羅東,劉國棟,唐能,紀連棟,李宜雄
(中南大學湘雅醫(yī)院 普通外科,湖南 長沙 410008)
腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)(LC)自1986年首次應用,為越來越多的醫(yī)生和患者所接受,成為治療膽囊結(jié)石等膽囊良性疾病的金標準[1-3],LC相對于開腹膽囊切除術(shù)(open cholecystectomy,OC)具有創(chuàng)傷小、疼痛小、術(shù)后恢復快等優(yōu)勢。但因膽囊疾病復雜,鏡下處理困難時,需中轉(zhuǎn)開腹確保手術(shù)全完成[4]。本研究通過對我院近6年來LC中轉(zhuǎn)開腹手術(shù)患者中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的原因及時期等臨床資料分析,以指導術(shù)中干預。
我院2010年1月—2015年12月收治3 849例擬行LC患者,男1 422例,女2 427例,中轉(zhuǎn)開腹39例,其中男28例,女11例。納入標準:⑴ B超確診為膽囊結(jié)石或膽囊炎;⑵ 膽囊病變直徑>10 mm,且近期出現(xiàn)增大,伴有或無手術(shù)指征的良性炎性病變,例如膽固醇性息肉、腺瘤或是有癥狀的炎性息肉。排除標準:同時需要其他組織或是器官切除術(shù)的。
圖1 2010—2015年LC例數(shù)、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹例數(shù)變化趨勢 A: LC;B: LC中轉(zhuǎn)開腹Figure 1 Changing tendency in number of LC and open conversion from 2010 to 2015 A: LC; B: Open conversion of LC
均在全麻下行LC,采用常規(guī)三孔法或四孔法進行操作,如出現(xiàn)鏡下無法處理的情況,即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹;中轉(zhuǎn)開腹取右肋緣下斜切口,切除膽囊,術(shù)后均送檢行病理學檢查以證實診斷。
術(shù)前:性別、年齡、病程;術(shù)中:中轉(zhuǎn)開腹原因、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的時機及中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率、手術(shù)主刀醫(yī)生職稱;術(shù)后:診斷、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及隨訪。
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計軟件對收集的數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差表示,不同組別比較用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
3 8 4 9例L C中,中轉(zhuǎn)開腹3 9例,中轉(zhuǎn)率1.01%。2010—2015年LC例數(shù)、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹例數(shù)變化趨勢見圖1;各年度LC中轉(zhuǎn)率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.982)(表1)。
表1 2010—2015年LC中轉(zhuǎn)率比較Table 1 comparison among the rate of conversion from 2010 to 2015
中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的原因包括膽囊三角解剖困難(16例),腹腔、膽囊粘連致密(14例)(包括膽囊周圍底部、體部粘連致密、膽囊頸部與十二指腸粘連緊密、腹腔粘連嚴重或膽囊包埋),Mirrizi綜合征(3例)、膽囊動脈出血(2例),膽汁漏、膽總管損傷、膽囊十二指腸瘺、膽囊癌(各1例)(表2)。
表2 中轉(zhuǎn)開腹原因Table 2 Reasons for open conversion
本研究將中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的時機分為早期(進入腹腔、顯露膽囊)、中期(膽囊蒂解剖)、晚期(膽囊切除)。早期中轉(zhuǎn)開腹33例,中期中轉(zhuǎn)開腹5例,晚期中轉(zhuǎn)開腹1例;中期4例因發(fā)生并發(fā)癥(2例膽囊動脈出血、1例膽囊破裂導致膽囊三角結(jié)構(gòu)不清,1例膽總管損傷)而中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,晚期1例因發(fā)生膽汁漏而中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,而早期中轉(zhuǎn)開腹33例均非并發(fā)癥原因,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.001)(表3)。
表3 并發(fā)癥原因所致的中轉(zhuǎn)開腹在不同時期中轉(zhuǎn)患者間的比較[n(%)]Table 3 Comparison of the complication-caused open conversions between patients undergoing conversion at different stages [n (%)]
中轉(zhuǎn)開腹39例中,男28例,女11例,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.001);年齡(28~82歲),平均(54.8±10.6)歲,其中年齡≥50歲 27例,年齡<5 0歲1 2例,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.0 0 7);病程3 h至2 0年,平均(2.8 3±0.7 3)年,其中病程>1個月2 6例,病程≤1個月1 3例),兩者差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.006)(表4)。
表4 中轉(zhuǎn)開腹相關(guān)危險因素分析[n(%)]Table 4 Analysis of risks for open conversion [n (%)]
中轉(zhuǎn)開腹39例中,診斷主要為膽囊結(jié)石并慢性膽囊炎14例,膽囊結(jié)石并急性膽囊炎或慢性膽囊炎急性發(fā)作11例,膽囊結(jié)石并急性壞疽性膽囊炎5例),膽囊結(jié)石并急性化膿性膽囊炎3例,Mirrizi綜合征3例,膽囊息肉2例,膽囊癌(1例,術(shù)前B超考慮膽囊息肉)。合并膽囊頸部或壺腹部結(jié)石15例(術(shù)中證實),合并膽源性胰腺炎4例,合并糖尿病、高血壓、冠心病等基礎(chǔ)疾病13例(表5)。
表5 診斷及合并疾病Table 5 Diagnosis and concomitant disease
術(shù)后近期(住院期間)并發(fā)癥8例,膽囊窩積液5例,膽汁漏1例,不完全性小腸梗阻1例,腸瘺1例。中轉(zhuǎn)開腹39例中,主治醫(yī)生術(shù)者9例(膽囊窩積液4例),副教授術(shù)者22例(1例膽囊窩積液+1例不完全性腸梗阻+1例腸瘺),教授術(shù)者8例(1例膽汁漏)(表6),不同技術(shù)職稱中轉(zhuǎn)開腹近期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.043)。
表6 不同技術(shù)職稱術(shù)者實施的中轉(zhuǎn)開腹近期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較[n(%)]Table 6 Comparison of incidence of short-term postoperative complications of open conversion performed by surgeons of different technical titles [n (%)]
采取電話、微信等方式隨訪26例,隨訪率66.7%,隨訪時間為3個月至5年。有復查者13例,患者復查率33.3%,其中在術(shù)后1~3個月內(nèi)復查1次11例,2例在術(shù)后1年后復查1次。遠期并發(fā)癥6例,發(fā)生率15.4%,其中右上腹、腹脹痛不適2例,長期腹瀉3例,1例于術(shù)后3年因肺癌死亡。
國內(nèi)外對LC的中轉(zhuǎn)率報道差異較大,可能與LC操作、患者病情及術(shù)者技術(shù)水平與經(jīng)驗等諸多因素相關(guān)。LC中轉(zhuǎn)開腹發(fā)生率為1.04%~10.71%[4-7]。我院LC中轉(zhuǎn)率為1.01%,與相關(guān)報道基本接近。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)2010—2015年隨著年份的增加,行LC、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的數(shù)量都在增加,但近6年中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率維持在一個相對穩(wěn)定的水平。其原因可能:LC術(shù)廣泛開展、手術(shù)適應證拓寬、復雜病例數(shù)的增加(如膽囊急性炎癥期如化膿性或壞疽性膽囊炎、Mirrizi綜合征、膽囊頸部結(jié)石嵌頓等膽道復雜情況及合并胰腺炎發(fā)作或糖尿病、高血壓、冠心病等基礎(chǔ)疾?。┦筁C例數(shù)、中轉(zhuǎn)開腹例數(shù)的增加,而我院術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗、技術(shù)水平提高及手術(shù)設(shè)備更新等使中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率維持在相對穩(wěn)定的水平。中轉(zhuǎn)開腹手術(shù)不是手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,也不是手術(shù)失敗,而是手術(shù)方式的改變,是預防血管、臟器、膽道損傷等嚴重并發(fā)癥的明智選擇[8]。因此,LC并不能完全替代的OC地位,OC始終是LC的堅強后盾[9]。
3.2.1膽囊三角解剖結(jié)構(gòu)不清本組中膽囊三角解剖結(jié)構(gòu)不清、難以辨認造成膽囊三角處理困難占41.0%,是中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的最主要的原因。膽囊三角是LC主要目標區(qū)域,解剖分離膽囊三角區(qū)以達到安全切除膽囊的手術(shù)目的。Yajima等[10]指出因膽囊三角粘連嚴重、處理困難而被迫中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率占51.1%,而提出如果膽囊三角處理困難應當中轉(zhuǎn)開腹以確保手術(shù)安全,有的中心比例甚至高達占61.9%[11]。急性膽囊炎三角區(qū)組織炎癥滲出、充血水腫嚴重,解剖時容易出血,造成手術(shù)視野模糊;慢性膽囊炎反復發(fā)作,三角區(qū)炎癥浸潤,致組織纖維化,甚至呈“冰凍樣”粘連[12];或膽囊與大網(wǎng)膜、腸管粘連嚴重,膽囊三角區(qū)無間隙粘連,無法顯露膽囊三角之間的關(guān)系。本組的經(jīng)驗是術(shù)中對于膽囊三角結(jié)構(gòu)不清或處理困難的,立即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,操作時可采取逆行切除、鈍性分離相結(jié)合的方式,以確保手術(shù)安全完成。
3.2.2腹腔、膽囊周圍粘連嚴重本組中腹腔、膽囊周圍粘連嚴重占35.9%,是中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的第二大原因。游離暴露膽囊與周圍組織的粘連是LC的重要步驟。粘連可導致手術(shù)時間延長,使出血和膽囊破裂等危險增加,因而有學者[12-13]提出當鏡下探查腹腔有致密粘連或膽囊周圍粘連嚴重,中轉(zhuǎn)開腹應該是首選的治療方案。粘連主要包括:⑴ 膽囊與周圍組織臟器織粘連致密(5例),膽囊急性炎癥發(fā)作膽囊周圍粘連包裹;慢性膽囊炎反復發(fā)作,膽囊周圍粘連致密,最終導致纖維化[14],使膽囊與周圍組織界限不清。⑵ 膽囊頸部與十二指腸粘連致密(4例),強行分離容易損傷十二指腸;本組中1例十二指腸半包裹膽囊頸部,無法游離,強行游離極有可能損傷十二指腸,遂中轉(zhuǎn)開腹;3例膽囊與十二指腸壁有粘連無法分離,切除大部分膽囊壁,殘留少許無法分離粘連十二指腸的膽囊壁。⑶ 腹腔粘連廣泛、嚴重(3例)或膽囊包埋(2例),多與炎癥反應有關(guān),如慢性膽囊炎反復發(fā)作,合并胰腺炎發(fā)作或糖尿病、上腹部手術(shù)史等。炎癥滲出引起腹腔內(nèi)臟器之間以、臟器與腹壁發(fā)生嚴重粘連,影響膽囊、三角區(qū)的暴露、分離及正常氣腹的建立。本組腹腔粘連嚴重,氣腹下視野狹小,試行分離后仍難以達到暴露膽囊的目標,遂中轉(zhuǎn)開腹。
3.2.3Mirizzi綜合征研究[15-17]顯示Mirrizi綜合征的發(fā)生率0.3%~1.21%。Mirizzi綜合征合并局部結(jié)石梗阻就足以引起慢性炎癥[14],尤其是膽囊頸部結(jié)石嵌頓,慢性膽囊炎合并Mirrizi綜合征,一般病程較長(本組病程3年2例,10年1例),長期炎癥反復發(fā)作形成冰凍樣粘連(2例),甚至形成膽囊-膽總管瘺(1例),造成膽囊三角無法解剖。急性膽囊炎合并Mirrizi綜合征,膽囊周圍容易形成冰凍三角[18]。LC在Mirrizi綜合征中技術(shù)上具有挑戰(zhàn)性,使膽管損傷的風險增加。及時中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,采取逆行+順行切除膽囊,可依次結(jié)扎膽囊動脈后、膽囊管,明確三角關(guān)系,再行膽道探查術(shù)。
3.2.4膽囊動脈出血LC因出血中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的發(fā)生率0%~1.9%[10],最主要為膽囊動脈出血,膽囊動脈是LC或傳統(tǒng)膽囊切除術(shù)中分離、結(jié)扎的關(guān)鍵組織結(jié)構(gòu)[19-20],在尋找、分離、及結(jié)扎膽囊動脈常伴隨出血等并發(fā)癥,術(shù)中出血量的多少與腔鏡手術(shù)難易程度、順利與否密切相關(guān)。本組2例均為分離膽囊三角時膽囊動脈出血,出血量分別1 000、1 300mL。1例出血較多,手術(shù)視野模糊,腹腔鏡下難以繼續(xù)操作完成手術(shù),1例為鏡下無法鉗夾止血立即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹。因鏡下視野的局限,且膽囊動脈常有變異,(自肝固有動脈或其左支、胃十二指腸動脈或具有雙膽囊動脈),這些變異的動脈有時會被忽視而誤傷出血。膽囊動脈處理不當容易造成大出血,所以應當熟悉這種膽囊動脈起源及走形等解剖異常,術(shù)中精細操作,如膽囊動脈出血過多,鏡下難以有效及時止血時應立即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹以確保手術(shù)安全。
3.2.5膽汁漏術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)膽汁漏應立即予以修復[21]。本組1例,切除膽囊后,發(fā)現(xiàn)有膽汁外漏,鏡下無法探查到膽汁外漏處,遂中轉(zhuǎn)開腹發(fā)現(xiàn)膽囊床處有膽汁外漏,予以壓迫縫扎,將干凈白紗墊放置于手術(shù)創(chuàng)面5 min后取出,觀察敷料是否黃染,按此方法確認無膽汁泄露后關(guān)腹。術(shù)中膽汁漏患者,術(shù)后盡早予以營養(yǎng)支持、保持引流管通暢。
3.2.6膽管損傷膽管損傷是LC較為嚴重的并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率較開腹手術(shù)時代明顯上升并維持在一定水平,發(fā)生率為0.25%~0.5%[22-25],主要與膽囊三角結(jié)構(gòu)辨認不清、術(shù)者的經(jīng)驗水平和局部解剖異常密切相關(guān)[26]。本組1例,鏡下向膽總管分離時,膽管出血,進一步探查發(fā)現(xiàn)膽總管右側(cè)壁有一小破口,立即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,予以膽道探查+T管引流。因此,分離膽囊三角時應盡可能明確結(jié)構(gòu)、操作精細、鈍性分離,避免過多的使用電凝,如果一旦明確膽管損傷,應立即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹。
3.2.7膽囊十二指腸內(nèi)瘺膽囊十二指腸內(nèi)瘺在膽囊結(jié)石患者中發(fā)病率為0.3%~5.0%[27]。發(fā)生機制[28-29]是膽囊壁在結(jié)石長期、持續(xù)、反復的刺激下,血運循環(huán)障礙,局部黏膜、漿膜慢性壞死;十二指腸粘連包裹膽囊后,膽囊局部滲液的消化,形成內(nèi)瘺穿透膽囊壁。本組例1例,病程7年余,復查CT不排除膽囊十二指腸球部瘺可能,術(shù)中證實膽囊十二指腸內(nèi)瘺,立即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,修補十二指腸瘺口。術(shù)前檢查懷疑膽囊內(nèi)瘺可能的患者,術(shù)前應充分評估相關(guān)風險及中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的可能性,術(shù)中一旦懷疑膽腸內(nèi)瘺應立即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹以確保手術(shù)安全。
3.2.8膽囊癌隨著LC的開展,意外膽囊癌發(fā)生率不斷上升,約0.19%~2.8%[30-35]。LC術(shù)中如膽囊疑有惡變,應立即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹根治手術(shù)以期獲得較好預后[33-36]。LC治療膽囊癌困境在于腔鏡下腫瘤細胞腹腔播散率、切口種植率高及能否達到根治切除[37]。本組1例,62歲,術(shù)前B超考慮膽囊息肉,1個月內(nèi)復查B超發(fā)現(xiàn)息肉明顯增大,腔鏡下見壺腹部一大小2cm×2cm質(zhì)硬腫塊,懷疑膽囊癌變,立即予以中轉(zhuǎn)開腹行膽囊切除術(shù)。術(shù)中快速病檢提示腺瘤樣增生,不典型性改變,待石蠟切片待刪癌,未做根治處理,術(shù)后病理檢查示膽囊中分化腺癌,于術(shù)后11 d再次行膽囊癌根治術(shù)。術(shù)中冷凍切片的信息不全面,術(shù)中切開膽囊進行認真的視診和觸診,對于及時發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)中膽囊癌非常重要[38]。此例術(shù)中快速未確診癌,致術(shù)后二次開腹手術(shù)。所以,對此類病例術(shù)者應提高對術(shù)中膽囊病變的認識,重視術(shù)中剖視標本,注意觀察黏膜面及觸摸膽囊壁,準確行快速切片檢查,在術(shù)中將懷疑的膽囊癌達到確診,以期在同次手術(shù)中達到相應的根治術(shù),改善膽囊癌的預后[39]。
有學者[10]指出膽囊三角如果在30 min內(nèi)無法游離暴露,LC術(shù)與中轉(zhuǎn)開腹膽囊切除術(shù)在手術(shù)時間上基本沒有差異,此種情況下,應當中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,且盡早中轉(zhuǎn)開腹可減少手術(shù)總時間和并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。有學者[40]把LC分為4個步驟:進入腹腔、顯露膽囊、膽囊蒂解剖、膽囊切除;每個步驟分別賦予0、1、2、3不同分值,然后相加,分值越大,難度系數(shù)越高。隨著手術(shù)的進程,手術(shù)風險增加。據(jù)此,本研究將中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的時機分為早期(進入腹腔、顯露膽囊)、中期(膽囊蒂解剖)、晚期(膽囊切除)。本組中1例膽囊破裂導致膽囊三角結(jié)構(gòu)不清,1例膽總管損傷,2例膽囊動脈出血,1例膽汁外漏等并發(fā)癥均發(fā)生在中晚期開腹,早期中轉(zhuǎn)開腹未見并發(fā)癥。因此,若術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)膽囊三角處理困難或腹腔、膽囊周圍解剖結(jié)構(gòu)不清或術(shù)者猶豫不覺無法保證繼續(xù)安全完成LC時應當立即中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,即在早期中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,有助于預防膽道損傷、出血等嚴重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,確保手術(shù)安全完成。這也為相關(guān)文獻論述[31]所支持,其認為在腹腔鏡下處理困難時盡早、低門檻采取中轉(zhuǎn)開腹能夠避免危及生命的并發(fā)癥。LC手術(shù)強調(diào)的是手術(shù)的安全性和預防并發(fā)癥,而不是手術(shù)的完成[1,10,41]。在嚴重的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生之前盡早中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,單純的追求LC成功率造成嚴重的并發(fā)癥時再被迫中轉(zhuǎn)手術(shù),就失去了LC的價值。
國內(nèi)外的學者[1,6,13,42-45]將男性、年齡作為LC中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的危險因素。本組研究中,男性、年齡>50歲、病程>1個月為LC中轉(zhuǎn)開腹的危險因素。男性患者中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率比女性患者較高的原因可能與男性患者膽囊結(jié)石病史較長,較少關(guān)注自身健康狀況,且常于膽囊炎癥或其他較重的情況時才入院診治有關(guān)。年齡較大患者一般有較長的膽囊結(jié)石病史,炎癥反復發(fā)作,且老年患者長期膽囊炎反復發(fā)作致粘連更重,急性發(fā)病時病情嚴重,容易發(fā)生化膿、壞疽及穿孔。
中轉(zhuǎn)開腹術(shù)后有一定的并發(fā)癥,主要包括:不完全性腸梗阻、膽汁漏、膽囊窩積液、腸瘺。不完全性腸梗阻等予以對癥處理后恢復正常。膽汁漏治療的關(guān)鍵是充分引流[46],本組膽汁漏、膽囊窩積液均予以延長腹腔引流管留置時間等對癥處理后恢復順利。腸瘺患者予以再次開腹手術(shù)行腸穿孔修補空腸造瘺術(shù)。副高及以上職稱術(shù)者中轉(zhuǎn)開腹近期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較低,手術(shù)經(jīng)驗水平是LC中轉(zhuǎn)的獨立影響因素[47]。筆者認為應加強對年輕醫(yī)師的指導、培訓和鍛煉,提升技術(shù)水平,中轉(zhuǎn)開腹及手術(shù)并發(fā)癥會逐漸減少 。
本組隨訪中遠期并發(fā)癥6例,其中右上腹、腹脹痛不適2例,長期腹瀉3例,1例于術(shù)后3年因肺癌死亡。手術(shù)區(qū)域粘連可引起右上腹不適,而膽囊切除以后膽汁不停的向腸內(nèi)流入致結(jié)腸內(nèi)膽汁酸濃度增高可引起長期腹瀉。本組復查13例,占33.3%,復查率偏低,患者術(shù)后復查的依從性較差,可能與患者本身術(shù)后復查意識不強、復查依從性較差、復查不方便等有關(guān)。因此,建立定期主動隨訪,及時將隨診資料統(tǒng)計分析反饋到臨床的一套完整、可行的術(shù)后隨訪制度,對患者診療是非常有意義的。
LC中轉(zhuǎn)開腹是手術(shù)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變,是確保手術(shù)安全的明智選擇,有一定的中轉(zhuǎn)率是正常的,術(shù)前充分評估中轉(zhuǎn)開腹?jié)撛谠?,根?jù)術(shù)中情況選擇早期中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,及時處理并發(fā)癥及完善隨訪制度,才能給醫(yī)患帶來最大的獲益。
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