鐘蘭,黃濤,謝賢和,符生苗,高允鎖,吳華,鐘佩君
(1海南省人民醫(yī)院,???70311;2福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院)
XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性與胃癌鉑類藥物化療敏感性的關(guān)系
鐘蘭1,黃濤1,謝賢和2,符生苗1,高允鎖1,吳華1,鐘佩君1
(1海南省人民醫(yī)院,???70311;2福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院)
目的 探討X射線損傷交叉互補(bǔ)蛋白1(XRCC1)Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性與胃癌鉑類藥物化療敏感性的關(guān)系。方法 選擇接受鉑類藥物化療的胃癌患者80例,采用聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)-連接酶檢測反應(yīng)技術(shù)檢測XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)基因型。所有患者術(shù)后接受以奧沙利鉑為主的一線化療方案,根據(jù)化療效果分為化療敏感者和化療耐藥者,分析XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性與化療敏感性的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)存在Arg/Arg、Arg/Trp、Trp/Trp三種基因型,分布頻率分別為42.5%(34/80)、50.0%(40/80)、7.5%(6/80);三種基因型分布滿足Hardy-Weiberg基因遺傳平衡定律,具有群體代表性。Arg/Arg、Arg/Trp、Trp/Trp基因型患者性別、年齡、組織類型、TNM分期、化療方案等臨床病理參數(shù)比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。80例患者中,化療敏感(完全緩解+部分緩解)39例(48.8%),耐藥(穩(wěn)定+進(jìn)展)41例(51.2%);Arg/Trp、Trp/Trp基因型者化療敏感率均顯著高于Arg/Arg者(P均<0.05),Arg/Trp與Trp/Trp基因型患者化療敏感率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性與胃癌患者鉑類藥物化療敏感性有關(guān);檢測Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性可為胃癌化療的個(gè)體化用藥提供依據(jù)。
胃癌;X射線損傷交叉互補(bǔ)蛋白1;單核苷酸多態(tài)性;鉑類耐藥
胃癌病情隱匿,大部分患者確診時(shí)已屬進(jìn)展期?;熓沁M(jìn)展期胃癌的主要治療手段,可使患者生存明顯獲益[1~3];以氟尿嘧啶和鉑類藥物為基礎(chǔ)的聯(lián)合化療是進(jìn)展期胃癌的一線治療方案[4,5]。鉑類藥物進(jìn)入細(xì)胞后主要通過引起DNA損傷而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。如果腫瘤細(xì)胞DNA修復(fù)能力強(qiáng),則化療效果較差,反之化療效果較好[6]。X射線損傷交叉互補(bǔ)蛋白1(XRCC1)是一種與堿基切除修復(fù)/單鏈斷裂修復(fù)直接有關(guān)的蛋白,可參與鉑類藥物引起的DNA損傷修復(fù)過程。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性可影響其堿基切除修復(fù)和單鏈斷裂修復(fù)能力,導(dǎo)致鉑類藥物化療耐藥[7,8]。本研究分析XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性與胃癌鉑類藥物化療敏感性的關(guān)系,旨在探討胃癌鉑類藥物化療耐藥的遺傳機(jī)制。
1.1 臨床資料 選擇2013年1月~2015年1月海南省人民醫(yī)院收治的胃癌患者80例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①經(jīng)術(shù)后組織病理檢查證實(shí)為胃腺癌;②至少有一個(gè)可測量病灶;③術(shù)前未接受過任何抗腫瘤治療,納入本研究后均行胃癌根治性切除并接受系統(tǒng)規(guī)范化治療;④預(yù)計(jì)生存期≥3個(gè)月;⑤年齡18歲以上,性別不限;⑥接受以奧沙利鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①骨髓造血功能不全者;②心、肝、腎功能明顯異常者;③妊娠、哺乳期婦女;④合并其他重要臟器疾病或急慢性感染未得到控制者;⑤合并胃癌以外的其他惡性腫瘤者;⑥有精神神經(jīng)癥狀,治療依從性差者。其中,男52例、女28例,年齡28~75(53.5±7.9)歲;組織分化程度:高分化23例,中低分化57例;TNM分期[9]:Ⅱ期27例,Ⅲ期53例。
1.2 XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性檢測 采用聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)-連接酶檢測反應(yīng)(PCR-LDR)技術(shù)?;颊呋熐俺槿⊥庵莒o脈血2 mL,置于乙二胺四乙酸鈉抗凝管中,3 000 r/min離心10 min,棄去白細(xì)胞層,置于1.5 mL EP管中,-30 ℃低溫冰箱保存?zhèn)溆?。按Axygen全基因組DNA抽提試劑盒說明提取基因組DNA。引物和探針由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司設(shè)計(jì)、合成。rs1799782上游引物:5′-CAAGCTTGGCCAGTTCCG-3′,下游引物:5′-ACTACCCTCCTCCCTCAGAC-3′。PCR反應(yīng)體系共20 μL:上下游引物各1 μL,dNTP 2 μL,Taq酶0.2 μL,基因組DNA溶液1 μL,1×Buffer 2 μL,Mg2+0.6 μL,ddH2O 12.2 μL。反應(yīng)條件:95 ℃預(yù)變性2 min,94 ℃ 30 s,45 ℃ 90 s,65 ℃ 30 s,35個(gè)循環(huán),最后65 ℃延伸10 min。多重LDR反應(yīng)體系共10 μL:1×Buffer 1 μL,探針各1 μL,2 U DNA連接酶0.05 μL,ddH2O 4 μL,PCR產(chǎn)物4 μL。其中,上游探針為G C T G AAGAASAGAGCCCCCGGCCTCTTTTTTTTTTT-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-TTT,G探針為TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-T T T TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGGGGATGTCTTGTTG-ATCC,A探針為TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-T T T TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGGGGATGTCTTG-TTGATCCA,充分混勻后短暫離心,95 ℃ 2 min,94 ℃ 15 s,50 ℃ 25 s,共40個(gè)循環(huán)。取出1 μL LDR產(chǎn)物,利用測序儀檢測核苷酸序列,確定XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)基因型。
1.3 化療方法及化療敏感性評價(jià) 于術(shù)后1~3天開始接受以奧沙利鉑為主的一線化療方案。51例行FOLFOX方案化療:奧沙利鉑130 mg/m2靜滴2 h,第1天;亞葉酸鈣130 mg/m2靜滴2 h,第1~5天;5-FU 300 mg/m2靜滴4 h,第1~5天。29例患者接受XELOX方案化療:奧沙利鉑130 mg/m2靜滴2 h,第1天;卡培他濱1 000 mg/m2口服,2次/d,第1~14天。FOLFOX與XELOX方案均以3周為1個(gè)周期。所有患者完成4個(gè)化療周期,參考實(shí)體瘤療效評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10](RECIST 1.0):完全緩解(CR):所有目標(biāo)病灶消失;部分緩解(PR):基線病灶最大徑總和縮小≥30%;穩(wěn)定(SD):基線病灶最大徑總和縮小但未達(dá)PR程度,或有增加但未達(dá)進(jìn)展(PD)程度。PD:基線病灶最大徑總和增加≥20%或出現(xiàn)新病灶,或存在非目標(biāo)病灶進(jìn)展?;熋舾兄赋醮位熀螳@得CR+PR,或初次化療6個(gè)月以上病情未進(jìn)展;化療耐藥指初次化療期間獲得SD+PD,或6個(gè)月內(nèi)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。采用Hardy-Weinberg遺傳平衡定律檢驗(yàn)樣本的群體代表性。計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)基因型分布 野生型純合子Arg/Arg被酶切為1個(gè)508 bp的片段;突變型雜合子Arg/Trp被酶切為3個(gè)片段,分別為319、191、508 bp;突變型純合子Trp/Trp被酶切為2個(gè)片段,分別為319、191 bp。三種基因型分布頻率分別為Arg/Arg 34例(42.5%),Arg/Trp 40例(50.0%),Trp/Trp 6例(7.5%),其基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg遺傳平衡(χ2=1.179,P>0.05)。見圖1。
注:M:marker;1、2:野生型純合子Arg/Arg;3、4:突變型雜合子Arg/Trp;5、6:突變型純合子Trp/Trp。
圖1 XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)酶切電泳圖
2.2 XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性與胃癌患者臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系 見表1。
表1 XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性與胃癌患者臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系[例(%)]
2.3 XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性與化療敏感性的關(guān)系 所有患者經(jīng)4個(gè)周期化療,CR 0例,PR 39例,SD 24例,PD 17例,化療敏感39例,化療耐藥41例。其中,Arg/Arg基因型化療藥物敏感率為17.6%(6/34)、Arg/Trp基因型為70%(28/40),Trp/Trp基因型為83.3%(5/6)。Arg/Trp、Trp/Trp基因型者化療藥物敏感率均高于Arg/Arg基因型者(χ2分別為20.282、11.037,P均<0.05),而Arg/Trp基因型者與Trp/Trp基因型者化療藥物敏感率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.457,P>0.05)。
胃癌是全世界范圍內(nèi)發(fā)病率最高的惡性腫瘤之一。近年來,雖然胃癌的診療水平有所提高,但患者生存期仍然較短,特別是中晚期胃癌。中晚期胃癌患者多無法進(jìn)行根治性切除,以鉑類為主的化療在其治療中具有不可替代的作用,但由于化療敏感性存在個(gè)體差異,故其療效不一[11]。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DNA損傷修復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)變可能是鉑類藥物化療耐藥的主要原因[12~14]。DNA損傷修復(fù)能力差的腫瘤患者手術(shù)治療后存活率不高,但經(jīng)過輔助化療后,其療效明顯提升。韓婧等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DNA損傷修復(fù)能力強(qiáng)的腫瘤患者接受單純手術(shù)治療后,雖然生存期長,但對輔助化療卻易產(chǎn)生耐藥性,其死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是DNA損傷修復(fù)能力差者的2倍。DNA損傷修復(fù)有四種基本形式,即堿基切除修復(fù)、核苷酸切除修復(fù)、雙鏈斷裂修復(fù)和酶修復(fù)。XRCC1基因?qū)儆趬A基切除修復(fù)基因,其位于人染色體19q13.2-13.3,是由編碼633個(gè)氨基酸組成的蛋白質(zhì),全長約33 kb,包含17個(gè)外顯子[16]。XRCC1基因參與單鏈斷裂修復(fù)和堿基切除修復(fù)[17,18]。有研究表明,XRCC1基因可與含鉑的DNA雙鏈結(jié)合[19]。這些研究均提示,XRCC1基因可能與鉑類介導(dǎo)的DNA損傷修復(fù)相關(guān)[20]。目前,XRCC1基因中共發(fā)現(xiàn)3個(gè)多態(tài)性位點(diǎn),分別為G27466A、C26304T及G28152A,分別導(dǎo)致相應(yīng)氨基酸殘基的改變[21~23]。單核苷酸多態(tài)性是人類遺傳常見的多態(tài)形式[24,25],由單核苷酸引起的DNA多態(tài)性可導(dǎo)致個(gè)體對惡性腫瘤易感性、化療/射線敏感性存在差異,進(jìn)而影響腫瘤的治療效果。Pramanik等[26]研究認(rèn)為,XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性能夠引起所編碼的氨基酸發(fā)生變化,導(dǎo)致XRCC1蛋白功能破壞,從而使DNA的修復(fù)功能減弱,避免鉑類藥物化療耐藥,提高了藥物的敏感性。
本研究顯示,胃癌XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)主要存在三種基因型:野生型純合子Arg/Arg、突變型雜合子Arg/Trp和突變型純合子Trp/Trp,其中Arg/Arg占42.5%, Arg/Trp占50.0%,Trp/Trp占7.5%。成莉等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卵巢癌XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)有Arg/Trp、Trp/Trp、Arg/Arg三種基因型,其分布頻率分別為47.6%、43.9%和8.5%,說明Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性可能是惡性腫瘤某些生物學(xué)行為改變的原因。本研究中,Arg/Arg、Arg/Trp、Trp/Trp基因型胃癌患者性別、年齡、組織類型、TNM分期、化療方案等臨床資料比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說明Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性可能與胃癌的TNM分期、組織分化程度無關(guān)。魏嘉等[28]研究認(rèn)為,攜帶A突變等位基因是患者預(yù)后差、組織學(xué)分級(jí)較高的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。黃朝暉等[29]研究亦證實(shí),XRCC1基因第6個(gè)外顯子Arg194Trp堿基出現(xiàn)突變會(huì)導(dǎo)致DNA修復(fù)功能受到損傷,并增加機(jī)體對胃癌的易感性。本研究所選擇的樣本量偏少,可能是導(dǎo)致結(jié)果與既往報(bào)道不完全一致的主要原因。因此,還需要增加樣本量以進(jìn)一步證實(shí)研究結(jié)果的可靠性。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),Arg/Trp、Trp/Trp基因型者化療藥物敏感率顯著高于Arg/Arg基因型者,而Arg/Trp基因型者與Trp/Trp基因型者化療藥物敏感率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說明XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)突變型者鉑類藥物化療敏感性高于野生型者。
綜上所述,XRCC1基因Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)與鉑類藥物化療敏感性有關(guān);檢測Arg194Trp位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性可為胃癌化療的個(gè)體化用藥提供依據(jù)。
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Correlation between XRCC1 gene Arg194Trp polymorphism and platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer
ZHONGLan1,HUANGTao,XIEXianhe,FUShengmiao,GAOYunsuo,WUHua,ZHONGPeijun
(1HainanGeneralHospital,Haikou570311,China)
Objective To explore the correlation between X-ray cross complementing repair gene 1 (XRCC1) gene Arg194Trp polymorphism and platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. Methods Eighty patients with gastric cancer who underwent platinum-based chemotherapy were selected, and the XRCC1 genotypes were detected by multiplex PCR and ligase detection reaction (LDR). All patients were treated with oxaliplatin-based first-line chemotherapy. Accorded to the curative effect standard of gastric cancer treatment, the patients were divided into the platinum sensitive group and platinum resistance group, and the correlation between XRCC1 gene Arg194Trp polymorphism and platinum-based chemotherapy was analyzed. Results There were three kinds of genotypes in XRCC1 gene Arg194Trp: Arg/Arg, Arg/Trp, and Trp/Trp, their distribution frequencies were 42.5% (34/80), 50% (40/80), and 7.5% (6/80), respectively. The proportional distribution of the three genotypes met genetic equilibrium law of Hardy-Weiberg, and the experimental subjects were representative. There were no significant differences in sex, age, histological type, TNM stage, chemotherapy regimen in patients with Arg/Arg, Arg/Trp, and Trp/Trp genetypes (allP>0.05). In 80 patients, platinum drug sensitivity (CR+PR) was found in 39 patients (48.8%), and platinum drug resistance (SD+PD) in 41 patients (51.2%). The sensitivity of platinum drugs in patients with Arg/Trp and Trp/Trp genotypes was significantly higher than that in patients with Arg/Arg genotype (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between Arg/Trp and Trp/Trp genotypes in patients (P>0.05). Conclusion The XRCC1 gene Arg194Trp is related with the sensitivity of platinum-based drugs in patients with gastric cancer, and the detection of Arg194Trp polymorphism can provide a basis for individual chemotherapy of gastric cancer.
gastric carcinoma; X-ray cross complementing repair gene 1; single nucleotide polymorphism; platinum resistance
海南省醫(yī)學(xué)科研立項(xiàng)課題(瓊衛(wèi)[2012]PT-17)。
鐘蘭(1966-),女,副主任技師,研究方向?yàn)榕R床醫(yī)學(xué)檢驗(yàn)。E-mail: zhonglan3144@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2017.08.002
R735.2
A
1002-266X(2017)08-0005-04
2016-11-21)