周海燕,嚴(yán) 宏
(1陜西省人民醫(yī)院眼科,陜西西安710068;2重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,眼科學(xué)重慶市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,重慶市眼科研究所,重慶400016;3第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院眼科,陜西西安710038)
高同型半胱氨酸血癥與眼部疾病
周海燕1,嚴(yán) 宏2,3
(1陜西省人民醫(yī)院眼科,陜西西安710068;2重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,眼科學(xué)重慶市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,重慶市眼科研究所,重慶400016;3第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院眼科,陜西西安710038)
同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)是一種與半胱氨酸同系的四碳含硫氨基酸,它不參加蛋白質(zhì)的合成,是體內(nèi)蛋氨酸循環(huán)的正常代謝產(chǎn)物.研究證實(shí)高同型半胱氨酸血癥(HHcy)是多種疾病發(fā)生的潛在危險(xiǎn)因子,包括血管疾病、神經(jīng)元變性疾病等,并且HHcy與多種眼部疾病及視覺損傷有關(guān).本文綜述了Hcy代謝異常與眼部疾病的關(guān)系及與之相關(guān)的病理學(xué)機(jī)制.
高同型半胱氨酸血癥;白內(nèi)障;青光眼;糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變;視覺損傷
同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)是一種與半胱氨酸同系的四碳含硫氨基酸,它不參加蛋白質(zhì)的合成,是蛋氨酸代謝的中間產(chǎn)物,是體內(nèi)蛋氨酸循環(huán)的正常代謝產(chǎn)物.高半胱氨酸血癥(hyperhomocysteinemia,HHcy)是指外周血中經(jīng)過還原作用后可生成Hcy的物質(zhì)的總體含量升高.研究證實(shí)HHcy是多種疾病發(fā)生的潛在危險(xiǎn)因子,包括血管疾病、神經(jīng)元變性疾病等,并且HHcy血癥與多種眼部疾病例如糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜疾病、青光眼、白內(nèi)障、視神經(jīng)萎縮、視網(wǎng)膜血管阻塞等有密切的關(guān)系.研究表明高Hcy導(dǎo)致眼病發(fā)生的分子機(jī)制為血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能受損,視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡,細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)改變,賴氨酰氧化酶活性降低以及氧化損傷作用.HHcy中形成的同型半胱氨酸-硫代內(nèi)脂具有非常強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞毒性和炎癥趨化作用,可以導(dǎo)致晶狀體混濁和視神經(jīng)的損害.
Hcy來源于食物中的蛋氨酸.正常情況下,在甲基葉酸和維生素B12的幫助下,蛋氨酸合酶催化Hcy再次甲基化為蛋氨酸.同時(shí),在胱硫醚β-合成酶和維生素B6催化的絲氨酸轉(zhuǎn)硫作用為胱硫醚的通路中,Hcy可以被轉(zhuǎn)化為半胱氨酸.這兩種通路可以清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)的Hcy.因此Hcy在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的累積取決于蛋氨酸合成酶和胱硫醚β-合成酶的活性.游離Hcy可以被蛋氨酸t(yī)RNA合成酶催化為同型半胱氨酸-硫代內(nèi)脂[1].蛋氨酸的再次甲基化和半胱氨酸的轉(zhuǎn)硫過程都可以產(chǎn)生Hcy,在這個(gè)過程中需要輔酶維生素B6、B12和甲基化葉酸.以上維生素的缺乏與HHcy的發(fā)生有關(guān),因此許多研究推薦使用葉酸和維生素B12降低受試者體內(nèi)Hcy的水平.HHcy與多種疾病如心腦血管疾病和神經(jīng)元病變的發(fā)生都有密切的聯(lián)系[2-4].近期研究[5]已確認(rèn),高半胱氨酸血癥為冠心病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素.血Hcy濃度在11.9 μmol/L以上的患者腦白質(zhì)損害的發(fā)生率是濃度低于8.6 μmol/L的患者的3倍.研究[6]表明,Hcy在血清中的含量隨年齡增長而升高,而高Hcy是導(dǎo)致年齡相關(guān)性疾病的重要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素.Hcy被認(rèn)為加速了細(xì)胞和器官的老化進(jìn)程[7].Hcy水平升高與心腦血管疾病、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性疾病、糖尿病、肝硬化、慢性腎病等疾病高度相關(guān)[8-9].正常的空腹血清Hcy水平為5~15 μmol/L,根據(jù)血清中Hcy升高的程度將HHcy劃分為輕度(16~30 μmol/L)、中度(31~100 μmol/L)、重度(>100μmol/L).在人體內(nèi),70%~80%的Hcy是與蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合.N-同型半胱氨酸化的蛋白質(zhì)占總Hcy的0.3%~23%,然而同型半胱氨酸-硫代內(nèi)脂的量卻很少.大多數(shù)游離的Hcy被氧化或與半胱氨酸結(jié)合為二硫化合物,只有一小部分成為游離型[10-13].
Hcy含有巰基,在自動氧化過程中產(chǎn)生活性氧(ROS)——過氧化氫、超氧化物陰離子自由基、羥自由基產(chǎn)生氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),增加體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激負(fù)擔(dān),對組織細(xì)胞進(jìn)行破壞[14].同時(shí),Hcy抑制了抗氧化酶如SOD的活性和表達(dá)[15].Hcy還可通過特異性抑制谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶的活性,削弱機(jī)體抗氧化功能[16-19].谷兆俠等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Hcy可能通過抑制機(jī)體抗氧化能力參與刺激機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激機(jī)制的發(fā)生,顯著抑制GSH的生成.Hcy代謝通路的任一環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)生異常,即可能導(dǎo)致Hcy轉(zhuǎn)化受阻而在體內(nèi)積蓄,最終對組織器官造成損傷.
HHcy已證實(shí)與視覺受損有關(guān).HHcy是多種眼部疾病發(fā)生的高危因素,包括視網(wǎng)膜動脈粥樣硬化[21]、青光眼[22-23]、滲出性年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性[24-26]、視網(wǎng)膜血管阻塞導(dǎo)致視神經(jīng)萎縮及非動脈缺血性視神經(jīng)病變[27-28].
在對白內(nèi)障發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),高Hcy啟動未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(unfolded protein response,UPR),削弱了晶狀體內(nèi)氧化防御系統(tǒng).高水平的Hcy與青少年白內(nèi)障和年齡相關(guān)性白內(nèi)障密切相關(guān).Sen等[29]研究了同一年齡段人群中白內(nèi)障患者及對照組無白內(nèi)障患者血清Hcy水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)白內(nèi)障組較對照組明顯升高,且增加的水平與葉酸和維生素B12水平的降低有關(guān).Tan等[30]研究了3508位均齡65歲人的血清Hcy水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)在后囊下白內(nèi)障人群血清Hcy水平較正常組明顯升高.有研究[31-32]已經(jīng)觀察到Hcy對人類和動物晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞的影響,高濃度Hcy可以誘導(dǎo)晶狀體細(xì)胞發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),引起白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生和發(fā)展.Hcy升高導(dǎo)致大量的活性氧產(chǎn)生,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞死亡和凋亡,可能導(dǎo)致皮質(zhì)性白內(nèi)障的形成[33].而后囊下白內(nèi)障的形成可能與玻璃體內(nèi)Hcy的含量增多有關(guān)[34].遺傳性高胱氨尿酸患者心血管疾病、白內(nèi)障、青光眼疾病高發(fā),被認(rèn)為Hcy是造成機(jī)體老化的一個(gè)重要因素,血清中大約80%的Hcy通過二硫鍵與纖維連接蛋白或白蛋白結(jié)合[35-36],但其余20%游離于血清中存在很長時(shí)間[37],并且與白蛋白結(jié)合的Hcy在眼內(nèi)高還原的環(huán)境下與白蛋白分離,再次游離.游離的Hcy被半胱氨酸膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白內(nèi)化入晶狀體細(xì)胞[38],高濃度 Hcy可造成晶狀體細(xì)胞的嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,其作用機(jī)制被認(rèn)為與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān).
研究認(rèn)為,Hcy是一種引起白內(nèi)障的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激源.內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激是指由于內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中鈣離子紊亂和蛋白質(zhì)不能正常折疊導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡,生理功能發(fā)生紊亂的一種亞細(xì)胞器的病理過程.蛋白質(zhì)的不正確折疊引發(fā)的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)稱UPR,由3種內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)感應(yīng)蛋白介導(dǎo):肌醇需酶1(inositol requiring enzyme 1,IRE-1)、活化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(activating transcription factor 6,ATF-6)和雙鏈RNA依賴的蛋白激酶樣ER激酶(PKR-like ER protein kinase,PERK).葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein78,GPR78)是內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的標(biāo)志性蛋白[39].細(xì)胞內(nèi)抵御過量ROS損傷的最重要機(jī)制是由PERK依賴的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(NF-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)調(diào)控的[40-41].Nrf2調(diào)控許多抗氧化防御基因,包括 GR、谷胱甘肽-s-轉(zhuǎn)移酶、硫氧還蛋白、硫氧還蛋白還原酶及另外的抗氧化酶.年齡相關(guān)性白內(nèi)障患者白內(nèi)障晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞中IRE-1、ATF-6、PERK和GPR78水平明顯升高[42].Hcy誘導(dǎo)了內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激壓力,啟動了UPR,并導(dǎo)致晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞中ROS的產(chǎn)生,ROS降低了游離谷胱甘肽的數(shù)量,削弱了氧化防御系統(tǒng),加劇了更加氧化的環(huán)境,導(dǎo)致晶狀體發(fā)生氧化損傷.另外,未折疊蛋白形成并發(fā)展為更大的聚合物使光散射增強(qiáng),晶狀體透明度下降,形成白內(nèi)障[31,42].在Hcy的作用下,晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)的ROS明顯增多,并且GSH顯著減少.Yang等[42]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在年齡相關(guān)性白內(nèi)障患者白內(nèi)障晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞中內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)感應(yīng)蛋白IRE-1、ATF-6、PERK和GPR78水平明顯升高.高Hcy可以引起晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng),使晶狀體上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS明顯升高,抑制了Nrf2依賴的抗氧化保護(hù)防御系統(tǒng),使Nrf2下游的過氧化氫酶、谷胱甘肽還原酶明顯降低[31].研究認(rèn)為,Hcy加速了細(xì)胞老化進(jìn)程[7,43],游離的Hcy能被半胱氨酸膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白內(nèi)化入晶狀體細(xì)胞[44].隨著年齡的增長,Hcy在體內(nèi)蓄積,導(dǎo)致晶狀體的氧化損傷與白內(nèi)障的形成.
晶狀體蛋白質(zhì)的修飾作用在年齡相關(guān)性白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生中發(fā)揮了重要作用.賴氨酸殘基的Hcy化會引起蛋氨酸合成酶和胰蛋白酶的完全失活,導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)的損害,從而引起蛋白質(zhì)功能受損[45].賴氨酸氧化酶是一種銅依賴的胺氧化酶,催化細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中共價(jià)交聯(lián)膠原蛋白和彈性蛋白的產(chǎn)生,這兩種蛋白質(zhì)是細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)維持結(jié)構(gòu)完整性和穩(wěn)定性所必需的.
青光眼是不可逆性致盲性眼病,其病理基礎(chǔ)是視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞的凋亡.近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Hcy可通過激活NMDA受體導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞的凋亡[46].與NMDA受體結(jié)合后,Hcy可以間接加強(qiáng)鈣離子的流入和氧化反應(yīng),從而激活細(xì)胞凋亡通路[47].在原發(fā)性開角型青光眼患者體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)Hcy增加會導(dǎo)致視神經(jīng)損傷[48].Moore等[49]發(fā)現(xiàn)在小鼠體內(nèi),Hcy可以導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞的凋亡.有研究[50]報(bào)道,在老年男性和女性假性剝脫性青光眼患者中葉酸水平降低,Hcy水平增高.雖然Hcy水平和假性剝脫性青光眼發(fā)生呈正相關(guān),但在印度老年青光眼患者中HHcy與葉酸和維生素 B12水平的相關(guān)性尚未建立.Turgut等[51]和Cumurcu等[52]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清維生素B12水平在患有假性剝脫性青光眼患者和其他類型的開角青光眼的患者中無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異.
增殖性糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變主要是細(xì)胞外機(jī)制重塑、新血管形成和基底膜改變.新生血管膜提示賴氨酸氧化酶的增加.在HHcy的影響下,視網(wǎng)膜蛋白質(zhì)容易被Hcy化攻擊.除此之外,有研究認(rèn)為同型半胱氨酸-硫代內(nèi)脂比Hcy更具有趨炎屬性,會加重?fù)p傷[53].Hcy也可以直接損傷視網(wǎng)膜,特別是在神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞層和玻璃體液中檢測到高水平的Hcy,表明Hcy可以直接損傷視網(wǎng)膜[54].血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變的發(fā)生中起重要作用.Lee等[55]和Saeed等[56]發(fā)現(xiàn)短期的HHcy誘發(fā)的氧化應(yīng)激可以激活老鼠中的視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,并且可以增加視網(wǎng)膜VEGF的表達(dá).Maeda等[57]用不同濃度的Hcy孵育人單核細(xì)胞,經(jīng)過6、12、24 h孵育后檢測VEGF mRNA的表達(dá)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著Hcy濃度的升高和作用時(shí)間的延長,VEGF mRNA的表達(dá)顯著增強(qiáng).研究[58]證明了其在糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變的發(fā)生中起重要作用.
HHcy與多種眼部疾病有直接的關(guān)系.目前對于防治HHcy,醫(yī)學(xué)界進(jìn)行了大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)室及臨床研究,包括:基因治療和藥物治療.基因治療目前尚處于研究階段.藥物治療主要包含以下幾方面內(nèi)容:①補(bǔ)充B族維生素,可以降低血中Hcy的含量;②補(bǔ)充甜菜堿,甜菜堿的有效成份為三甲基甘氨酸,具有甲基供體功能,可參與Hcy作為底物的蛋氨酸再生與循環(huán);③N-乙酰半胱氨酸,能起到抗氧化,清除氧自由基作用.諸多臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究促進(jìn)理論研究向臨床應(yīng)用的轉(zhuǎn)化.對目標(biāo)人群應(yīng)定期檢測血漿Hcy、維生素B6、B12和葉酸的水平,及時(shí)篩選出被HHcy危及健康的患者,利于預(yù)防上述疾病的發(fā)生及控制疾病的進(jìn)展.
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Hyperhomocysteinemia and oculopathy
ZHOU Hai-Yan1,YAN Hong2,3
1DepartmentofOphthalmology,ShaanxiProvincialPeople's Hospital,Xi'an 710068,China;2The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology,Chongqing Eye Institute,Chongqing 400016,China;3Department of Ophthalmology,Tangdu Hospital,F(xiàn)ourth Military Medical University,Xi'an 710038,China
Homocysteine(Hcy),a derived sulfur-containing and non-proteinogenic amino acid,which is formed in trace amount during the metabolism of essential amino acid,methionine.Elevated plasma Hcy levels have been associated with several tissue injuries including heart and neuronal degeneration.In addition,Hyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy)has been related to visual dysfunction.This article discusses the association between metabolic disorder of Hcy and ocular diseases and the possible pathological mechanisms.
hyperhomocysteinemia;cataract;glaucoma;diabetic retinopathy;visual impairment
R774.1;R589
A
2095-6894(2017)08-09-04
2017-05-15;接受日期:2017-06-01
國家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金項(xiàng)目(81600720);陜西省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2017JQ8012)
周海燕.博士,主治醫(yī)師.研究方向:白內(nèi)障發(fā)病機(jī)制及防治.E-mail:zhy2006614@163.com
嚴(yán) 宏.主任醫(yī)師,教授,博導(dǎo).研究方向:白內(nèi)障發(fā)病機(jī)制及防治.E-mail:yhongb@fmmu.edu.cn