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循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

2017-01-13 02:38李恒宇吳凱男第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長海醫(yī)院上海200433
關(guān)鍵詞:表型器官通路

林 健,李恒宇,吳凱男,盛 湲,于 躍 (第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長海醫(yī)院,上海200433)

循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

林 健,李恒宇,吳凱男,盛 湲,于 躍 (第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長海醫(yī)院,上海200433)

腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是引起腫瘤患者死亡的主要原因.循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞(CTCs)與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān).本研究通過已有的文獻(xiàn),回顧分析有關(guān)CTCs的一系列轉(zhuǎn)移過程:遷移滲入血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng),適應(yīng)外周循環(huán)系統(tǒng)并滲出至遠(yuǎn)端器官,突破免疫防御形成轉(zhuǎn)移灶,了解其中涉及的可能影響腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的諸多因素,例如毛細(xì)血管壁構(gòu)成、組織微環(huán)境、細(xì)胞因子調(diào)節(jié)、細(xì)胞間相互作用及信號通路調(diào)節(jié)等.通過對這些文獻(xiàn)的復(fù)習(xí),能夠幫助我們進(jìn)一步了解腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)機(jī)制.

循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞;腫瘤;轉(zhuǎn)移

0 引言

腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是導(dǎo)致腫瘤患者死亡的主要原因.腫瘤細(xì)胞侵入周圍組織,進(jìn)而突破基底膜進(jìn)入外周血循環(huán)時(shí),大部分會因各種原因凋亡,但仍有極少部分腫瘤細(xì)胞能夠遷移至遠(yuǎn)端器官且存活下來,形成轉(zhuǎn)移灶,或者潛伏休眠一段時(shí)期后復(fù)發(fā).因此,對于有些腫瘤,在初次發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)灶時(shí),可能在遠(yuǎn)端器官已經(jīng)潛伏著大量的轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤細(xì)胞[1].腫瘤組織正是通過“增殖-播散-定植”的模式形成轉(zhuǎn)移灶.而被釋放入血液中的腫瘤細(xì)胞,即為循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs),其有可能發(fā)展成為遠(yuǎn)處的轉(zhuǎn)移灶[2].當(dāng)前,CTCs是對存在于外周血的各類腫瘤細(xì)胞的統(tǒng)稱,而遷移至遠(yuǎn)端器官并生存下來的CTCs,被稱為播散腫瘤細(xì)胞(disseminated tumor cells,DTCs).CTCs是我們技術(shù)能力可以達(dá)到,且能夠比較容易獲取,用以活組織檢查研究的腫瘤細(xì)胞.其為腫瘤基礎(chǔ)研究、臨床治療監(jiān)測、患者預(yù)后等提供了非常重要的研究對象,具備極其重要的研究價(jià)值[3].CTCs要實(shí)現(xiàn)占據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)移器官,形成臨床轉(zhuǎn)移灶,需要克服眾多阻礙,其機(jī)制復(fù)雜且總的存活幾率并不高.研究CTCs在腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移中的相關(guān)機(jī)制,結(jié)合腫瘤細(xì)胞滲入和滲出循環(huán)系統(tǒng)前后原發(fā)腫瘤和轉(zhuǎn)移器官微環(huán)境的一系列變化,可以幫助我們進(jìn)一步了解腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的具體機(jī)制.

1 轉(zhuǎn)移開啟:獲得轉(zhuǎn)移能力并滲入外周循環(huán)系統(tǒng)

1.1 腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移起始的一般模式腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移,一般認(rèn)為是在原發(fā)腫瘤形成后,腫瘤細(xì)胞播散入血,通過血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng),到達(dá)遠(yuǎn)處組織,形成轉(zhuǎn)移灶.按照這一經(jīng)典的理論,起始階段是腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲周圍組織并侵襲循環(huán)系統(tǒng),包括一系列的復(fù)雜生理過程:細(xì)胞內(nèi)骨架的重塑,細(xì)胞間的粘附作用降低,金屬蛋白酶降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),組織蛋白酶溶解作用等.在這些因素的綜合作用下,腫瘤細(xì)胞通過組織間質(zhì)向血管遷移.遷移過程中,腫瘤細(xì)胞可以以單個(gè)細(xì)胞的形式穿過細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),沿著膠原纖維移動;或者形成細(xì)胞團(tuán)簇,整體行進(jìn).在這期間,人體正?;|(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌一種重要的細(xì)胞因子——轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β),促使腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生異常的上皮間質(zhì)表型轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT),使腫瘤細(xì)胞的表型從上皮表型(E)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g質(zhì)表型(M),這種關(guān)鍵的表型改變使得腫瘤細(xì)胞丟失細(xì)胞間的粘附作用和上皮極性,獲得了遷移和侵襲的能力,促進(jìn)了腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲血管,并最終使腫瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)入全身的血液循環(huán)[4].腫瘤細(xì)胞的這種表型變化具有重要的生理作用和臨床意義.

1.2 腫瘤細(xì)胞表型轉(zhuǎn)變及意義在腫瘤原發(fā)灶,腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生異常的EMT,形成了上皮表型為主的腫瘤細(xì)胞(E>M)、間質(zhì)表型為主的腫瘤細(xì)胞(M>E)和少量同時(shí)具備上皮和間質(zhì)表型(E=M)的腫瘤細(xì)胞共存的局面.細(xì)胞表型在不同疾病或疾病的不同亞組中表現(xiàn)不同.以乳腺疾病為例,在良性乳腺腫塊或未發(fā)生浸潤的乳腺導(dǎo)管原位癌中,幾乎全是上皮表型的腫瘤細(xì)胞.而在浸潤性乳腺癌中,既有上皮型腫瘤細(xì)胞,也有間質(zhì)型腫瘤細(xì)胞,還有少部分同時(shí)表達(dá)兩個(gè)表型的腫瘤細(xì)胞.預(yù)后較差的三陰性乳腺癌中,有些腫瘤細(xì)胞形成團(tuán)簇,同時(shí)表達(dá)強(qiáng)陽性的上皮和間質(zhì)表型.可以看出,上皮表型常見于腫瘤原發(fā)部位和良性疾病中,當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞主要為間質(zhì)表型時(shí),細(xì)胞遷移侵襲能力增強(qiáng),常出現(xiàn)疾病進(jìn)展.腫瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)入血管,成為CTCs,也同時(shí)具備三種表型情況(E>M,E=M,M>E).形成細(xì)胞團(tuán)簇的CTCs主要為間質(zhì)表型,常見于疾病進(jìn)展的乳腺癌患者.CTCs形成的細(xì)胞團(tuán)簇常附著血小板,同樣能分泌 TGF-β,協(xié)同血液循環(huán)中FOXC1轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞表型轉(zhuǎn)化,與不良預(yù)后相關(guān).因此,腫瘤細(xì)胞的表型轉(zhuǎn)化,不僅在腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的初始過程中起著重要的作用,其變化也在一定程度上體現(xiàn)了疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展和預(yù)后[4-5].

2 轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行中:適應(yīng)外周循環(huán)并滲出至遠(yuǎn)端器官

2.1 腫瘤細(xì)胞適應(yīng)血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)腫瘤細(xì)胞持續(xù)從原發(fā)灶進(jìn)入循環(huán)系統(tǒng).CTCs在外周循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中,要克服血流剪切力、免疫系統(tǒng)、細(xì)胞因子、低氧等各種血液微環(huán)境的影響.血小板在其遷移的過程中起到了保護(hù)作用[6],同時(shí)腫瘤細(xì)胞改變自身的代謝形式以抵抗低氧的影響[7],僅有不到萬分之一的腫瘤細(xì)胞能在外周血中存活[8],這些存活下來的腫瘤細(xì)胞具有高度的活性和轉(zhuǎn)移潛能.有的表現(xiàn)為游離的單個(gè)細(xì)胞的形式,也有部分形成細(xì)胞團(tuán)簇樣的癌栓.越來越多的證據(jù)表明,不同腫瘤細(xì)胞團(tuán)會互相協(xié)作,相互促進(jìn)生存和轉(zhuǎn)移能力,比單個(gè)CTCs更有效的形成轉(zhuǎn)移[9].

2.2 進(jìn)出循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的狀況及毛細(xì)血管的構(gòu)成影響腫瘤細(xì)胞滲出的部位CTCs滲出血管前,會被毛細(xì)血管截留,這被認(rèn)為是其主要的捕獲機(jī)制.哪些部位能夠成為第一個(gè)捕獲CTCs的毛細(xì)血管床,主要由機(jī)體具體的血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)狀況決定.如靜脈系統(tǒng)主要經(jīng)右心室到肺,或由胃經(jīng)門脈系統(tǒng)到肝,這就容易使CTCs在肺和肝內(nèi)停留,導(dǎo)致肺和肝出現(xiàn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[10].腫瘤細(xì)胞也能在微循環(huán)中生長形成癌栓,破出血管壁到血管外.而不同器官不同的血管壁組成也會影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的滲出.肝和骨髓的毛細(xì)血管是血竇,由有孔的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和不連續(xù)的基底膜構(gòu)成,而這些間隙有利于CTCs的滲出,這也是為什么肝和骨髓腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移高發(fā)的原因[11].

2.3 多種細(xì)胞因子參與調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞滲出血管至遠(yuǎn)端器官的過程CTCs滲出至遠(yuǎn)端器官的機(jī)制復(fù)雜,有多種不同的細(xì)胞因子參與調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞與靶器官血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞之間的作用,特異性的細(xì)胞因子決定轉(zhuǎn)移的特異性位點(diǎn)[12].TGF-β通過調(diào)節(jié)炎癥因子和生長因子促進(jìn)肺部形成炎癥反應(yīng)而引起血管高滲透,從而使CTCs滲出血管轉(zhuǎn)移到肺[13].對于乳腺癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移病例,去除白介素-13受體α2(IL-13Ralpha2)能延遲原發(fā)腫瘤的生長,并明顯抑制肺部轉(zhuǎn)移灶的生長.增強(qiáng) IL-13調(diào)節(jié)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子 6(STAT6)能抑制轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移能力[14].基質(zhì)細(xì)胞蛋白(secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine,SPARC)是一種重要的腫瘤來源血管滲透因子,高表達(dá)SPARC能增強(qiáng)血管壁的滲透性,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞滲出、肺轉(zhuǎn)移;而當(dāng)SPARC缺失時(shí),腫瘤細(xì)胞則不能滲出肺毛細(xì)血管[15].腫瘤整合素 β1(integrinβ1,ITGB1)促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移,去除腫瘤ITGB1的腫瘤細(xì)胞缺乏維持突起進(jìn)入內(nèi)皮下基質(zhì)的能力,尤其是通過α3β1和α6β1對內(nèi)皮層粘連蛋白的粘附是腫瘤細(xì)胞成功轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)鍵[16].血小板來源的TGF-β和血小板-腫瘤細(xì)胞的直接接觸能協(xié)同激活癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的TGF-β/Smad和NF-κB通路,導(dǎo)致癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦咔忠u性的間質(zhì)樣表型(M),促進(jìn)CTCs滲出血管[17].腫瘤細(xì)胞激活的血小板釋放腺嘌呤核苷酸,誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮屏障開放,允許腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移穿過內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)了癌細(xì)胞滲出血管[18].乳腺癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移灶能召集表達(dá)CCR2(趨化因子CCL2受體)的炎性單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和腫瘤細(xì)胞,依賴腫瘤和間質(zhì)合成的CCL2,通過CCL2-CCR2信號通路,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞滲出血管,其過程需要單核細(xì)胞來源的血管內(nèi)皮生長因子[19].上述調(diào)節(jié)因子的每一種機(jī)制都增加了腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的可能性,并且這些機(jī)制經(jīng)常是起協(xié)同作用.

總之,影響CTCs滲出血管,轉(zhuǎn)移到特定器官的因素有很多,包括腫瘤基質(zhì)釋放的促轉(zhuǎn)移信號、CTCs細(xì)胞群的組成、CTCs表型轉(zhuǎn)變、血液循環(huán)的形式、遠(yuǎn)端器官毛細(xì)血管壁的結(jié)構(gòu)及腫瘤自我調(diào)節(jié)功能等,共同維持腫瘤細(xì)胞不斷滲出循環(huán)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入遠(yuǎn)端器官.

3 轉(zhuǎn)移實(shí)現(xiàn):適應(yīng)宿主組織新環(huán)境,形成轉(zhuǎn)移灶或潛伏休眠

3.1 宿主組織的免疫防御當(dāng)CTCs到達(dá)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移部位時(shí),經(jīng)過間質(zhì)上皮轉(zhuǎn)換(mesenchymal epithelial transition,MET),突破血管壁,到達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)移器官,形成轉(zhuǎn)移灶.傳統(tǒng)的“種子和土壤”假設(shè)認(rèn)為,不同的腫瘤對于轉(zhuǎn)移器官有不同的偏好,認(rèn)為某一器官傾向于特定腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移.其實(shí),對DTCs來說,每一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)處的“土壤”都是致命的,最好的“土壤”是腫瘤原發(fā)灶本身.CTCs也會在其原發(fā)腫瘤部位定植,自我種植會加速腫瘤的生長、血管形成,增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲性和抗藥性[20-21].遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移灶的微環(huán)境中主要有細(xì)胞毒T細(xì)胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)和自然殺傷細(xì)胞(natural killer cells,NK)起著抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移免疫監(jiān)視的作用,免疫反應(yīng)能促使DTCs進(jìn)入休眠期,在一定程度上減少了腫瘤的增殖,延長了患者的生存期[22].例如在腦中,星型膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞起抗轉(zhuǎn)移免疫防御的作用,通過釋放纖溶酶原激活劑(PA)使纖溶酶原轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槔w溶酶,動員促凋亡細(xì)胞因子Fas配體殺傷浸潤的癌細(xì)胞.肺癌和乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤細(xì)胞通過產(chǎn)生高水平的抗PA絲氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑來預(yù)防纖溶酶產(chǎn)生和其轉(zhuǎn)移抑制作用[23].

3.2 宿主組織微環(huán)境成人的干細(xì)胞生存在特定的微環(huán)境中,富含各種細(xì)胞生長和增殖的信號,維持干細(xì)胞的生長、休眠、增殖和分化.而腫瘤細(xì)胞被認(rèn)為是來自突變的干細(xì)胞或其保留腫瘤啟動能力的子代,同樣也能從這些微環(huán)境中受益[24].而播散到遠(yuǎn)端器官的腫瘤干細(xì)胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)也能通過特定的微環(huán)境維持其生存和腫瘤啟動潛能.例如在小鼠轉(zhuǎn)移模型中,人前列腺癌細(xì)胞能直接占據(jù)小鼠骨髓造血干細(xì)胞的微環(huán)境,增加微環(huán)境的大小能促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)移,減小則抑制播散[25].腦血管周圍細(xì)胞具有部分干細(xì)胞特性,能參與新血管的形成.膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤能與腦血管周圍細(xì)胞相互作用,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腦腫瘤的發(fā)生與浸潤[26].對腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移至腦內(nèi)的實(shí)時(shí)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),CTCs在血管分叉處被捕獲,通過與血管的相互作用,形成早期的滲出,并持續(xù)結(jié)合在微血管上,圍繞血管周圍生長[27].DTCs也能自己制造類似干細(xì)胞的微環(huán)境成分,乳腺癌肺轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞能產(chǎn)生肌腱蛋白C(tenascin C,TNC),這是一種干細(xì)胞微環(huán)境中細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白,能促進(jìn)肺微轉(zhuǎn)移灶的生存和生長[28].在正常組織和腫瘤基質(zhì)中,成纖維細(xì)胞都能產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)成分骨膜蛋白(periostin,POSTN),DTCs能誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)移器官基質(zhì)產(chǎn)生POSTN,促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)移灶形成,增強(qiáng)腫瘤干細(xì)胞內(nèi)Wnt信號,維持腫瘤干細(xì)胞存活[29].研究表明,來自小鼠和人肺、肝、腦腫瘤細(xì)胞的外泌體,優(yōu)先與其靶器官的特異細(xì)胞融合.外泌體被器官特異性細(xì)胞攝取后,通過激活Src磷酸化和促炎S100基因表達(dá),準(zhǔn)備腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境.其中,外泌體整合素α6β4和α6β1與肺轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),而外泌體整合素αvβ5與肝轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[30].又如轉(zhuǎn)移的黑色素瘤細(xì)胞分泌外泌體,能誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)移前微環(huán)境的血管滲漏、使骨髓祖細(xì)胞向促血管生成的表型轉(zhuǎn)化,支持腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移[31].

3.3 眾多生長和生存通路促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞在宿主組織存活實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P吞崾荆S多基因和信號通路支持轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長和生存,因此這些基因的表達(dá)一定程度上也能提示腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā).癌細(xì)胞的優(yōu)勢在于能在低水平激動信號的基礎(chǔ)上,在微環(huán)境中獲得充足的激活通路,因此DTCs能利用宿主組織提供的這些信號通路,甚至通過表達(dá)自分泌通路激活劑或者召集間質(zhì)細(xì)胞,放大通路的信號輸出[32].例如DTCs自分泌白介素 6(interleukin-6,IL-6)激活 AKT抑制性磷酸酶PHLPP2,驅(qū)動AKT-MYC開關(guān),并且IL-6能溝通下游Stat3調(diào)節(jié)的MYC激活,促進(jìn)前列腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移[33].食管癌細(xì)胞自分泌胰島素樣生長因子2(insulin-like growth factorⅡ,IGF2)激活A(yù)KT通路促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞增殖、生存和轉(zhuǎn)移[34].乳腺癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)絡(luò)氨酸激酶Src的激活與乳腺癌遲發(fā)骨轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān).乳腺癌細(xì)胞來源的血管生成素樣蛋白2(angiopoietin-like protein,ANGPTL2)通過增強(qiáng)乳腺癌細(xì)胞對CXCL12信號的反應(yīng),上調(diào)腫瘤細(xì)胞CXCR4表達(dá),促進(jìn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移[35].

3.4 腫瘤細(xì)胞與其他細(xì)胞相互作用,促進(jìn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移生長腫瘤細(xì)胞與巨噬細(xì)胞接觸,通過Notch1/Mena信號通路,激活MENA轉(zhuǎn)錄,上調(diào)Mena表達(dá),形成侵襲性突觸,對腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和跨內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞遷移播散十分重要[36];內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、腫瘤和骨髓相互作用,形成一個(gè)信號網(wǎng)絡(luò),例如癌細(xì)胞高表達(dá)CXCL1/2,準(zhǔn)備好在轉(zhuǎn)移部位生存,CXCL1/2能吸引CD1b(+)GR1(+)骨髓細(xì)胞進(jìn)入腫瘤,產(chǎn)生包括鈣結(jié)合蛋白(S100A8/9)在內(nèi)的趨化因子促進(jìn)腫瘤生存.這樣一種旁分泌網(wǎng)絡(luò),促進(jìn)了腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移和生存[37].TGF-β是微環(huán)境中重要的促轉(zhuǎn)移因素,TGF-β作用于基質(zhì)細(xì)胞,提高了結(jié)直腸癌器官轉(zhuǎn)移灶形成的效率.結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞表達(dá) TGF-β,促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞(carcinoma-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)分泌 IL-11,激活腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)GP130/STAT3信號,這種交互刺激促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤細(xì)胞的生存[38].腫瘤細(xì)胞通過與轉(zhuǎn)移灶細(xì)胞的實(shí)質(zhì)性接觸,也能獲得生存支持.連接蛋白-2(claudin-2)是乳腺癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移的調(diào)節(jié)因子,在肝轉(zhuǎn)移乳腺癌細(xì)胞中特異性表達(dá)增高.Claudin-2調(diào)節(jié)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞與肝細(xì)胞之間的反應(yīng),其功能不僅是細(xì)胞緊密連接的復(fù)合物,更具備乳腺癌細(xì)胞與肝細(xì)胞之間粘附分子的作用,促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞形成肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶[39].肺轉(zhuǎn)移乳腺癌細(xì)胞膜血管粘附分子 1(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,VCAM1)與單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的α4整合素接觸,激活癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的PI3K-AKT信號.與之相比,骨髓轉(zhuǎn)移的乳腺癌細(xì)胞VCAM1與單核破骨細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞上的α4β1整合素接觸,加速這些前體分化成破骨細(xì)胞,增加破骨細(xì)胞活性,使休眠狀態(tài)的微轉(zhuǎn)移灶形成明顯的轉(zhuǎn)移生長[40].

4 結(jié)語

CTCs與腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),本研究通過分析腫瘤細(xì)胞表型轉(zhuǎn)化、腫瘤微環(huán)境、相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子和細(xì)胞通路、腫瘤細(xì)胞與其他細(xì)胞的相互作用、轉(zhuǎn)移微環(huán)境對腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的影響等逐步了解CTCs與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的可能機(jī)制.分析腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的一系列過程,可以明確腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移能力不是天然獲得的,而是經(jīng)過機(jī)體組織對抗、免疫監(jiān)視、在低氧的壓力下逐步篩選出來.比如原發(fā)腫瘤局部浸潤后,滲入腫瘤血管中,以單個(gè)細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞簇的形式進(jìn)入循環(huán)系統(tǒng),而循環(huán)的模式、不同器官毛細(xì)血管壁的結(jié)構(gòu)都會影響CTCs的播散.而后,CTCs被遠(yuǎn)端的毛細(xì)血管捕獲后,腫瘤細(xì)胞滲出毛細(xì)血管到靶器官的實(shí)質(zhì)中,開始轉(zhuǎn)移生長或潛伏休眠.目前臨床上的治療只能部分清除顯著的轉(zhuǎn)移灶,而在治療的壓力下,癌細(xì)胞和非瘤間質(zhì)細(xì)胞會動員生存信號,支持殘余的腫瘤直至小部分藥物抵抗的癌細(xì)胞克隆出現(xiàn),產(chǎn)生藥物抵抗的腫瘤.隨著對CTCs研究的不斷深入,可以了解腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)機(jī)制的全貌,達(dá)到對腫瘤治療認(rèn)識的完整性和有效性,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)對腫瘤臨床診斷、治療和預(yù)后方案選擇的最優(yōu)化.

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Research progress of circulating tumor cells and metastatic mechanism of tumor

LIN Jian,LI Heng-Yu,WU Kai-Nan,SHENG Yuan,YU Yue
Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University,Shanghai 200433,China

Metastasis is the main cause of tumor death.Circulating tumor cells(CTCs)are closely related to tumor metastasis.In this paper,a series of metastatic process of CTCs were reviewed and analyzed:migrating into the circulating system, adapting to peripheral circulatory system, penetrating to distant organs,breaking through the immune defense and forming metastases.From the content mentioned above,we can understand several factors that may affect tumor metastasis,including constitution of blood capillary wall,tissue microenvironment,cytokine modulation,intercellular interaction and regulation of signal pathways.Through the review of literatures,we can further understand some mechanisms of tumor metastasis.

circulating tumor cells;tumor;metastasis

R730.2;R730.7

A

2095-6894(2017)05-11-05

2017-01-27;接受日期:2017-02-15

第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長海醫(yī)院“1255”基金支持(CH125540800)

林 健.碩士,主治醫(yī)師.研究方向:乳腺癌基礎(chǔ)及臨床.Tel:021-31161645 E-mail:35540398@qq.com

李恒宇(共同第一作者).博士,主治醫(yī)師.研究方向:乳腺癌基礎(chǔ)及臨床.E-mail:drlhy@foxmail.com

盛 湲.博士,主任醫(yī)師.研究方向:乳腺癌基礎(chǔ)及臨床.E-mail:sheng528yuan@smmu.edu.cn

于 躍(共同通訊作者).博士,主治醫(yī)師,講師.Tel:021-31161644 E-mail:dr-array@hotmail.com

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