康強(qiáng),鄒浩,劉立鑫,王連敏,石萬紅,張小文
(昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,云南 昆明 650106)
肝內(nèi)膽管癌是肝臟常見的惡性腫瘤之一,起源于肝內(nèi)細(xì)小膽管至肝管匯合處的膽管上皮細(xì)胞[1-2],約占原發(fā)性肝癌的10%[3],在過去20年間該病發(fā)病率和病死率在全球范圍均呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢,其病死率在美國印第安和阿拉斯加(0.13%)和亞洲泰國人群(0.14%)中最高,在歐洲人群(0.08%)和非洲人群(0.07%)最低[4-5]。Snail作為上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)過程中重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可抑制上皮細(xì)胞E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT。EMT是指上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為間質(zhì)表型細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞失去上皮細(xì)胞表型和極性,細(xì)胞之間的粘連逐漸疏松,轉(zhuǎn)化為具有高侵襲和運(yùn)動能力的間質(zhì)表型細(xì)胞[6-7],EMT被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致腫瘤局部浸潤和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移較為常見和重要的原因[8-9]。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究旨在探討Snail在肝內(nèi)膽管癌的表達(dá)和臨床意義,了解Snail與肝內(nèi)膽管癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移臨床病理特征的關(guān)系,初步探討Snail在肝內(nèi)膽管癌的研究意義,為進(jìn)一步在體外研究和動物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究提供臨床數(shù)據(jù)。
臨床患者資料來自于昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科二病區(qū)1999年12月—2010年1月期間55例肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者,均接受根治性手術(shù)切除術(shù),取肝內(nèi)膽管癌腫瘤組織以及鄰近的癌旁正常膽管組織,全部患者簽署知情同意書,并獲昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn);55例患者均無全身遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,男28例,女27例;年齡≥70歲者15例,年齡<70歲者40例;血清CA19-9≥37 ng/mL者30例,CA19-9<37 ng/mL者25例;血清CEA≥5 ng/mL者40例,CEA<5 ng/mL者15例;腫瘤單發(fā)者42例,多發(fā)者13例。TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用國際抗癌聯(lián)盟(UICC)與美國癌癥聯(lián)合委員會(AJCC)條例。病理組織評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用國際衛(wèi)生組織條例:腫瘤中低分化者31例,高分化者24例。根據(jù)術(shù)中所見及術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)病理檢查,有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者29例,無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者26例。術(shù)后病檢結(jié)果均為肝內(nèi)膽管癌,全部患者術(shù)前未接受化療和放療。隨訪日期到2015年1月1日結(jié)束,失訪6例,平均隨訪期為(22.6±17.3)(3~60)個(gè)月
臨床病理組織采用4%多聚甲醛(上海翊圣生物科技有限公司)固定、石蠟包埋、制做組織切片,90 ℃烤片2 h,二甲苯溶液(上海翊圣生物)浸泡2次各15 min,依次不同濃度乙醇(100%、95%、90%、75%、70%)各5 min,抗原修復(fù)采用檸檬酸鈉(上海翊圣生物,10 mmol/L,pH 6.0)100 ℃維持10 min,后室溫冷卻30 min,3%過氧化氫(南京凱基生物)作用20 min阻斷內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶,5%牛血清蛋白(上海翊圣生物)封閉2 h,孵育一抗兔抗Snail單克隆抗體(1:500,英國Abcam公司,貨號ab180714),4 ℃過夜,孵育二抗(山羊抗兔二抗,上海翊圣生物科技有限公司)20 min,DAB顯色(南京凱基生物),顯微鏡下控制,蘇木素(南京凱基生物)細(xì)胞核復(fù)染,酒精水化及二甲苯透明,中性樹膠(上海翊圣生物)封片,奧林巴斯光學(xué)(日本,DP71)顯微鏡下鏡檢采集數(shù)據(jù)。
評分方法參考復(fù)旦大學(xué)中山醫(yī)院肝癌研究所出版文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10-11],采用Image pro plus軟件分析,綜合染色面積和強(qiáng)度評分。染色面積標(biāo)準(zhǔn):棕色面積>50%為1分,棕色<50%位0分。染色強(qiáng)度標(biāo)準(zhǔn):棕黑色染色為2分,較淺棕色為1分,無染色為0分。結(jié)果分別給2名病理科醫(yī)師觀察,染色面積和強(qiáng)度評分相加,總分≥2分認(rèn)為是高表達(dá),低于2認(rèn)為是低表達(dá)。
數(shù)據(jù)處理采用SPSS 21.0軟件,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),癌和癌旁Snail表達(dá)比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn)。繪制Kaplan-Meier總體生存曲線和累計(jì)復(fù)發(fā)曲線,Log-rank檢驗(yàn)分析總體生存率和累計(jì)復(fù)發(fā)率差異,采用Cox回歸模型進(jìn)行多因素生存分析。檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果取雙側(cè),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
免疫組化法檢測55例肝內(nèi)膽管癌病理組織,結(jié)果表明在腫瘤組織中(圖1A-B)表達(dá)明顯高于癌旁組織(圖1C-D);Snail染色主要位于細(xì)胞核,在細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞膜中未見表達(dá),經(jīng)免疫組化評分分析腫瘤組織與癌旁組織結(jié)果分別為2.764±0.844、0.914+0.765,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=12.575,P<0.001)(圖1E);其中腫瘤組織高表達(dá)率為48.6%(27/55),癌旁組織高表達(dá)率為18.0%(10/55),兩者間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=11.770,P=0.001)(圖1F)。
將Snail定量表達(dá)與肝內(nèi)膽管癌病例病理特征相結(jié)合分析,結(jié)果表明過表達(dá)的Snail患者與低表達(dá)的Snail患者在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、TNM分期、腫瘤分化、微血管侵犯以及復(fù)發(fā)之間存在差異(表1)。
圖1 Snail表達(dá)免疫組化檢測結(jié)果 A-B:腫瘤組織(×200);C-D:癌旁組織(×200);E:Snail相對表達(dá)量比較;F:Snail高表達(dá)百分比比較Figure 1 Results of immunohistochemical staining for Snail expressions A–B: Tumor tissue (×200); C–D: Peritumoral tissue (×200);E: Comparison of relative Snailexpression levels; F: Comparison of percentages of high Snail expression
S n a i l免疫組化染色結(jié)果與生存分析結(jié)果表明,過表達(dá)Snail的病例術(shù)后總體生存率較低(P=0.018)(圖2A),術(shù)后累計(jì)復(fù)發(fā)率較高(P=0.032)(圖2B)。單因素總體生存率和累計(jì)復(fù)發(fā)率分析結(jié)果表明TNM分期、微血管侵犯淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、以及Snail染色可預(yù)測肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者預(yù)后(均P<0.05)(表2);多因素Cox回歸模型分析結(jié)果表明微血管侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移以及Snail 表達(dá)可是肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立影響因素(均P<0.05)(表3)。
表1 Snail表達(dá)與肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者臨床病理特征的關(guān)系分析[n(%)]Table 1 Analysis results of relations of snail expression with cliniopathologic features ICC patients [n(%)]
圖2 Snail表達(dá)與患者生存的關(guān)系 A:總體生存率;B:累計(jì)復(fù)發(fā)率Figure 2 Relation of Snail expression and survival of the patients A: Overall survival rate; B: Cumulative recurrence rate
表2 單因素總體生存率和累計(jì)復(fù)發(fā)率分析結(jié)果Table 2 Univariate analysis of factors for overall survival and cumulative recurrence rates
表3 多因素Cox回歸模型分析結(jié)果Table 3 Analysis results of multivariate Cox regression model
肝內(nèi)膽管癌作為一種侵襲性較強(qiáng)的惡性腫瘤,預(yù)后較差、有效治療措施有限[12-13],高侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是其導(dǎo)致死亡的最主要原因之一[12],選取合理有效的分子標(biāo)記物評估肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者預(yù)后與早期復(fù)發(fā),對肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者具有重要的臨床治療指導(dǎo)意義,大量研究[14-16]證實(shí)EMT可促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)的胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力,而在EMT過程中Snail作為關(guān)鍵的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子[17],其可促進(jìn)腫瘤EMT致使腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力大大提高,誘發(fā)腫瘤細(xì)胞遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[18-19]。
核轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)因子S n a i l,能夠結(jié)合到E-cadherin基因DNA中啟動子區(qū)域[20]以及通過表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾[21]抑制E-cadherin的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞EMT,在眾多促進(jìn)腫瘤侵襲的研究中表明,不同的分子通過不同的信號通路導(dǎo)致Snail因子異常增加,可加速腫瘤細(xì)胞EMT的發(fā)生,Ke等[22]在CD151分子對肝細(xì)胞肝癌的腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)CD151可通過PI3K/Akt/Snali信號通路促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞EMT;此外在體外肝內(nèi)膽管癌細(xì)胞研究中,采用RNA干擾技術(shù)沉默Snail蛋白表達(dá)后細(xì)胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力減低[11];吳天山等[23]對胰腺癌患者行病理標(biāo)本免疫組化染色,結(jié)合隨訪資料分析Snail與EMT指標(biāo)密切相關(guān),是胰腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)的重要指標(biāo)。本研究結(jié)果表明,Snail在肝內(nèi)膽管癌病理組織中呈現(xiàn)過表達(dá),臨床病理特征分析結(jié)果表明過表達(dá)的Snail與侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移病理特征相關(guān),結(jié)合既往研究,筆者推測Snail在肝內(nèi)膽管癌中過表達(dá)可能會誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞EMT改變,致使腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力增加,這為目前腫瘤的分子靶向提供了部分臨床數(shù)據(jù),當(dāng)靶向沉默Snail后可能會降低細(xì)胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力,緩解患者的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),為患者帶來新的治療機(jī)會。
在Snail臨床隨訪研究中,Kong等[24]對44例肝門部膽管癌進(jìn)行了臨床隨訪研究,結(jié)果表明Snail可預(yù)測較差的預(yù)后,作為預(yù)后指標(biāo);在103例胃癌病例的臨床隨訪研究中,結(jié)果表明Snail能夠作為一種合理的預(yù)后因子預(yù)測胃癌的進(jìn)展,并可作為胃癌的干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)之一[25]。在此,我們的隨訪生存分析結(jié)果表明,過表達(dá)的Snail肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者中,其術(shù)后總體生存率較低,且過表達(dá)Snail患者的術(shù)后累計(jì)復(fù)發(fā)率較高,在單因素分析和多因素Cox回歸模型分析結(jié)果表明Snail染色可作為預(yù)測肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者預(yù)后的指標(biāo),這與Snail在其他腫瘤中的研究結(jié)果類似,這對指導(dǎo)患者術(shù)后常規(guī)進(jìn)行Snail免疫組化染色評估肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者的預(yù)后具有重要的意義,為早期進(jìn)行生物治療提供有力的數(shù)據(jù),同樣為降低患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率和病死率都提供有力的支持。
綜上所述,本研究實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論為Snail在肝內(nèi)膽管癌中表現(xiàn)為過表達(dá),過表達(dá)的Snail與肝內(nèi)膽管癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移臨床病理特征相關(guān),雖Snail的具體作用機(jī)制需要我們更深層次的探索,但根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果推斷,Snail有可能做為預(yù)測肝內(nèi)膽管癌患者預(yù)后因子,并可望作為生物治療的作用靶點(diǎn)。
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