徐小珊,閔 彬,王 震,劉 楠,劉 輝,涂艷陽
(1第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)外科,陜西西安710038;2空軍工程大學(xué)門診部,陜西 西安710050)
膠質(zhì)瘤的免疫治療進(jìn)展
徐小珊1,閔 彬2,王 震1,劉 楠1,劉 輝1,涂艷陽1
(1第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)唐都醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)外科,陜西西安710038;2空軍工程大學(xué)門診部,陜西 西安710050)
膠質(zhì)瘤是最常見的原發(fā)性腦腫瘤[1],僅在美國,每年診斷出新發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤的患者就有12 000例.膠質(zhì)瘤主要分為四種類型:室管膜瘤、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤、混合神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤和星形細(xì)胞瘤[2].星形細(xì)胞瘤進(jìn)一步被定義為Ⅰ~Ⅳ級,逐級惡化[3].Ⅳ期膠質(zhì)瘤,多形性膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(glioblastoma multiforme,GBM)是惡性程度最高的一種類型[4].因?yàn)槟[瘤細(xì)胞是從正常細(xì)胞衍化而來,很難單一靶向腫瘤細(xì)胞而不會(huì)引起嚴(yán)重的附帶損傷,這在腦部可能會(huì)帶來致命的損害.即使是在最佳治療條件下,罹患GBM的患者從診斷之日起的生存期也不超過15個(gè)月[5],而且,GBM腦腫瘤術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率高,且復(fù)發(fā)后致死率極高[6-7].這主要是因?yàn)槭中g(shù)很難徹底清除癌細(xì)胞[8],此外,機(jī)體中的膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞能夠逃避免疫監(jiān)視持續(xù)存在[9-11],主要原因有以下三點(diǎn):①腫瘤細(xì)胞的免疫原性較弱,多發(fā)突變致使腫瘤抗原丟失[12];②腫瘤細(xì)胞能分泌多種免疫抑制因子[13],可抑制免疫細(xì)胞活力和抗原提呈能力[14];③腫瘤變態(tài)生長致使調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞增多,從而抑制抗原提呈細(xì)胞功能與機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)[15];④腫瘤細(xì)胞幾乎不表達(dá)粘附分子和共刺激分子[16].因此,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)的靶向作用將成為臨床上改善膠質(zhì)瘤療效的重要手段[17].本文主要根據(jù)腫瘤的免疫機(jī)制將膠質(zhì)瘤的免疫治療分為主動(dòng)免疫與被動(dòng)免疫兩大類.
主動(dòng)免疫治療指的是采用多種免疫方法激活宿主自身免疫系統(tǒng),進(jìn)而對腫瘤細(xì)胞抗原產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答[18].在膠質(zhì)瘤目前的臨床治療中主要分為以下幾種.
1.1 樹突狀細(xì)胞疫苗 樹突狀細(xì)胞(dendritic cell,DC)是專職抗原提呈細(xì)胞[19-20],DC 可以將腫瘤抗原從外周血中提呈出來,與組織相容性復(fù)合體(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)組成復(fù)合物,從而被免疫細(xì)胞識(shí)別.由于中樞系統(tǒng)缺乏DC細(xì)胞[21],回輸DC能有效加強(qiáng)T細(xì)胞識(shí)別與殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞的能力[22-23].近年來,已有眾多研究報(bào)道利用熱休克蛋白[24]、膠質(zhì)瘤 RNA 與小囊泡體[25-29]等產(chǎn)物致敏 DC細(xì)胞生成 DC疫苗治療膠質(zhì)瘤.Yu等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)利用GBM相關(guān)的4種抗原致敏DC所得到的疫苗能夠有效殺傷膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞.相關(guān)學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)CIK-DC疫苗在治療復(fù)發(fā)性膠質(zhì)瘤患者的臨床試驗(yàn)中也取得了很大進(jìn)展[31].而且,與 CIK-DC 疫苗比較而言,iAPA-DC疫苗具有更好的臨床療效[32].此外,已有國外學(xué)者[33-34]驗(yàn)證了腫瘤抗原致敏的DC細(xì)胞在腎細(xì)胞癌、惡性黑色素瘤等臨床研究中均取得了良好的療效.
1.2 腫瘤細(xì)胞疫苗 Ishikawa 等[35]使用皮下注射福爾馬林固定的自體腫瘤細(xì)胞的方法治療新診斷的GBM患者以及復(fù)發(fā)性GBM患者,然而并沒有觀察到很好的療效.Okada等[36]將IL-4轉(zhuǎn)染入成纖維細(xì)胞,同時(shí)聯(lián)合膠質(zhì)瘤患者自身的腫瘤細(xì)胞注射到患者的皮下,結(jié)果顯示,復(fù)發(fā)性GBM患者的生存期得到延長.Steiner等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),給膠質(zhì)瘤患者注射轉(zhuǎn)染了新城病毒的自體腫瘤細(xì)胞疫苗可以將39%的患者生存期提高到兩年以上.還有研究[34]表明,利用轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)TGF-β2反義載體修飾后的自體膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞疫苗可以使患者部分腫瘤消退并激活腫瘤的免疫反應(yīng).
1.3 短肽疫苗 短肽疫苗是從腫瘤細(xì)胞溶解物中提取出來的,經(jīng)人工修飾合成的一種特異性蛋白多肽[38].研究[39-40]發(fā)現(xiàn),EGFRVIII特異性表達(dá)于膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞,而且它在膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)高于普通膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞,因此,它可以作為膠質(zhì)瘤免疫治療的靶點(diǎn)之一.Izumoto等[41]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn),用腫瘤相關(guān)的WT-1短肽接種患有復(fù)發(fā)性GBM的患者,患者的預(yù)后無顯著改善.僅使用肽單獨(dú)治療癌癥患者的臨床試驗(yàn)幾乎沒有效果[42],但是聯(lián)合其它手段治療較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)療法療效有所改善.臨床試驗(yàn)[43]表明,用包含EGFRVIII部分氨基酸序列的多肽疫苗聯(lián)合放化療及GM-CSF因子治療膠質(zhì)瘤,可將患者的平均生存期提高至20個(gè)月左右.
腫瘤的被動(dòng)免疫是指實(shí)驗(yàn)對象輸入外源性免疫效應(yīng)物質(zhì)[44],此種免疫效應(yīng)物質(zhì)在宿主免疫功能受損或低下的狀態(tài)仍能自主發(fā)揮治療作用.此種療法不依賴于患者自體的免疫功能.
2.1 特異性抗體免疫治療 利用特異性抗體是靶向體內(nèi)腫瘤抗原的方法之一.有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,單克隆抗體的免疫治療在多種癌癥患者的臨床免疫治療上都得到了運(yùn)用[45].有研究者合成了一種能特異性識(shí)別EGFRvⅢ的單克隆抗體,其在離體環(huán)境下能夠介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞毒性反應(yīng),進(jìn)而殺死腫瘤細(xì)胞[46-47].而且,Perera等[25]也證實(shí)了抗EGFRvⅢ的單克隆抗體mAb806能夠顯著抑制U87異體移植瘤瘤增長,且這種抑制作用隨抗體濃度的增加而增加[48].此外,Zalutsky 等[49]利用抗細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的單克隆抗體聯(lián)合能發(fā)射a射線的211At用于臨床上治療復(fù)發(fā)性膠質(zhì)瘤患者,使患者平均生存期延長到12個(gè)月.
2.2 細(xì)胞因子免疫治療 細(xì)胞因子可以非特異性的激活T細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)其增殖與分化.如IL-2通過促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞增殖來增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞的活性,從而加強(qiáng)抗腫瘤免疫效應(yīng)[50].有研究[51-52]證明,IFN-γ,IL-2與IL-7能延長膠質(zhì)瘤模型兔的生存期.此外,具有類似作用的IL-21目前也已進(jìn)入治療黑色素瘤的II期臨床試驗(yàn)[53].其它的細(xì)胞因子如 TNF-α,IL-15,GM-CSF等也相繼被用于臨床腫瘤研究中[50].除此之外,還有一些細(xì)胞因子具有免疫抑制的功能,如TGF-β,IL-10 等[38].膠質(zhì)瘤組織中常伴隨 TGF-β2 的高表達(dá),TGF-β2能夠抑制細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞的增殖與活化,從而減弱NK細(xì)胞活性,使自體免疫功能受損[54-55].一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)[56]表明,靶向 TGF-β2 的藥物能夠延緩膠質(zhì)瘤患者病情的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展.
目前,膠質(zhì)瘤的免疫治療還處于初步發(fā)展階段,還有很多未知的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)需要探索.由于患者的異質(zhì)性,臨床上缺少個(gè)性化的免疫治療.而且,目前膠質(zhì)瘤的免疫治療屬于一種新興治療手段,還處于科研探索階段,離產(chǎn)業(yè)化還有一段距離要走.最重要的是,回輸修飾的免疫細(xì)胞治療所帶來的倫理問題急待解決.
大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果表明,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)存在著免疫應(yīng)答,且膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展和機(jī)體自身的免疫應(yīng)答能力息息相關(guān).在通過手術(shù)切除聯(lián)合放化療治療的基礎(chǔ)上,減輕了腫瘤負(fù)荷,同時(shí)聯(lián)合各種免疫疫苗制劑,回輸免疫細(xì)胞治療,特異性抗體與細(xì)胞因子免疫治療等多種膠質(zhì)瘤免疫治療手段,能在一定程度上改善患者的生活質(zhì)量與預(yù)后.未來膠質(zhì)瘤的免疫治療能夠極大的緩解患者自體免疫逃避和免疫抑制狀態(tài),增強(qiáng)化療藥物的療效,將手術(shù),放化療與免疫治療等方法綜合起來,根據(jù)患者的異質(zhì)性與病情發(fā)展制定個(gè)體化的治療方案,將會(huì)為改善膠質(zhì)瘤的臨床療效帶來新的篇章.
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Advances in immunotherapy of gliomas
XU Xiao-Shan1, MIN Bin2, WANG Zhen1, LIU Nan1, LIU Hui1,TU Yang-Yang11Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China;2Department of Out-Patient, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710050,China
Glioma is a common intracranial tumor.In the past century,there is little progress in the clinical treatment of gliomas.Immunotherapy, as a new treatment model, has attracted much attention.The efficacy of immunotherapy for glioma is also controversial.In this article, we will discuss the current status of clinical immunotherapy for glioma,the shortcomings of the present stage, and its future potentiality.
glioma; immunotherapy; shortcomings; potentiality
膠質(zhì)瘤作為一種顱內(nèi)常見腫瘤,在過去的一個(gè)世紀(jì),其臨床治療方面幾乎沒有顯著的進(jìn)展.免疫療法作為一種新興的治療模式備受矚目,關(guān)于膠質(zhì)瘤免疫治療的效果也有很多爭議.本文就膠質(zhì)瘤臨床免疫治療的現(xiàn)狀、現(xiàn)階段所存在的缺陷,以及其未來的潛力作一綜述.
膠質(zhì)瘤;免疫療法;缺陷;潛力
R739.41
A
2095-6894(2017)12-89-04
2017-08-10;接受日期:2017-08-28
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81572983,81702458);陜西省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2017KW-062),陜西省社會(huì)發(fā)展科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(2016SF-191)
徐小珊.碩士.E-mail:275720539@ qq.com
涂艷陽.博士,副主任醫(yī)師,副教授.E-mail:tu.fmmu@ gmail.com