伍 兵,許康康,謝華桃
(1湖北省公安縣二人民醫(yī)院眼科,湖北公安434300;2華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院眼科,湖北武漢430022)
·綜述·
瞼板腺干細(xì)胞的研究現(xiàn)狀
伍 兵1,許康康2,謝華桃2
(1湖北省公安縣二人民醫(yī)院眼科,湖北公安434300;2華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院眼科,湖北武漢430022)
瞼板腺功能障礙(MGD)是導(dǎo)致蒸發(fā)型干眼(EDED)的最主要原因.瞼板腺(MGs)分泌的脂質(zhì)構(gòu)成淚膜前表面,以防止淚液蒸發(fā)過快,其正常穩(wěn)態(tài)則由瞼板腺干細(xì)胞維持.本文回顧近年國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究成果,對(duì)瞼板腺干細(xì)胞的位置、功能、體外模型等研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行總結(jié),為MGD以及相關(guān)干眼發(fā)病機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步研究提供參考.
瞼板腺功能障礙;干細(xì)胞
瞼板腺(meibomian glands,MGs)由德國醫(yī)學(xué)家Meibom在 1666年首次報(bào)道,并以他的名字命名.MGs分布于上下瞼板,上瞼約30~40個(gè),下瞼約20~30個(gè),與瞼緣垂直排列;每個(gè)腺體分為腺泡和導(dǎo)管兩部分,導(dǎo)管開口于瞼緣后唇.作為人體最大的皮脂腺,MGs分泌方式為全分泌(Holocrine),即終末分化的腺體細(xì)胞崩解后,其合成的脂質(zhì)與其它細(xì)胞成分一起排入導(dǎo)管,最終排出到眼表,形成光滑的光學(xué)界面,并構(gòu)成淚膜前表面的脂質(zhì)層.脂質(zhì)層可防止淚液蒸發(fā)過快,從而發(fā)揮穩(wěn)定淚膜的功能[1].脂質(zhì)分泌伴隨著細(xì)胞崩解意味著MGs內(nèi)存在持續(xù)更新的系統(tǒng),維持著動(dòng)態(tài)的平衡.目前對(duì)于維持MGs持續(xù)更新的干細(xì)胞的系統(tǒng)研究還不是很透徹,本文回顧近年來相關(guān)研究成果,對(duì)瞼板腺干細(xì)胞的位置、功能、體外模型以及與MGs疾病的關(guān)系等研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了總結(jié).
成體干細(xì)胞為一群未分化的具有多種分化潛能的細(xì)胞.它們能夠自我更新,并在器官內(nèi)不斷產(chǎn)生分化細(xì)胞以維持器官的功能[2].Gorgas等[3]和 Sirigu等[4]分別在鼠和人的MGs腺泡內(nèi)部通過透射電鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)了集中在腺泡基底層的未分化細(xì)胞.Olami等[5]在2001年通過放射性標(biāo)記胸腺嘧啶核苷探測小鼠MGs腺泡內(nèi)的有絲分裂細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn),被標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞集中在基底部,并隨著時(shí)間的推移在腺泡中央出現(xiàn).因此證明腺泡細(xì)胞在腺泡內(nèi)部呈向心性運(yùn)動(dòng),平均每天移動(dòng)0.62 μm,且從形成到遷移至中央釋放脂質(zhì)大約需要9 d,由此推測瞼板腺干細(xì)胞可能存在于腺泡的基底層.
在角膜緣[6]、皮膚[7]等組織中,干細(xì)胞為“靜息”的標(biāo)記滯留細(xì)胞(label-retaining cells,LRCs).然而,大部分MGs腺泡基底部細(xì)胞有絲分裂極其活躍,與干細(xì)胞“靜息”特性不符,所以目前它們被認(rèn)定為祖細(xì)胞(progenitor cells).2016年,Parfitt等[8]用一種綠色熒光蛋白(H2B-GFP/K5tTA)追蹤鼠標(biāo)記滯留細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)標(biāo)記滯留的“靜息”細(xì)胞位于導(dǎo)管上皮與腺泡上皮交界處,其中既有表達(dá)細(xì)胞骨架蛋白6(cytokeratin 6,CK6)的小管細(xì)胞,也有不表達(dá)此蛋白的腺泡細(xì)胞;譜系追蹤(lineage-tracing)顯示腺泡來源于同一個(gè)祖細(xì)胞,而導(dǎo)管來源于不同的多個(gè)祖細(xì)胞,說明導(dǎo)管與腺泡由不同的祖細(xì)胞維持自我更新.但是,關(guān)于這些祖細(xì)胞上游是否還有更原始的雙能干細(xì)胞,它們保持靜息與激活狀態(tài)的機(jī)制以及是否表達(dá)特定的標(biāo)志物,目前仍不清楚,有待進(jìn)一步研究.
Liu等[9]在2010年成功用導(dǎo)入端粒酶的方式將人瞼板腺上皮細(xì)胞永生化,這是目前世界上唯一的瞼板腺上皮細(xì)胞系;永生化的細(xì)胞在不含血清的培養(yǎng)液中處于未分化狀態(tài),有極強(qiáng)的增殖能力,具有瞼板腺上皮祖細(xì)胞特性;一旦暴露于含血清的培養(yǎng)液,細(xì)胞則開始分化、聚集與合成脂質(zhì)[10].這種增殖-分化的體外模型被廣泛用來研究不同藥物對(duì)瞼板腺干細(xì)胞分化與增殖的影響.Liu等[11]在2013年報(bào)道表皮細(xì)胞生長因子與牛垂體提取物可促進(jìn)未分化瞼板腺細(xì)胞的增殖.阿奇霉素則能促進(jìn)瞼板腺上皮干細(xì)胞分化,表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞內(nèi)大量膽固醇及中性脂質(zhì)合成[12-13],為阿奇霉素治療MGD提供了理論基礎(chǔ).Omega 3和Omega 6亦可在體外促進(jìn)瞼板腺上皮細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)合成[14].此外,有研究[15]顯示體外高糖狀態(tài)對(duì)瞼板腺上皮細(xì)胞存在毒性作用,提示應(yīng)該重視糖尿病患者的MGs功能并預(yù)防相關(guān)干眼的發(fā)生.雖然目前通過此模型對(duì)MGs腺泡細(xì)胞的增殖、分化調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制的研究取得了較大進(jìn)展,但是導(dǎo)管細(xì)胞的分離、增殖以及分化還有待深入研究.
瞼板腺功能障礙(meibomian gland dysfunction,MGD)是一種由MGs終末導(dǎo)管阻塞和(或)MGs分泌物異常導(dǎo)致淚膜穩(wěn)定性下降合并眼部不適等一系列癥狀的眼表疾?。?6].MGD的發(fā)病與年齡及種族相關(guān),60歲以上的亞裔人群中,發(fā)病率為46.2%~69.3%[17].目前認(rèn)為其病理機(jī)制主要為導(dǎo)管上皮過度角化,導(dǎo)致管腔狹窄,瞼脂淤滯,導(dǎo)管囊樣擴(kuò)張,進(jìn)而發(fā)生腺泡萎縮[1].但是導(dǎo)管上皮增殖、轉(zhuǎn)分化為角化上皮的機(jī)制仍不明確.Parfitt等[18]在年齡相關(guān)性MGD的老年小鼠中并未觀察到導(dǎo)管的過度角化,他們認(rèn)為脂質(zhì)合成的關(guān)鍵因子PPAR-γ活性下降可能是其主要病因.Hwang等[19]提出“腺泡中心說”代替以往的“導(dǎo)管中心說”,即由于MGs腺泡細(xì)胞的自我更新、分化調(diào)節(jié)異常,直接導(dǎo)致腺泡萎縮,從而介導(dǎo)脂質(zhì)合成與瞼脂分泌異常.MGs的腺泡來源于單個(gè)祖細(xì)胞[8],因此干細(xì)胞的衰竭可能使腺泡萎縮,從而導(dǎo)致MGD的發(fā)生.
綜上所述,瞼板腺干細(xì)胞存在于MGs腺泡與導(dǎo)管交界處,體外細(xì)胞模型促進(jìn)了瞼板腺干細(xì)胞增殖與分化的研究.瞼板腺干細(xì)胞與MGD息息相關(guān),其鑒定、分離、體外擴(kuò)增以及增殖分化等基礎(chǔ)研究將為MGs再生提供重要的理論基礎(chǔ),對(duì)恢復(fù)瞼板腺功能以及干眼的治療有著重要的意義.
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Research status of meibomian gand stem cells
WU Bing1,XU Kang-Kang2,XIE Hua-Tao2
1Department of Ophthalmology,The Second Hospital of Gongan,Gongan 434300,China;2Department of Ophthalmology,Wuhan Union Hospital,Affiliated to Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430022,China
Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)is the major cause of evaporative dry eye disease(EDED).Meibomian glands (MGs)secrete lipid onto the ocular surface forming the uppermost portion of the tear film to reduce aqueous tear evaporation.The homeostasis of MGs was maintained by meibomian gland stem cells.After reviewing relevant research results in recent years,we summarized the research status on the location,function and in vitro model of meibomian gland stem cells in order to provide reference for further research on pathogenesis of MGD and EDED.
meibomian gland dysfunction;stem cells
R777.1+3;R77
A
2095-6894(2017)08-65-02
2017-05-29;接受日期:2017-06-19
國家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81300736)
伍 兵.本科,主治醫(yī)師.研究方向:角膜與眼表疾病、白內(nèi)障的診治及研究.E-mail:7342010@qq.com
謝華桃.博士,主治醫(yī)師.研究方向:角膜與眼表疾病臨床與基礎(chǔ)研究.E-mail:huataoxie@hust.edu.cn