)象[13]。但“分裂”并非一定導(dǎo)致消極結(jié)果[12],若這些非正式子群圍繞任務(wù)相關(guān)特質(zhì)(如學(xué)歷、專長(zhǎng)和職能等)形成,那么在特定情景條件下,這些知識(shí)型子團(tuán)體可成為“有益分裂”而促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力[36]。因此,管理者若想高效調(diào)動(dòng)存在信息型斷裂團(tuán)隊(duì)的積極性,應(yīng)注重學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的建立。通過(guò)目標(biāo)設(shè)定(設(shè)置具體學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo))、語(yǔ)言框架(溝通過(guò)程中不斷強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)的重要性)、榜樣示范、反饋(對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)行為給予正面強(qiáng)化)、獎(jiǎng)懲準(zhǔn)則(如獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)學(xué)習(xí))等具體規(guī)范和準(zhǔn)則,不斷向成員輸送和傳遞團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)、新技能以及增進(jìn)勝任力的重視和期望[7],推動(dòng)團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向發(fā)展,使信息型斷裂帶來(lái)的社會(huì)和人力資本優(yōu)勢(shì)在團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)展中占據(jù)主導(dǎo),促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力。
其次,在高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向下,信息型斷裂的存在能夠激發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思,而團(tuán)隊(duì)反思是提升研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力的重要途徑,企業(yè)在團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)過(guò)程中,在建立高團(tuán)隊(duì)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向氛圍的基礎(chǔ)上,可通過(guò)人力資源配置(如將若干具有相似教育背景的員工安排進(jìn)同一團(tuán)隊(duì))來(lái)促進(jìn)信息型斷裂的形成,以增強(qiáng)團(tuán)隊(duì)反思力度。此外,管理者可將團(tuán)隊(duì)反思作為監(jiān)控團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力水平的重要前因變量。當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)部自我審視、自我完善的態(tài)度和行為不足時(shí),管理者可通過(guò)引入異議或團(tuán)隊(duì)爭(zhēng)辯激發(fā)反思,促使團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境保持敏銳洞察,抓住潛在創(chuàng)新機(jī)遇,在激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中贏得先機(jī)。
本研究盡可能在模型構(gòu)建和研究設(shè)計(jì)方面做到科學(xué)合理,但仍存在一定不足。研究樣本僅包含研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì),且使用橫截面數(shù)據(jù),使實(shí)證結(jié)論的普適性及所得因果關(guān)系面臨考驗(yàn)。后續(xù)研究可將樣本擴(kuò)展至其他團(tuán)隊(duì)類型,如制造團(tuán)隊(duì)或營(yíng)銷團(tuán)隊(duì),并采用面板數(shù)據(jù),預(yù)計(jì)也可得到有意義的結(jié)論。
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TheFunctionalMechanismStudyofHowInformationalTeamFaultlinesAffectTeamCreativity
QU Xiaoqian1,2,LIU Xinmei1
1 School of Management, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China2 The Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Process and Efficiency Engineering, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
How and when do informational faultlines enhance team creativity is an important unresolved theoretical problem. Based on the team faultlines theory and categorization-elaboration model, the present study explored that ①Whether team learning goal orientation can moderate the relationship between informational faultlines and team creativity positively or not. ②Whether team reflexivity can enhance team creativity directly or not. ③Whether the moderation relationship between informational faultlines, team learning goal orientation and team creativity can be mediated by team reflexivity or not. By using the software of SPSS20.0 and AMOS 17.0, as well as the path analysis approach, our study empirically analyzed the data from 66 R&D teams that was collected from more than 10 high-tech firms in Shaanxi and Shandong provinces of China, and obtained the following results. First, team learning goal orientation could positively and significantly moderate the relationship between informational faultlines and team creativity. Specifically, under high team learning goal orientation, informational faultlines can promote team creativity. However, under low level of team learning orientation, informational faultlines had no significant effects on team creativity. Second, team reflexivity can directly enhance team creativity. Third, team reflexivity mediated the moderated relationship between team learning goal orientation, informational faultlines and team creativity. To be more specific, under high team learning goal orientation, informational faultlines can impetus team creativity through team reflexivity. However, when the level of team learning goal orientation is low, the mediation effect of team reflectivity is not significant.
Our study contributes to the extant literature in the following aspects. First, we takes informational faultlines as the antecedent factor and explores its functional mechanism to enhance team creativity, extends previous studies which were only based on the distribution degree of single demographic attribute (e.g. diversity-related research), enriches the mediation mechanism research of informational faultlines that was based on the perspective of information processing, and further supplements the influence factor research of team creativity. Second, this study also combines the theory of traditional achievement goal theory, team faultlines and creativity, answers the key theoretical and practical question of when and how do informational faultlines enhances team creativity, and contributes to the theoretical and practical development in the research domains mentioned above.
As the formation of knowledge cohort has been a pervasive phenomenon in teams, viable solutions are needed to manage teams where informational faultlines exist. Finally, this paper proposes some meaningful and viable advises and suggestions such as leadership behavior improvement and team learning orientation climate construction aiming at informational faultlines management in high-tech R&D teams.
informational team faultlines;categorization-elaboration model;team creativity; team learning goal orientation;team reflexivity
Date:May 21st, 2015
DateMarch 4th, 2016
FundedProject:Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71572140,71402138)
Biography:QU Xiaoqian is a Ph.D candidate in the School of Management at Xi′an Jiaotong University. Her research interests cover team faultlines and individual and team creativity. Her representative paper titled “A empirical study between informational faultlines and team creativity: the mediating role of transactive memory system” was published in theR&DManagement(Issue 2, 2016). E-mail:quxiaoqian1985@163.com
LIU Xinmei, doctor in management, is a professor in the School of Management at Xi′an Jiaotong University. Her research interests include organizational, team and individual creativity and service innovation. Her representative paper titled “What is the benefit of TMT′s governmental experience to private-owned enterprises? Evidence from China” was published in theAsiaPacificJournalofManagement(SSCI) (Issue 3, 2011). E-mail:xmliu@xjtu.edu.cn
F272.90
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-0334.2016.02.002
1672-0334(2016)02-0018-11
2015-05-21修返日期2016-03-04
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(71572140,71402138)
屈曉倩,西安交通大學(xué)管理學(xué)院博士研究生,研究方向?yàn)閳F(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂、個(gè)體和團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力等,代表性學(xué)術(shù)成果為“信息型團(tuán)隊(duì)斷裂與團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力關(guān)系的實(shí)證研究:交互記憶系統(tǒng)的中介作用”,發(fā)表在2016第1期《研究與發(fā)展管理》,E-mail:quxiaoqian1985@163.com
劉新梅,管理學(xué)博士,西安交通大學(xué)管理學(xué)院教授,研究方向?yàn)榻M織、團(tuán)隊(duì)和個(gè)體創(chuàng)造力、服務(wù)創(chuàng)新等,代表性學(xué)術(shù)成果為“What is the benefit of TMT′s governmental experience to private-owned enterprises? Evidence from China”,發(fā)表在2011年第3期《Asia Pacific Journal of Management》(SSCI),E-mail:xmliu@xjtu.edu.cn
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