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三氧化二砷治療早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病和毒性作用研究進(jìn)展

2017-01-16 21:13:36張勇吳獻(xiàn)賢張海瑩杜智敏
關(guān)鍵詞:端粒酶白血病毒性

張勇,吳獻(xiàn)賢,張?,摚胖敲?/p>

(哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥理教研室,黑龍江哈爾濱150081)

·綜述·

三氧化二砷治療早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病和毒性作用研究進(jìn)展

張勇,吳獻(xiàn)賢,張海瑩,杜智敏

(哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)藥學(xué)院藥理教研室,黑龍江哈爾濱150081)

三氧化二砷(As2O3)是一種古老的毒性藥物,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)作為一種新藥被應(yīng)用到臨床。As2O3對(duì)多種腫瘤都顯示出很好的治療效果,尤其是對(duì)于急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病(APL)的治療。研究表明,As2O3對(duì)各個(gè)階段的APL患者都起到緩解作用,As2O3已被美國(guó)食品和藥品監(jiān)督管理局批準(zhǔn)用于治療APL。但As2O3的臨床應(yīng)用卻由于其毒性作用受到限制,其中以心臟毒性作用最為顯著。本文將對(duì)As2O3抗治白血病作用和毒性作用做一綜述,為As2O3在臨床上應(yīng)用提供依據(jù)。

三氧化二砷;急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血??;毒性

三氧化二砷(As2O3)俗稱砒霜,是一種劇毒性物質(zhì),水和土壤中都存在一定含量的As2O3,使得食物中也存在As2O3。長(zhǎng)時(shí)間暴露于砷環(huán)境會(huì)導(dǎo)致肝損傷和心肌結(jié)構(gòu)功能障礙,因此有必要對(duì)環(huán)境中、食物中以及職業(yè)工作場(chǎng)所砷的含量進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),并建立相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),減少砷劑對(duì)人體造成的傷害。人們對(duì)As2O3的認(rèn)識(shí)局限于其毒性方面,少有人知道其在醫(yī)學(xué)上已得到廣泛應(yīng)用。傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)理論中有“以毒攻毒”的說(shuō)法,在很早以前,As2O3就用于治療牙髓病、牛皮癬、梅毒和風(fēng)濕病等[1-2]。As2O3具有很好的抗腫瘤作用,現(xiàn)已被美國(guó)食品和藥品監(jiān)督管理局批準(zhǔn)用于治療急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血?。╝cute promyelocytic leukemia,APL)[3]。國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)也承認(rèn)砷的這種“致癌效應(yīng)”和“抗癌效應(yīng)”的雙重性,說(shuō)明了砷劑作用效果的特異性。有關(guān)As2O3治療方面的研究仍是目前臨床和基礎(chǔ)研究的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,As2O3靶向治療APL為其他腫瘤的治療提供了新的啟示和方向。As2O3是一把雙刃劍,在有效緩解白血病的同時(shí),也會(huì)因其本身的毒性作用帶來(lái)危害。

1 三氧化二砷治療急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病

我校學(xué)者張亭棟教授最早于20世紀(jì)70年代將As2O3用于治療慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病(chronic myelocytic leukemia,CML),并取得了很好的效果[4]。之后將其用于治療不同類型的白血病,多次觀察研究結(jié)果 發(fā)現(xiàn),As2O3對(duì)多種類型的白血病均有一定療效,而對(duì)急性白血病,尤其是APL效果顯著,可達(dá)到完全緩解[5]。研究表明,這些患者在治療的過(guò)程中不會(huì)出現(xiàn)骨髓抑制和嚴(yán)重的臨床副作用,28%的患者接受治療后的生存時(shí)間超過(guò)了10年[6-7]。之后越來(lái)越多的研究表明,該藥物對(duì)APL的各個(gè)階段都具有很好的效果,包括復(fù)發(fā)之后的誘導(dǎo)緩解,原發(fā)疾病的治療以及治療后的鞏固或維持階段。除了APL具有特異性的染色體易位之外,其他類型的白血病也有類似的染色體易位形成融合基因的現(xiàn)象,如急性髓細(xì)胞白血病伴成熟型中的急性粒細(xì)胞白血病1基因-ETO基因(acute myeloblastic leukemia 1-eight twenty one gene,AML1-ETO)融合,CML中的斷裂點(diǎn)簇基因-Abelson酪氨酸激酶基因(break point cluster-Abelson,BCR-ABL)融合等。As2O3的發(fā)現(xiàn)和研究為這些具有類似特點(diǎn)的白血病的治療提供了方向,其他類似作用機(jī)制的靶向藥物在未來(lái)也有可能被發(fā)現(xiàn)[8]。目前As2O3對(duì)APL的治療作用主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面。

1.1 誘導(dǎo)白血病細(xì)胞分化

自As2O3對(duì)APL的治療效果被臨床證實(shí)以來(lái),上海瑞金醫(yī)院的陳竺、陳賽娟院士團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)其治療機(jī)制進(jìn)行了研究。最初發(fā)現(xiàn),As2O3對(duì)APL細(xì)胞的作用具有劑量依賴性的雙重效應(yīng),即高濃度(0.5~2 μmol·L-1)誘導(dǎo)APL細(xì)胞凋亡,低濃度(0.1~0.5 μmol·L-1)誘導(dǎo)APL細(xì)胞分化[9]。采用APL細(xì)胞株NB4細(xì)胞〔早幼粒白血病基因-維甲酸受體基因(promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor,PML-RARα)融合陽(yáng)性〕和人原代APL細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果 顯示,PML-RARα融合蛋白的降解是導(dǎo)致As2O3出現(xiàn)2種效應(yīng)的原因。進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí),As2O3引起的NB4細(xì)胞分化是通過(guò)作用于PMLRARα融合蛋白的PML區(qū)域所實(shí)現(xiàn)的[10-11]。As2O3可以直接靶向作用于PML,導(dǎo)致PML的小泛素相關(guān)修飾(small ubiquitin related modifier,SUMO),SUMO化的PML能夠招募環(huán)指蛋白4(ring finger protein 4,RNF4),而RNF4是一種泛素連接酶,聚泛素化的PML-RARα可以通過(guò)泛素-蛋白酶體途徑被降解[12]。PML-RARα融合蛋白的降解能夠克服該融合蛋白使得對(duì)PML或RARα正常功能的抑制作用得以恢復(fù),從而解除APL細(xì)胞的分化阻滯現(xiàn)象。也有研究表明,蛋白磷酸酶2A(protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)也參與了As2O3誘導(dǎo)的NB4細(xì)胞的分化[13]。雖然As2O3也能夠誘導(dǎo)APL細(xì)胞的分化成熟,但和全反式維甲酸(all-trans retinoic acid,ATRA)相比,As2O3的這種效應(yīng)只是部分性質(zhì)的,并且只是在低濃度時(shí)才顯示出這種潛能,可見(jiàn)誘導(dǎo)白血病細(xì)胞分化并非是As2O3能夠治愈APL的根本原因。

1.2 誘導(dǎo)白血病細(xì)胞凋亡

細(xì)胞凋亡是一種程序性的細(xì)胞主動(dòng)性死亡方式。研究表明,As2O3可在高濃度時(shí)誘導(dǎo)APL細(xì)胞凋亡。As2O30.5~2 μmol·L-1可選擇性地抑制NB4細(xì)胞的增殖,但對(duì)HL-60及U937白血病細(xì)胞的存活卻無(wú)明顯影響,As2O3處理的NB4細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了明顯的染色質(zhì)固縮和DNA斷裂的現(xiàn)象[14]。As2O3可下調(diào)抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表達(dá),但并未影響凋亡相關(guān)基因c-myc,bax和bcl-X的mRNA表達(dá)水平[15]。此外,As2O3可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的形成,降低谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)的含量,激活線粒體胱天蛋白酶系統(tǒng)的活性,而這些都可直接對(duì)DNA和RNA造成損傷,誘發(fā)白血病細(xì)胞凋亡[16-17]。有研究表明,當(dāng)給予更高濃度As2O3時(shí),U937和HL-60細(xì)胞也會(huì)出現(xiàn)凋亡。NB4細(xì)胞中谷胱甘肽氧化酶的含量明顯高于U937細(xì)胞和HL-60細(xì)胞,而ROS水平相對(duì)較高,這有可能是造成細(xì)胞反應(yīng)出現(xiàn)差異的原因[18]。除誘導(dǎo)APL細(xì)胞凋亡之外,As2O3也可引起其他類型細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)凋亡。Lu等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),As2O3對(duì)4種類型巨核細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞系都有作用,主要表現(xiàn)為抑制細(xì)胞增殖和存活,以及誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,但As2O30.5~2 μmol·L-1并不能引起乳腺癌細(xì)胞系ZR75細(xì)胞和MCF7細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)凋亡。說(shuō)明As2O3誘導(dǎo)的凋亡有細(xì)胞選擇性和濃度依賴性。

c-Jun氨基端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)的激活可以介導(dǎo)As2O3引起的NB4細(xì)胞凋亡,給予JNK抑制劑則能夠抑制As2O3引起的白血病細(xì)胞凋亡[20]。而細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1(extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1,MEK1)的抑制劑PD98059和PD184352則能夠明顯增強(qiáng)As2O3引起的NB4細(xì)胞凋亡[21]。糖原合酶激酶-3β(glycogen synthasc kinase-3β,GSK-3β)的抑制劑明顯減弱了As2O3引起的NB4細(xì)胞凋亡[22]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究發(fā)現(xiàn),微RNA通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bax和胱天蛋白酶3的表達(dá)參與As2O3引起的NB4細(xì)胞的凋亡[23]??梢?jiàn),誘導(dǎo)NB4細(xì)胞凋亡是As2O3治療白血病的作用機(jī)制之一,但是關(guān)于NB4細(xì)胞凋亡的內(nèi)在機(jī)制錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,很多信號(hào)通路參與其中。

1.3 誘導(dǎo)白血病細(xì)胞自噬

自噬是細(xì)胞內(nèi)的一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程,自噬的發(fā)生使細(xì)胞內(nèi)的細(xì)胞器或蛋白質(zhì)得以降解和循環(huán)再利用。細(xì)胞內(nèi)自身蛋白質(zhì)或細(xì)胞器首先被細(xì)胞內(nèi)雙層膜結(jié)構(gòu)的自噬小泡吞噬和包裹,繼而形成自噬小體和溶酶體融合,在一系列水解酶的作用下被降解[24]。As2O3引起的PML-RARα融合蛋白的降解可以通過(guò)自噬途徑實(shí)現(xiàn)。Isakson等[25]研究表明,ATRA和As2O3均可激活哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)依賴性的自噬途徑,并且自噬的抑制劑能夠阻斷ATRA所引起的APL細(xì)胞分化現(xiàn)象,說(shuō)明自噬在白血病細(xì)胞的分化過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。另有研究表明,As2O3在慢性骨髓單核細(xì)胞白血病和急性粒單核細(xì)胞白血病中也可誘導(dǎo)自噬的發(fā)生,而As2O3的這種作用依賴于MEK/ERK信號(hào)通路的激活[26]。在伯基特淋巴瘤、T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病和急性髓細(xì)胞白血病中As2O3同樣能夠促進(jìn)自噬小泡的形成,促進(jìn)自噬底物p62蛋白的降解[27-29]。

1.4 靶向白血病干細(xì)胞

白血病干細(xì)胞同時(shí)具有白血病細(xì)胞和干細(xì)胞的特性,被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致白血病發(fā)生、發(fā)展及治療不徹底的根本原因[30]。白血病的分化治療雖然能夠誘導(dǎo)白血病細(xì)胞分化轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣δ苄缘牧<?xì)胞,但是大多數(shù)情況下分化治療并不能達(dá)到長(zhǎng)期治愈的效果。作為一種單藥療法,As2O3之所以能夠完全緩解白血病有可能是清除了殘存的白血病干細(xì)胞[31]。PML是PML-RARα的重要組成部分,PML在白血病細(xì)胞的干性維持方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用[32],As2O3能靶向作用于PML,導(dǎo)致PML-RARα的降解,而ATRA只能作用于PML-RARα的RARα區(qū)域,這就能很好地解釋為什么ATRA治療后的患者會(huì)復(fù)發(fā),而As2O3治療卻能使患者達(dá)到完全緩解。但是關(guān)于M3型白血病干細(xì)胞的分離鑒定還是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,這也為研究As2O3和白血病干細(xì)胞之間的關(guān)系帶來(lái)了一定的困難。

1.5 其他機(jī)制

除以上所述方面之外,As2O3還具有抑制血管新生的作用。血管新生對(duì)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展起著非常重要的作用,而抑制血管新生則可抑制白血病的轉(zhuǎn)化[33]。此外,As2O3對(duì)端粒長(zhǎng)度和端粒酶的活性也有一定的影響,端粒長(zhǎng)度的不斷縮短和端粒酶的激活被認(rèn)為是保持染色體結(jié)構(gòu)完整性、細(xì)胞永生化和促進(jìn)腫瘤進(jìn)展的機(jī)制之一[34]。Ghaffari等[35]對(duì)APL患者外周血中的端粒酶活性和端粒酶切片段的長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果 表明,90%以上的APL患者其端粒長(zhǎng)度較正常人短,而端粒酶活性較正常人高,在多數(shù)復(fù)發(fā)的APL患者中,端粒酶的活性也都維持在一個(gè)較高的水平。給予As2O3治療的過(guò)程中,端粒酶活性則出現(xiàn)了下降的趨勢(shì)。說(shuō)明端粒長(zhǎng)度和端粒酶活性是與APL患者預(yù)后密切相關(guān)的2個(gè)指標(biāo)。惡性程度高、預(yù)后差及對(duì)As2O3治療不敏感的APL患者其端粒酶的活性可能較高。這一研究提示端粒酶抑制劑可能是治療APL的一個(gè)候選藥物。但遺憾的是,這項(xiàng)研究并未對(duì)在骨髓白血病細(xì)胞中進(jìn)行相關(guān)檢測(cè),也并未在NB4細(xì)胞系中進(jìn)行更為詳細(xì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)。有關(guān)As2O3對(duì)端粒長(zhǎng)度及端粒酶活性的影響還有待更多的基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究加以驗(yàn)證。Zhang等[36]利用人類蛋白質(zhì)組芯片鑒別了360種特異結(jié)合砷的蛋白,其中己糖激酶2(hexokinase-2,HK2)受到砷劑的顯著抑制,過(guò)表達(dá)HK2可以緩解砷劑誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡,可能是砷劑的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn)。

2 三氧化二砷的毒性作用

As2O3的毒性作用主要由環(huán)境中慢性暴露或臨床應(yīng)用引起。環(huán)境中低濃度砷的暴露能夠增加皮膚癌、肝癌、膀胱癌和肺癌的發(fā)生率[37-39],除致癌作用外,慢性砷中毒的其他癥狀還包括周圍神經(jīng)病變、心肌病和腎衰竭[40]。盡管砷劑中毒的癥狀累及全身各個(gè)臟器,但是心臟是累及最為嚴(yán)重的器官[41]。大量的流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)表明了砷劑暴露和心血管疾病之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性[42],同時(shí)也有越來(lái)越多的研究揭示了As2O3誘導(dǎo)心臟毒性的機(jī)制,包括氧化應(yīng)激、細(xì)胞凋亡、DNA損傷、離子通道功能障礙和內(nèi)皮損傷等[43]。除了慢性暴露所引起的毒性之外,As2O3在臨床上用于治療APL患者時(shí)也會(huì)引起一些副反應(yīng),這些毒性反應(yīng)有高白細(xì)胞血癥、分化綜合征、心臟的毒性作用和肝腎損傷[44--45]。

2.1 高白細(xì)胞血癥

高白細(xì)胞血癥發(fā)生的原因和As2O3誘導(dǎo)APL細(xì)胞的分化有關(guān),APL患者在接受As2O3治療的7~20 d之內(nèi),白細(xì)胞數(shù)量迅速增多,達(dá)到治療前的數(shù)十倍或更高[46-47]。周晉課題組創(chuàng)立了As2O3緩慢靜滴的療法,改變了傳統(tǒng)亞砷酸(arsenious acid)的給藥方式,不僅減緩了高白細(xì)胞血癥的發(fā)生,而且獲得更高水平的凋亡效應(yīng),使治療效果達(dá)到最大化[48]。不論是ATRA還是As2O3,在誘導(dǎo)APL緩解的同時(shí),都會(huì)導(dǎo)致分化綜合征(differentiation syndrome,DS)的出現(xiàn)。DS又稱維甲酸綜合征,DS的癥狀和體征包括發(fā)熱、呼吸困難、低血壓、體質(zhì)量增加和急性腎衰竭等[49]。給予糖皮質(zhì)激素藥物治療后可緩解DS。一般情況下,由As2O3誘導(dǎo)的高白細(xì)胞血癥都可在繼續(xù)治療的過(guò)程中自行緩解,但是嚴(yán)重時(shí)可發(fā)展為DS,所以臨床上強(qiáng)調(diào)早發(fā)現(xiàn)早治療,避免致命性并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn)。

2.2 心臟毒性

嚴(yán)重的心臟功能障礙是導(dǎo)致As2O3至今無(wú)法廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床的原因。臨床試驗(yàn)表明,As2O3可引起心臟的QT間期延長(zhǎng)、尖端扭轉(zhuǎn)型室速和完全性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯[50],這些嚴(yán)重的心臟功能障礙會(huì)導(dǎo)致心律失常和心源性猝死的發(fā)生。針對(duì)這一難題,楊寶峰院士團(tuán)隊(duì)展開(kāi)了大量的研究,他們以心肌細(xì)胞膜上的離子通道為切入點(diǎn),首次發(fā)現(xiàn)As2O3可抑制內(nèi)向整流鉀電流,增加L型鈣電流密度,干擾跨膜電流的這種平衡作用,從而導(dǎo)致心臟QT間期延長(zhǎng)和心律失常的發(fā)生[51]。而臨床有效劑量的As2O3也可激活胱天蛋白酶3信號(hào)通路,誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,導(dǎo)致心臟毒性的發(fā)生[52]。進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-1和miR-133可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)鉀離子通道蛋白的表達(dá)參與As2O3引起的心肌電重構(gòu),靶向調(diào)節(jié)miRNA可能為As2O3引起的心臟毒性提供潛在的治療靶點(diǎn)[53]。除了對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞的毒性作用之外,As2O3也能促進(jìn)心肌成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)的分泌,從而對(duì)QT間期延長(zhǎng)起到加重作用,這就意味著調(diào)節(jié)TGF-β1信號(hào)通路可為長(zhǎng)QT間期綜合征(long QT interval syndrome,LQTS)的治療提供新的思路[54]。此外,本團(tuán)隊(duì)研究表明,As2O3可以誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮向間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,從而對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞造成損傷,導(dǎo)致心肌纖維化的發(fā)生[55]。說(shuō)明內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞在As2O3引起的心臟毒性發(fā)面也發(fā)揮著重要作用。所以,通過(guò)這些研究可以發(fā)現(xiàn)As2O3引起的心臟功能障礙與其對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞以及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的毒性都是有關(guān)的,只有同時(shí)靶向干預(yù)消除其對(duì)多個(gè)細(xì)胞的毒性作用,才能更好地解決As2O3引起的心臟毒性問(wèn)題。

目前緩解心臟毒性的方法之一包括緩慢滴注和聯(lián)合用藥。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究發(fā)現(xiàn),白藜蘆醇和染料木素都可以通過(guò)抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,改善ROS水平對(duì)As2O3引起的心臟毒性起到一定的保護(hù)作用[56-57]。苦參堿(matrine)能夠上調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子特化蛋白1(trancription specificity protein 1,Sp1)的表達(dá),從而改善As2O3誘導(dǎo)的鉀離子通道功能障礙現(xiàn)象[58]。此外硫辛酸和胡蘿卜素等都對(duì)心臟起一定的保護(hù)作用[59]。ω-3脂肪酸和As2O3聯(lián)合應(yīng)用能夠明顯增加心肌細(xì)胞活力,減少乳酸脫氫酶的釋放和細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣濃度,改善線粒體膜電位水平[60]。Vineetha等[61]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),黃酮類抗氧化劑根皮素(phloretin)可改善As2O3導(dǎo)致的心肌細(xì)胞線粒體功能障礙和鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)失調(diào)。從這些研究中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),這些心肌保護(hù)劑大多都是通過(guò)抑制心肌細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激損傷,抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,改善線粒體和離子通道紊亂而起作用的。而針對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷及成纖維細(xì)胞毒性的緩解藥物還需要深入的研究和探討。

3 展望

As2O3這種劇毒性物質(zhì)在治療M3型白血病方面顯示了非凡的效果,這種既能治病又能致病的雙重體現(xiàn)使其臨床應(yīng)用變得更加復(fù)雜和苛刻。As2O3的發(fā)現(xiàn)使M3型白血病成為一種可以通過(guò)靶向療法治療甚至治愈的腫瘤,但是其本身的毒性特征仍不容忽視,如何最大程度地使其發(fā)揮抗腫瘤的作用,并降低其治病過(guò)程中的毒性作用,仍是值得關(guān)注和研究的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。

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Anti-leukemia effect and toxicity of arsenic trioxide:a review

ZHANG Yong,WU Xian-xian,ZHANG Hai-ying,DU Zhi-min
(Department of Pharmacology,College of Pharmacy,Harbin Medical University,Harbin 150081,China)

Arsenic trioxide(As2O3)has been considered a poison,which is also known as an old drug and has recently been re-introduced as a new medicine.As2O3shows potent effect on many types of cancers,especially on a specific types of leukemia-acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL).This poison drug As2O3is effective against all stages of APL and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)of the United States for the treatment of APL.However,the clinical use of As2O3has been limited by its toxicities,especially cardiotoxicity.This review focuses on the therapeutic effect on APL and the side effect during treatment.

arsenic trioxide;acute promyelocytic leukemia;toxicity

The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81570399)

DU Zhi-min,E-mail:dzm1956@126.com,Tel:(0451)86605353

R995

A

1000-3002-(2017)06-0675-07

10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.06.026

2017-04-21接受日期:2017-06-06)

(本文編輯:賀云霞)

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81570399)

張勇,博士,教授,主要從事心血管藥理學(xué)研究。

杜智敏,E-mail:dzm1956@126.com,Tel:(0451)86605353

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